[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-nav-reference-en":3,"site-nav-en":4,"site-nav-en-all-arts":289,"event-categories-en":902,"site-settings":1145,"live-course-events":1187,"node-en-arts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-revision-drafts-variants-editorial-layers":1519},null,{"data":5},{"header":6,"footer":264},[7,51,82,123,161,187,229,260],{"to":8,"label":9,"label_zh":10,"children":11},"\u002Fdao","TAO","道",[12,17,22,26,30,34,39,43,47],{"to":13,"label":14,"label_zh":15,"n":16},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction","Begin with the Tao","道学入门",9,{"to":18,"label":19,"label_zh":20,"n":21},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing","I Ching","易经",7,{"to":23,"label":24,"label_zh":25,"n":16},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing","Tao Te Ching","道德经",{"to":27,"label":28,"label_zh":29,"n":21},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji","Taiji","太极",{"to":31,"label":32,"label_zh":33,"n":21},"\u002Fdao\u002Fzhuang-zi","Zhuangzi","庄子",{"to":35,"label":36,"label_zh":37,"n":38},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics","Classical 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Sites","武当山宫观与胜迹",3,{"to":244,"label":245,"label_zh":246,"n":247},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fplanning-a-visit","Planning a Visit to Wudang Mountain","武当山行前规划指南",4,{"to":249,"label":250,"label_zh":251,"n":242},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fstudying-at-wudang","Studying Martial Arts at Wudang Mountain","在武当山学习武术",{"to":253,"label":254,"label_zh":255,"n":242},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemple-etiquette","Wudang Temple Etiquette: A Visitor’s Guide","武当宫观参访礼仪",{"to":257,"label":258,"label_zh":259,"n":69},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fpractical-reference","Wudang Mountain Practical Reference","武当山实用参考资料",{"to":261,"label":262,"label_zh":263},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Feveryday-wudang","Everyday Wudang","武当日常",[265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,277,281,285],{"to":8,"label":9,"label_zh":10},{"to":52,"label":53,"label_zh":54},{"to":83,"label":84,"label_zh":85},{"to":124,"label":125,"label_zh":126},{"to":162,"label":163,"label_zh":164},{"to":188,"label":189,"label_zh":190},{"to":230,"label":231,"label_zh":232},{"to":261,"label":262,"label_zh":263},{"to":274,"label":275,"label_zh":276},"\u002Fabout","About Wudang.Org","关于 Wudang.Org",{"to":278,"label":279,"label_zh":280},"\u002Fstart-here","Start Here","从这里开始",{"to":282,"label":283,"label_zh":284},"\u002Ffind-a-practice","Find a Practice","找到适合你的修习",{"to":286,"label":287,"label_zh":288},"\u002Fteachers","Our Teachers","授课老师",{"data":290},{"all":291,"header":900,"footer":901},[292],{"to":124,"label":125,"label_zh":126,"children":293},[294,492,562,720,770,832,870],{"to":129,"label":130,"label_zh":131,"children":295},[296,300,304,308,312,316,320,324,328,332,336,340,344,348,352,356,360,364,368,372,376,380,384,388,392,396,400,404,408,412,416,420,424,428,432,436,440,444,448,452,456,460,464,468,472,476,480,484,488],{"to":297,"label":298,"label_zh":299},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Forigins-spirit-of-chinese-poetry","Origins of Chinese Poetry: Song, Text and Interpretation","中国诗歌的源流：歌唱、文本与阐释",{"to":301,"label":302,"label_zh":303},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fbook-of-songs-classical-foundations","The Book of Songs: Voices, Performance and Interpretation","《诗经》：声音、礼乐与阐释",{"to":305,"label":306,"label_zh":307},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Ftang-poetry-golden-age","Tang Poetry: Forms, Voices and a Lasting 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Colophons","中国画上的诗：怎样读题款与题跋",{"to":345,"label":346,"label_zh":347},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-fu-rhapsody-catalogues-courts-expansive-description","Chinese Fu (Rhapsody): Catalogues, Courts and Expansive Description","中国赋：铺陈、宫廷与展开描写的艺术",{"to":349,"label":350,"label_zh":351},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fwenxin-diaolong-liu-xie-writing-reading-literary-thought","Wenxin Diaolong: How Liu Xie Thought About Writing and Reading","《文心雕龙》导读：刘勰怎样思考写作与阅读",{"to":353,"label":354,"label_zh":355},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-shihua-poetry-talks-notes-anecdotes-criticism","Shihua (Poetry Talks): How Chinese Criticism Speaks in Notes and Anecdotes","中国诗话导读：批评怎样写进笔记、轶事与评语",{"to":357,"label":358,"label_zh":359},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-prefaces-afterwords-xu-ba-books-texts-readers","Chinese Prefaces and Afterwords (Xu and Ba): How Books Frame Texts and 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Works (Bieji): How an Author’s Writings Become a Book","中国别集导读：一位作者的诗文怎样成为一部书",{"to":393,"label":394,"label_zh":395},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-guwen-pianwen-ancient-style-parallel-prose-rhythm-argument","Guwen and Pianwen: Two Ways of Shaping Classical Chinese Prose","古文与骈文导读：中国古典散文的两种组织方式",{"to":397,"label":398,"label_zh":399},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-eight-legged-essay-baguwen-examination-classics-composition","The Eight-Legged Essay (Baguwen): How an Examination Form Organized Classical Thought","八股文导读：科举文章怎样组织经典义理",{"to":401,"label":402,"label_zh":403},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-examination-compounds-gongyuan-cells-candidate-experience","Chinese Examination Compounds (Gongyuan): How Architecture Shaped the Candidate Experience","中国贡院导读：考场空间怎样塑造士子的应试体验",{"to":405,"label":406,"label_zh":407},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-academies-shuyuan-books-teaching-ritual-landscape","Chinese Academies (Shuyuan): How Books, Teaching and Ritual Made a Scholarly Place","中国书院导读：书籍、讲学与礼仪怎样构成学术空间",{"to":409,"label":410,"label_zh":411},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-private-libraries-cangshulou-collectors-catalogues-transmission","Chinese Private Libraries (Cangshulou): How Collectors Built Paths for Books to Survive","中国藏书楼导读：私人收藏怎样为典籍延续开辟路径",{"to":413,"label":414,"label_zh":415},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bookshops-book-markets-publishers-routes-readers","Chinese Bookshops and Book Markets: How Books Became Goods, Routes and Encounters","中国书肆与书市导读：书籍怎样成为商品、路线与相遇",{"to":417,"label":418,"label_zh":419},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-illustrated-books-woodblock-images-page-design-reading","Illustrated Chinese Books: How Woodblock Images Shaped the Page","中国古籍插图导读：木刻图像怎样塑造书页",{"to":421,"label":422,"label_zh":423},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bibliographies-mulu-catalogues-classification-books-knowledge","Chinese Bibliographies (Mulu): How Catalogues Classified Books and Knowledge","中国目录学导读：书目怎样分类书籍与知识",{"to":425,"label":426,"label_zh":427},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-textual-collation-jiaokan-variant-readings-witnesses-editions","Chinese Textual Collation (Jiaokan): How Scholars Read Variant Texts","中国校勘导读：怎样阅读异文与文本传本",{"to":429,"label":430,"label_zh":431},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-commentaries-subcommentaries-zhu-jian-shu-layered-reading","Chinese Commentaries and Subcommentaries: How Notes Became Part of the Text","中国注疏导读：注、笺、疏怎样层层塑造经典阅读",{"to":433,"label":434,"label_zh":435},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-marginalia-meipi-pangpi-pijiao-reading-history","Marginalia in Chinese Books: How Readers Wrote Back","中国古籍批注导读：读者怎样在书页上留下阅读史",{"to":437,"label":438,"label_zh":439},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-ownership-seals-cangshuyin-provenance-impressions","Book-Ownership Seals in China: Reading Provenance in Red","中国古籍藏书印导读：怎样从朱印追索递藏",{"to":441,"label":442,"label_zh":443},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-paper-fibres-sizing-repairs-dating-evidence","Paper in Chinese Books: Fibres, Sizing, Repairs and the Limits of Dating","中国古籍用纸导读：纤维、施胶、修补与断代边界",{"to":445,"label":446,"label_zh":447},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-page-layout-frames-columns-fishtails-centre-fold","Inside the Chinese Book Page: Frames, Columns, Fishtails and the Centre Fold","中国古籍版式导读：版框、界行、鱼尾与版心",{"to":449,"label":450,"label_zh":451},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-printers-marks-paiji-kanji-publishing-claims","Printer’s Marks in Chinese Books: Reading Paiji, Kanji and Publishing Claims","中国古籍牌记与刊记导读：怎样辨认刊刻、藏版与书坊信息",{"to":453,"label":454,"label_zh":455},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-movable-type-printing-clay-wood-metal-reuse","Movable Type in Chinese Book History: Clay, Wood, Metal and Reuse","中国古籍活字印刷导读：泥活字、木活字、金属活字与复用",{"to":457,"label":458,"label_zh":459},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-woodblock-printing-workflow-writing-carving-inking-impressions","How Chinese Woodblock Printing Worked: Writing, Carving, Inking and Impressions","中国雕版印刷工艺导读：写样、上版、刻版、刷墨与印纸",{"to":461,"label":462,"label_zh":463},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-woodblock-lifecycle-storage-repair-recutting-later-impressions","After the First Printing: How Chinese Woodblocks Were Stored, Repaired and Reused","初印之后：中国雕版的储藏、递修、重刻与后印",{"to":465,"label":466,"label_zh":467},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fwho-paid-chinese-book-printing-patronage-profit-donors-funding","Who Paid to Print? Patronage, Profit and Collective Funding in Chinese Book History","谁出资刻书？中国书籍史中的官刻、私资、坊刻与募资",{"to":469,"label":470,"label_zh":471},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-readers-got-books-imperial-china-buying-borrowing-gifts-copying","How Readers Got Books in Imperial China: Buying, Borrowing, Gifting and Copying","古代中国读者怎样获得书籍？购书、借阅、馈赠与抄写",{"to":473,"label":474,"label_zh":475},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-classical-chinese-poetry-was-heard-recitation-chanting-historical-sound","How Classical Chinese Poetry Was Heard: Recitation, Chanting and Historical Sound","古典诗歌怎样被听见？诵读、吟咏与历史声音",{"to":477,"label":478,"label_zh":479},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-social-exchange-gifts-farewells-replies-rhyme-matching","Poetry as Social Exchange: Gifts, Farewells, Replies and Rhyme-Matching in China","诗歌作为交往：赠答、送别、唱和与次韵",{"to":481,"label":482,"label_zh":483},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-gatherings-themes-rhyme-lots-linked-composition","How Chinese Poetry Gatherings Worked: Themes, Rhyme Lots and Linked Composition","中国古典诗歌雅集怎样运作：命题、分韵与联句",{"to":485,"label":486,"label_zh":487},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-revision-drafts-variants-editorial-layers","How Chinese Poems Changed: Drafts, Variants and Editorial Layers","中国古典诗歌怎样改定与流传：草稿、异文与编辑层次",{"to":489,"label":490,"label_zh":491},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-attribution-anonymity-disputed-authorship","Who Wrote This Poem? Attribution, Anonymity and Disputed Authorship in Chinese Poetry","这首诗是谁写的？中国古典诗歌的署名、佚名与作者争议",{"to":134,"label":135,"label_zh":136,"children":493},[494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530,534,538,542,546,550,554,558],{"to":495,"label":496,"label_zh":497},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Forigins-history-of-calligraphy","Origins and History of Chinese Calligraphy","中国书法的源流与历史",{"to":499,"label":500,"label_zh":501},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fthe-five-script-styles","The Five Script Styles in Chinese Calligraphy","中国书法的五种主要书体",{"to":503,"label":504,"label_zh":505},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fcalligraphy-as-taoist-cultivation","Calligraphy and Taoist Cultivation: Text, Attention and Practice","书法与道家修养：读懂文字，专注落笔",{"to":507,"label":508,"label_zh":509},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Ffour-treasures-of-the-study","The Four Treasures of the Study: Choosing and Using Calligraphy Materials","文房四宝：认识、选择与使用笔墨纸砚",{"to":511,"label":512,"label_zh":513},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fbrush-technique-living-line","Chinese Calligraphy Brushwork: Reading and Practising the Living Line","书法笔法：观察与练习有生气的线条",{"to":515,"label":516,"label_zh":517},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fgreat-masters-further-reading","Chinese Calligraphy Masters and Reading Paths","中国书法名家与阅读路径",{"to":519,"label":520,"label_zh":521},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-seals-and-seal-carving","Chinese Seals and Seal Carving: Script, Surface and Impression","中国印章与篆刻：文字、印面与钤印",{"to":523,"label":524,"label_zh":525},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-ink-rubbings","Chinese Ink Rubbings: Stone, Paper and the Life of Calligraphy","中国传拓：石刻、纸墨与书法的流传",{"to":527,"label":528,"label_zh":529},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-inkstones","Chinese Inkstones: Stone, Carving and the Scholar’s Desk","中国砚台：石材、雕刻与文房生活",{"to":531,"label":532,"label_zh":533},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-inksticks","Chinese Inksticks: Soot, Moulds and the Scholar’s Desk","中国墨锭：烟料、墨模与文房生活",{"to":535,"label":536,"label_zh":537},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-calligraphy-paper","Chinese Calligraphy Paper: Xuan, Sizing and the Life of a Sheet","中国书画纸：宣纸、施胶与纸张的一生",{"to":539,"label":540,"label_zh":541},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-calligraphy-brushes","Chinese Calligraphy Brushes: Hair, Handle and the Working Point","中国毛笔：毫料、笔管与笔锋",{"to":543,"label":544,"label_zh":545},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-rests","Chinese Brush Rests: Mountains, Materials and the Scholar’s Desk","中国笔架：山形、材质与文人书案",{"to":547,"label":548,"label_zh":549},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-water-droppers-scholars-desk","Chinese Water Droppers: Flow, Form and the Scholar’s Desk","中国水滴：控水、造型与文人书案",{"to":551,"label":552,"label_zh":553},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-pots-materials-scholars-desk","Chinese Brush Pots: Function, Material and the Scholar’s Desk","中国笔筒：收纳、材质与文人书案",{"to":555,"label":556,"label_zh":557},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-washers-water-form-scholars-desk","Chinese Brush Washers: Water, Form and the Scholar’s Desk","中国笔洗：洗笔、造型与文人书案",{"to":559,"label":560,"label_zh":561},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-paperweights-form-material-scholars-desk","Chinese Paperweights: Form, Material and the Scholar’s Desk","中国镇纸：形制、材质与文人书案",{"to":139,"label":140,"label_zh":141,"children":563},[564,568,572,576,580,584,588,592,596,600,604,608,612,616,620,624,628,632,636,640,644,648,652,656,660,664,668,672,676,680,684,688,692,696,700,704,708,712,716],{"to":565,"label":566,"label_zh":567},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-meditation-taoist-practice","Tea, Meditation and Taoist Practice","茶、静坐与道家修习",{"to":569,"label":570,"label_zh":571},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Forigins-history-of-tea-culture","Origins and History of Chinese Tea Culture","中国茶文化的源流与历史",{"to":573,"label":574,"label_zh":575},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fthe-way-of-tea","The Way of Tea: Attention, Care and Hospitality","茶道：在一杯茶中练习用心与待客",{"to":577,"label":578,"label_zh":579},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftypes-of-tea-and-character","Six Chinese Tea Families: Processing and Taste","六大茶类：从制法到品饮",{"to":581,"label":582,"label_zh":583},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Futensils-and-gongfu-method","Gongfu Tea: Utensils and a Flexible Method","工夫茶：茶具与灵活冲泡法",{"to":585,"label":586,"label_zh":587},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Learning Chinese Tea: Reading and Practice","学茶入门：阅读与品饮练习",{"to":589,"label":590,"label_zh":591},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwater-for-chinese-tea","Water for Chinese Tea: Springs, Minerals and a Practical Tasting Method","中国茶用水：山泉、矿物与实用对比方法",{"to":593,"label":594,"label_zh":595},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teaware-clay-glaze-form","Chinese Tea Ware: Clay, Porcelain, Glaze and the Uses of Form","中国茶器：胎土、瓷釉、造型与使用",{"to":597,"label":598,"label_zh":599},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-tea-caddies","Chinese Tea Caddies: Storage, Materials and the Traveling Leaf","中国茶叶罐：贮藏、材质与流动的茶叶",{"to":601,"label":602,"label_zh":603},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fsong-whisked-tea-powder-bowls-foam","Whisked Tea in Song China: Powder, Bowls and Foam","宋代点茶：茶末、茶盏与汤花",{"to":605,"label":606,"label_zh":607},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fyixing-teapots-clay-form-makers-marks","Yixing Teapots: Clay, Form and Reading the Maker’s Mark","宜兴紫砂壶：泥料、器形与款识",{"to":609,"label":610,"label_zh":611},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fcompressed-tea-cakes-bricks-trade-storage-object-reading","Compressed Tea in China: Cakes, Bricks and How to Read Them","中国紧压茶：茶饼、茶砖与辨读方法",{"to":613,"label":614,"label_zh":615},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-horse-trade-networks-routes-markets-cultural-exchange","Tea–Horse Trade Networks: Routes, Markets and Cultural Exchange","茶马贸易网络：路线、市场与文化交流",{"to":617,"label":618,"label_zh":619},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-landscapes-china-gardens-forests-terraces-living-knowledge","Tea Landscapes in China: Gardens, Forests, Terraces and Living Knowledge","中国茶景观：茶园、古茶林、梯田与活态知识",{"to":621,"label":622,"label_zh":623},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fpicking-tea-china-seasons-bud-leaf-standards-skilled-labour","Picking Tea in China: Seasons, Bud-and-Leaf Standards and Skilled Labour","中国采茶：季节、芽叶标准与劳作技艺",{"to":625,"label":626,"label_zh":627},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwithering-tea-leaves-water-loss-time-first-transformation","Withering Tea Leaves: Water Loss, Time and the First Transformation","茶叶萎凋：失水、时间与采后初变",{"to":629,"label":630,"label_zh":631},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffixing-tea-leaves-shaqing-heat-enzymes-turning-point","Fixing Tea Leaves (Shaqing): Heat, Enzymes and a Turning Point in Chinese Tea","茶叶杀青：热、酶活性与中国制茶的转折点",{"to":633,"label":634,"label_zh":635},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Frolling-tea-leaves-rounian-pressure-shape-cell-disruption","Rolling Tea Leaves (Rounian): Pressure, Shape and Controlled Cell Disruption","茶叶揉捻：压力、形态与受控细胞破损",{"to":637,"label":638,"label_zh":639},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdrying-tea-leaves-moisture-heat-stability-finished-tea","Drying Tea Leaves: Moisture, Heat and the Stability of Finished Tea","茶叶干燥：水分、热量与成茶稳定",{"to":641,"label":642,"label_zh":643},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fsorting-grading-tea-leaf-size-shape-grade-meaning","Sorting and Grading Tea: Leaf Size, Shape and What a Grade Really Means","茶叶筛分与分级：叶片大小、形态与等级的真正含义",{"to":645,"label":646,"label_zh":647},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-blending-batch-construction-consistency-style-transparency","Tea Blending and Batch Construction: Consistency, Style and Transparent Labels","茶叶拼配与批次构建：稳定、风格与透明标示",{"to":649,"label":650,"label_zh":651},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-oxidation-post-fermentation-enzymes-microbes-terms","Oxidation and Post-Fermentation in Tea: Enzymes, Microbes and Misleading Labels","茶叶氧化与后发酵：酶、微生物与容易混淆的标签",{"to":653,"label":654,"label_zh":655},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fyellow-tea-menhuang-moist-heat-time-tea-family","Yellow Tea and Menhuang: Moist Heat, Time and the Making of a Tea Family","黄茶与闷黄：湿热、时间与一类茶的形成",{"to":657,"label":658,"label_zh":659},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Frefiring-roasting-tea-later-heat-aroma-finished-leaf","Re-Firing and Roasting Tea: Later Heat, Aroma and the Difference from Drying","茶叶复火与焙火：后段加热、香气及其与干燥的区别",{"to":661,"label":662,"label_zh":663},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fjasmine-tea-scenting-flowers-repeated-rounds-aroma-transfer","Jasmine Tea and Scenting: Flowers, Repeated Rounds and How Aroma Enters Tea","茉莉花茶与窨制：鲜花、多次窨香与茶叶如何吸收香气",{"to":665,"label":666,"label_zh":667},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-sensory-evaluation-appearance-aroma-taste-score-limits","Tea Sensory Evaluation: Appearance, Aroma, Taste and the Limits of a Score","茶叶感官审评：外形、香气、滋味与分数的边界",{"to":669,"label":670,"label_zh":671},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdoucha-song-tea-contests-whisked-tea-jian-bowls-modern-judging","Doucha: Tea Contests in Song China and the Limits of Modern Re-Creation","斗茶：宋代茶事竞赛与现代重现的边界",{"to":673,"label":674,"label_zh":675},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fbeiyuan-tribute-tea-song-court-labour-imperial-label","Beiyuan Tribute Tea: Song Court Taste, Skilled Labour and the Limits of ‘Imperial Tea’","北苑贡茶：宋代宫廷品味、制茶劳作与“御茶”标签的边界",{"to":677,"label":678,"label_zh":679},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Freading-chinese-tea-classics-authorship-editions-recipe-limits","Reading Chinese Tea Classics: Authorship, Editions and the Limits of a ‘Recipe’","如何阅读中国茶书：作者、版本与“配方”式解读的边界",{"to":681,"label":682,"label_zh":683},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-poetry-social-worlds-metaphor-historical-evidence","Tea in Chinese Poetry: Social Worlds, Metaphor and the Limits of Literary Evidence","中国诗歌中的茶：社会交往、诗意表达与文学证据的边界",{"to":685,"label":686,"label_zh":687},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teahouses-commerce-conversation-performance-urban-publics","Chinese Teahouses: Commerce, Conversation, Performance and Changing Urban Publics","中国茶馆：商业、交往、表演与变动中的城市公共生活",{"to":689,"label":690,"label_zh":691},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-painting-objects-social-worlds-visual-evidence","Tea in Chinese Painting: Objects, Social Worlds and the Limits of Visual Evidence","中国绘画中的茶：器物、社会空间与视觉证据的边界",{"to":693,"label":694,"label_zh":695},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-dream-of-the-red-chamber-hospitality-rank-labour-fiction","Tea in Dream of the Red Chamber: Hospitality, Rank, Labour and Fiction","《红楼梦》中的茶：待客、等级、劳动与小说叙事",{"to":697,"label":698,"label_zh":699},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-travel-writing-roads-hospitality-regional-evidence","Tea in Chinese Travel Writing: Roads, Hospitality and the Limits of an Itinerary","中国游记中的茶：道路、待客与行程证据的边界",{"to":701,"label":702,"label_zh":703},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-letters-gifts-visits-friendship-private-writing","Tea in Chinese Letters: Gifts, Visits, Friendship and the Limits of ‘Private’ Writing","中国书信中的茶：馈赠、访友、人情与“私语”证据的边界",{"to":705,"label":706,"label_zh":707},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-tax-monopoly-imperial-china-fiscal-records-daily-life","Tea, Tax and Monopoly in Imperial China: Reading Fiscal Records Without Mistaking Revenue for Daily Life","中国历代茶税与专卖：财政记录能告诉我们什么，又不能告诉我们什么",{"to":709,"label":710,"label_zh":711},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-local-gazetteers-place-production-local-knowledge","Tea in Chinese Local Gazetteers: Place, Production and the Limits of Local Knowledge","中国地方志中的茶：产地、生产与地方知识的边界",{"to":713,"label":714,"label_zh":715},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-materia-medica-names-preparations-medical-claims","Tea in Chinese Materia Medica: Names, Preparations and the Limits of Medical Claims","中国本草中的茶：名称、制法与医药记载的边界",{"to":717,"label":718,"label_zh":719},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-buddhist-monastic-rules-ceremony-office-origin-stories","Tea in Chinese Buddhist Monastic Rules: Ceremony, Office and the Limits of Origin Stories","中国佛教清规中的茶：礼仪、职事与起源故事的边界",{"to":144,"label":145,"label_zh":146,"children":721},[722,726,730,734,738,742,746,750,754,758,762,766],{"to":723,"label":724,"label_zh":725},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Forigins-history-of-the-guqin","A History of the Guqin: Objects, Texts and Living Music","古琴的历史：实物、文献与传习",{"to":727,"label":728,"label_zh":729},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fanatomy-of-the-guqin","How the Guqin Works: Strings, Body and Sound","古琴如何发声：琴弦、琴身与结构",{"to":731,"label":732,"label_zh":733},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fplaying-technique-and-notation","Playing the Guqin: Gesture, Notation and Interpretation","古琴怎样弹、怎样读谱：指法、减字谱与诠释",{"to":735,"label":736,"label_zh":737},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Ffamous-melodies-and-stories","Guqin Melodies: Stories, Versions and Ways to Listen","听懂古琴名曲：故事、版本与聆听线索",{"to":739,"label":740,"label_zh":741},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-as-taoist-cultivation","Guqin and Daoist Cultivation: Listening, Practice and Limits","古琴与道家修养：聆听、练习与边界",{"to":743,"label":744,"label_zh":745},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Ffurther-listening-and-study","Learning the Guqin: Listening, Sources and Finding a Teacher","怎样学古琴：聆听、资料与择师",{"to":747,"label":748,"label_zh":749},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-tables-playing-spaces","Guqin Tables and Playing Spaces: Support, Posture and Listening","古琴桌与弹琴空间：承托、坐姿与聆听",{"to":751,"label":752,"label_zh":753},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fhow-to-read-guqin-handbook-tablature-editions-dapu","How to Read a Guqin Handbook: Tablature, Editions and Dapu","如何读古琴谱：减字谱、版本与打谱",{"to":755,"label":756,"label_zh":757},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Freading-guqin-lacquer-layers-crack-patterns-repair","Reading Guqin Lacquer: Layers, Crack Patterns and Repair","读懂古琴漆面：漆层、断纹与修缮",{"to":759,"label":760,"label_zh":761},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Freading-guqin-inscriptions-seals-names-dates-provenance","Reading Guqin Inscriptions and Seals: Names, Dates and Provenance","读懂古琴铭款与印章：琴名、年代与流传",{"to":763,"label":764,"label_zh":765},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-forms-zhongni-banana-leaf-shapes","Guqin Forms: Reading Zhongni, Banana-Leaf and Other 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Painting","山水画：怎样读懂中国山水",{"to":785,"label":786,"label_zh":787},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fbirds-flowers-four-gentlemen","Birds, Flowers and the Four Gentlemen in Chinese Painting","中国画中的花鸟与四君子",{"to":789,"label":790,"label_zh":791},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fpainting-as-taoist-cultivation","Painting and Taoist Cultivation: Images, Ideas and Practice","绘画与道家修养：图像、观念与实践",{"to":793,"label":794,"label_zh":795},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fgreat-masters-further-study","Chinese Painting Masters: A Guided Path","中国画名家与进阶研习",{"to":797,"label":798,"label_zh":799},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-handscroll","How to Read a Chinese Handscroll: Sequence, Colophons and Seals","怎样观看中国手卷：展开顺序、题跋与印章",{"to":801,"label":802,"label_zh":803},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-fan-painting","Chinese Fan Painting: Shape, Brushwork and the Art of the Small Format","中国扇面书画：形制、笔墨与方寸之美",{"to":805,"label":806,"label_zh":807},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-painting-album","How to Read a Chinese Painting Album: Leaves, Sequence and Intimate Viewing","如何阅读中国画册页：开页、次序与案头观看",{"to":809,"label":810,"label_zh":811},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-scholars-rocks","Chinese Scholars’ Rocks: Stone, Display and Imagined Landscapes","中国文人赏石：石质、陈设与想象山水",{"to":813,"label":814,"label_zh":815},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-hanging-scroll","How to Read a Chinese Hanging Scroll: Vertical Space, Mounting and Display","如何阅读中国立轴：纵向空间、装裱与陈设",{"to":817,"label":818,"label_zh":819},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-screens-space-painting","Chinese Screens: Space, Painting and the Art of the Fold","中国屏风：空间、图像与开合之艺",{"to":821,"label":822,"label_zh":823},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fmounting-chinese-painting","Mounting Chinese Painting: Silk Borders, Backing Papers and the Life of a Scroll","中国画装裱：绫边、托纸与卷轴的生命",{"to":825,"label":826,"label_zh":827},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-portrait-painting-likeness-role-ancestral-memory","Chinese Portrait Painting: Likeness, Role and Ancestral Memory","中国肖像画：形神、身份与祖先记忆",{"to":829,"label":830,"label_zh":831},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fthree-distances-chinese-landscape-painting","The Three Distances in Chinese Landscape Painting: High, Deep and Level Space","中国山水画的“三远”：高远、深远与平远",{"to":154,"label":155,"label_zh":156,"children":833},[834,838,842,846,850,854,858,862,866],{"to":835,"label":836,"label_zh":837},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Forigins-history-of-incense-culture","Origins and History of Chinese Incense Culture","中国香文化的源流与历史",{"to":839,"label":840,"label_zh":841},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Faromatic-materials-fragrant-woods","Aromatic Materials: Woods, Resins and Responsible Sourcing","香材指南：香木、树脂与负责任的来源",{"to":843,"label":844,"label_zh":845},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fforms-and-art-of-appreciation","Incense Forms and the Art of Appreciation","香的形态与品香方法",{"to":847,"label":848,"label_zh":849},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fincense-in-ritual-and-temple-life","Incense in Daoist Ritual and Temple Life","香在道教科仪与宫观生活中",{"to":851,"label":852,"label_zh":853},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fincense-meditation-taoist-practice","Incense, Meditation and Taoist Practice","香、静坐与道家修习",{"to":855,"label":856,"label_zh":857},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Learning Chinese Incense: Reading and Practice","学习中国香文化：阅读与实践",{"to":859,"label":860,"label_zh":861},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-burners","Chinese Incense Burners: Bronze, Ceramic, Form and Context","中国香炉：青铜、陶瓷、形制与使用语境",{"to":863,"label":864,"label_zh":865},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-seals-fragrant-time","Chinese Incense Seals: Ash, Patterns and Fragrant Time","中国香篆：香灰、篆纹与芬芳计时",{"to":867,"label":868,"label_zh":869},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-sets-burner-box-vase-tools","Chinese Incense Sets: Burner, Box, Vase and Tools","中国香具三式：炉、盒、瓶与匙箸",{"to":158,"label":159,"label_zh":160,"children":871},[872,876,880,884,888,892,896],{"to":873,"label":874,"label_zh":875},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Forigins-history-of-floral-art","A History of Chinese Flower Arrangement: Vessels, Pictures and Voices","中国插花史：器物、图像与文字中的花事",{"to":877,"label":878,"label_zh":879},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fprinciples-of-flower-arrangement","Chinese Flower Arrangement: Line, Balance and Ways of Looking","中国插花构图：线条、平衡与观看方法",{"to":881,"label":882,"label_zh":883},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fvessels-tools-and-composition","Choosing Flower Vessels and Tools: Form, Support and Care","选择花器与工具：形制、支撑和养护",{"to":885,"label":886,"label_zh":887},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fseasonal-flowers-and-symbolism","Seasonal Flowers and Symbolism: How to Read Context","时令花材与象征：怎样结合语境来读",{"to":889,"label":890,"label_zh":891},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fflower-arrangement-as-cultivation","Flower Arrangement as Cultivation: Attention, Change and Limits","插花与修养：专注、变化与界限",{"to":893,"label":894,"label_zh":895},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Further Reading and Practice: Sources, Museums and a First Month","延伸阅读与练习：史料、博物馆与第一个月",{"to":897,"label":898,"label_zh":899},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fchinese-flower-baskets-weaving-painting-vessels","Chinese Flower Baskets: Weaving, Painting and the Vessel","中国花篮：编织、绘画与器物",[],[],{"data":903},[904,940,963,982,1003,1022,1042,1060,1081,1104,1126],{"id":38,"uuid":905,"slug":906,"available_locales":907,"name":911,"description":914,"body":916,"path":919,"images":920,"image_urls":925,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":930,"seo_description":933,"sort_order":935,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":938,"updated_at":939},"f1a30881-20c6-407b-b546-669e839a178a","feng-shui-learning",[908,909,910],"en","zh","fr",{"en":912,"zh":913},"Feng Shui Learning","风水课程",{"en":915,"zh":3},"Study feng shui as a historical Chinese tradition of interpreting orientation, form and environment—with clear limits on predictive claims.",{"en":917,"zh":918},"\u003Ch2>\u003Cem>Feng shui 風水 developed through multiple schools, texts and professional traditions. 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Programmes may include Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong, standing practice, breathing and their cultural foundations.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Each listing provides its teacher, schedule, experience level and registration arrangements.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>本类别汇集武当内家功法与传统养生修习的小班课程、工作坊及静修活动，内容可涵盖八段锦、太极拳、气功、站桩、呼吸练习及相关文化基础。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>每项活动都会注明导师、日期、适合程度与报名方式，方便参加者选择合适的学习体验。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Finternal-arts-wellness",[],[],{"en":957,"zh":958},"Internal Arts & Wellness Events","内家功法与养生活动",{"en":960,"zh":961},"Explore Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong and traditional wellness classes, workshops and retreats listed by Wudang.Org.","探索八段锦、太极拳、气功与传统养生课程、工作坊及静修活动。","2026-08-16T19:23:45.000000Z",{"id":964,"uuid":965,"slug":966,"available_locales":967,"name":968,"description":971,"body":972,"path":973,"images":974,"image_urls":975,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":976,"seo_description":978,"sort_order":935,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":981,"updated_at":939},10,"884ed965-8c72-49e2-acee-0fc2f7aec70a","face-reading-learning",[908,909,910],{"en":969,"zh":970},"Face Reading Learning","面相课程",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fface-reading-learning",[],[],{"en":977},"Chinese Face Reading Classes and Workshops",{"en":979,"zh":980},"Learn Chinese face reading (面相) as a cultural tradition: its classical framework, history and uses, taught with clear limits on predictive claims.","把面相作为中国传统文化来学习：认识其经典框架、历史与用法，并清楚说明传统诠释的边界。","2026-08-30T17:01:43.000000Z",{"id":983,"uuid":984,"slug":985,"available_locales":986,"name":987,"description":990,"body":992,"path":995,"images":996,"image_urls":997,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":998,"seo_description":1001,"sort_order":38,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":938,"updated_at":939},2,"8792a80b-d0c8-4ef9-9634-5cb91827932b","zi-wei-dou-shu-learning",[908,909,910],{"en":988,"zh":989},"Zi Wei Dou Shu Learning","紫微斗数课程",{"en":991,"zh":3},"Explore Purple Star Astrology as a traditional Chinese interpretive system, approached as cultural knowledge rather than scientific prediction.",{"en":993,"zh":994},"\u003Cp>Zi Wei Dou Shu 紫微斗數 organises birth information through palaces, stars and patterned relationships. The system has a substantial technical vocabulary and several interpretive traditions, but its predictive claims are not established by modern scientific evidence.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Courses explain how charts are structured, how symbols are read and how historical and contemporary practitioners differ. The aim is cultural literacy and disciplined reflection—not certainty about the future. 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Activities may include gold-leaf painting, cloisonné enamel, mother-of-pearl work, Song brocade and other guided projects.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>These welcoming sessions introduce materials, techniques and cultural context while allowing participants to complete a piece of their own.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>本类别汇集中国传统装饰艺术与手作体验，内容可涵盖金箔画、掐丝珐琅、螺钿工艺、宋锦及其他创作项目。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>课程以轻松易懂的方式介绍材料、技法与文化背景，让参加者在导师带领下完成属于自己的作品。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Ftraditional-arts-crafts",[],[],{"en":1098,"zh":1099},"Traditional Arts & Crafts Events","传统艺术与手作活动",{"en":1101,"zh":1102},"Explore Chinese handicraft and decorative arts workshops, including gold-leaf, cloisonné, mother-of-pearl and brocade.","探索金箔画、掐丝珐琅、螺钿、宋锦等中国传统手作及装饰艺术体验。","2026-08-16T19:24:04.000000Z",{"id":212,"uuid":1105,"slug":1106,"available_locales":1107,"name":1108,"description":1111,"body":1114,"path":1117,"images":1118,"image_urls":1119,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1120,"seo_description":1122,"sort_order":247,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":1125,"updated_at":939},"824f78c1-1181-4983-bae5-77e7cdbbbc1d","wudang-community",[908,909,910],{"en":1109,"zh":1110},"Wudang Community","武当社群活动",{"en":1112,"zh":1113},"Talks, broadcasts and community gatherings connecting people with Wudang culture, learning and living practice.","通过讲座、直播与社群聚会，连接武当文化、学习与日常实践。",{"en":1115,"zh":1116},"\u003Cp>Wudang Community brings together public talks, livestreams, gatherings and shared cultural activities connected with Wudang.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>These programmes create welcoming ways to meet practitioners, explore ideas and participate in a growing community of learning and practice.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>武当社群活动汇集与武当文化相关的公开讲座、直播、聚会及共享文化体验。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>这些活动以友善开放的方式连接练习者与学习者，让大家交流心得、认识传统，并共同参与持续发展的文化社群。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-community",[],[],{"en":1121,"zh":1110},"Wudang Community Events",{"en":1123,"zh":1124},"Discover Wudang community talks, broadcasts and gatherings connecting people with culture, learning and living practice.","探索连接武当文化、学习与日常实践的讲座、直播及社群聚会。","2026-08-16T19:24:18.000000Z",{"id":16,"uuid":1127,"slug":1128,"available_locales":1129,"name":1130,"description":1133,"body":1134,"path":1135,"images":1136,"image_urls":1137,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1138,"seo_description":1141,"sort_order":69,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":1144,"updated_at":939},"25641c0b-8e5a-46d7-9b18-95c344015f97","wudang-journeys-retreats",[908,909,910],{"en":1131,"zh":1132},"Wudang Journeys & Retreats","武当旅修与行程",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-journeys-retreats",[],[],{"en":1139,"zh":1140},"Wudang Mountain Retreats and Guided Journeys","武当山旅修与静修行程",{"en":1142,"zh":1143},"Guided journeys and retreats to Wudang Mountain that combine practice, temple visits and cultural learning, with itineraries and expectations set out clearly.","前往武当山的旅修与静修：结合修习、宫观参访与文化学习，提前说明行程安排与参加须知。","2026-08-18T11:09:38.000000Z",{"data":1146},{"hero_type":1147,"hero_image":1148,"hero_image_alt":1149,"hero_youtube_id":1150,"hero_content_on":936,"hero_heading":1151,"hero_subheading":1152,"hero_text":1153,"hero_subheading_zh":1154,"hero_text_zh":1155,"hero_buttons":1156,"home_seo":1162,"page_layout":1168,"shop_enabled":1169,"contact":1170,"journey":1186},"image","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fsite\u002Fwudanghomepagehero.webp","Wudang mountain temple in mist","VgirFbjpiy4","武当文化，道在日常\nWudang Culture, Practised with Purpose","A place for learning. 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2026","2026年12月12日","Dec","December",{"status":1206,"date_slug":1251,"time_label":1208,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1252,"date_label_fr":1253,"date_short_fr":1254,"date_only_fr":1255,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1214,"date_label_zh":1256,"date_short":1257,"date_short_zh":1258,"date_only":1259,"date_only_zh":1260,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":137,"month_short":1261,"month_long":1262,"month_num":38,"year":1263,"weekday_short":1223,"weekday_index":935},"2027-01-17","Sunday, 17 January 2027","dimanche 17 janvier 2027","dim. 17 janv.","17 janv. 2027","2027年1月17日 星期日","Sun 17 Jan","1月17日 周日","17 Jan 2027","2027年1月17日","Jan","January",2027,{"status":1206,"date_slug":1207,"time_label":1208,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1210,"date_label_fr":1211,"date_short_fr":1212,"date_only_fr":1213,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1214,"date_label_zh":1215,"date_short":1216,"date_short_zh":1217,"date_only":1218,"date_only_zh":1219,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":38,"month_short":1220,"month_long":1221,"month_num":1061,"year":1222,"weekday_short":1223,"weekday_index":935},{"id":1266,"slug":1267,"available_locales":1268,"path":1269,"title":1270,"venue":1273,"hero_image_url":1274,"card_image_url":1274,"card_landscape_url":1275,"lifecycle":1202,"session_mode":1203,"sessions":1276,"next_session":1365},78700,"baduanjin-workshop-september",[908,909,910],"\u002Fevents\u002Finternal-arts-wellness\u002Fbaduanjin-workshop-september",{"en":1271,"zh":1272},"Baduanjin Workshop — November 2026 Sessions","古法八段锦 · 2026年11月班",{"en":1198,"zh":1199},"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FWU46jadRUq4I84xPdaTQ.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002Fvariants\u002FCQB6xxmg8kF7eqWPQgAl-16x9.webp",[1277,1294,1306,1319,1330,1331,1342,1353],{"status":1278,"date_slug":1279,"time_label":1280,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1281,"date_label_fr":1282,"date_short_fr":1283,"date_only_fr":1284,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1285,"date_label_zh":1286,"date_short":1287,"date_short_zh":1288,"date_only":1289,"date_only_zh":1290,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":1291,"month_short":1292,"month_long":1293,"month_num":16,"year":1222,"weekday_short":1223,"weekday_index":935},"completed","2026-09-13","10:00am–12:00pm","Sunday, 13 September 2026","dimanche 13 septembre 2026","dim. 13 sept.","13 sept. 2026","10:00–12:00","2026年9月13日 星期日","Sun 13 Sep","9月13日 周日","13 Sep 2026","2026年9月13日",13,"Sep","September",{"status":1278,"date_slug":1295,"time_label":1280,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1296,"date_label_fr":1297,"date_short_fr":1298,"date_only_fr":1299,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1285,"date_label_zh":1300,"date_short":1301,"date_short_zh":1302,"date_only":1303,"date_only_zh":1304,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":1305,"month_short":1292,"month_long":1293,"month_num":16,"year":1222,"weekday_short":1223,"weekday_index":935},"2026-09-27","Sunday, 27 September 2026","dimanche 27 septembre 2026","dim. 27 sept.","27 sept. 2026","2026年9月27日 星期日","Sun 27 Sep","9月27日 周日","27 Sep 2026","2026年9月27日",27,{"status":1278,"date_slug":1307,"time_label":1280,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1308,"date_label_fr":1309,"date_short_fr":1310,"date_only_fr":1311,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1285,"date_label_zh":1312,"date_short":1313,"date_short_zh":1314,"date_only":1315,"date_only_zh":1316,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":247,"month_short":1317,"month_long":1318,"month_num":964,"year":1222,"weekday_short":1223,"weekday_index":935},"2026-10-04","Sunday, 4 October 2026","dimanche 4 octobre 2026","dim. 4 oct.","4 oct. 2026","2026年10月4日 星期日","Sun 4 Oct","10月4日 周日","4 Oct 2026","2026年10月4日","Oct","October",{"status":1278,"date_slug":1320,"time_label":1280,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1321,"date_label_fr":1322,"date_short_fr":1323,"date_only_fr":1324,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1285,"date_label_zh":1325,"date_short":1326,"date_short_zh":1327,"date_only":1328,"date_only_zh":1329,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":1061,"month_short":1317,"month_long":1318,"month_num":964,"year":1222,"weekday_short":1223,"weekday_index":935},"2026-10-11","Sunday, 11 October 2026","dimanche 11 octobre 2026","dim. 11 oct.","11 oct. 2026","2026年10月11日 星期日","Sun 11 Oct","10月11日 周日","11 Oct 2026","2026年10月11日",{"status":1206,"date_slug":1207,"time_label":1280,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1210,"date_label_fr":1211,"date_short_fr":1212,"date_only_fr":1213,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1285,"date_label_zh":1215,"date_short":1216,"date_short_zh":1217,"date_only":1218,"date_only_zh":1219,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":38,"month_short":1220,"month_long":1221,"month_num":1061,"year":1222,"weekday_short":1223,"weekday_index":935},{"status":1206,"date_slug":1332,"time_label":1280,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1333,"date_label_fr":1334,"date_short_fr":1335,"date_only_fr":1336,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1285,"date_label_zh":1337,"date_short":1338,"date_short_zh":1339,"date_only":1340,"date_only_zh":1341,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":212,"month_short":1220,"month_long":1221,"month_num":1061,"year":1222,"weekday_short":1223,"weekday_index":935},"2026-11-08","Sunday, 8 November 2026","dimanche 8 novembre 2026","dim. 8 nov.","8 nov. 2026","2026年11月8日 星期日","Sun 8 Nov","11月8日 周日","8 Nov 2026","2026年11月8日",{"status":1206,"date_slug":1343,"time_label":1280,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1344,"date_label_fr":1345,"date_short_fr":1346,"date_only_fr":1347,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1285,"date_label_zh":1348,"date_short":1349,"date_short_zh":1350,"date_only":1351,"date_only_zh":1352,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":152,"month_short":1220,"month_long":1221,"month_num":1061,"year":1222,"weekday_short":1223,"weekday_index":935},"2026-11-15","Sunday, 15 November 2026","dimanche 15 novembre 2026","dim. 15 nov.","15 nov. 2026","2026年11月15日 星期日","Sun 15 Nov","11月15日 周日","15 Nov 2026","2026年11月15日",{"status":1206,"date_slug":1354,"time_label":1280,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1355,"date_label_fr":1356,"date_short_fr":1357,"date_only_fr":1358,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1285,"date_label_zh":1359,"date_short":1360,"date_short_zh":1361,"date_only":1362,"date_only_zh":1363,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":1364,"month_short":1220,"month_long":1221,"month_num":1061,"year":1222,"weekday_short":1223,"weekday_index":935},"2026-11-22","Sunday, 22 November 2026","dimanche 22 novembre 2026","dim. 22 nov.","22 nov. 2026","2026年11月22日 星期日","Sun 22 Nov","11月22日 周日","22 Nov 2026","2026年11月22日",22,{"status":1206,"date_slug":1207,"time_label":1280,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1210,"date_label_fr":1211,"date_short_fr":1212,"date_only_fr":1213,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1285,"date_label_zh":1215,"date_short":1216,"date_short_zh":1217,"date_only":1218,"date_only_zh":1219,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":38,"month_short":1220,"month_long":1221,"month_num":1061,"year":1222,"weekday_short":1223,"weekday_index":935},{"id":1367,"slug":1368,"available_locales":1369,"path":1370,"title":1371,"venue":1374,"hero_image_url":3,"card_image_url":1375,"card_landscape_url":1376,"lifecycle":1202,"session_mode":1203,"sessions":1377,"next_session":1456},11823,"i-ching-beginner-course-singapore",[908,909],"\u002Fevents\u002Fi-ching-learning\u002Fi-ching-beginner-course-singapore",{"en":1372,"zh":1373},"I Ching Beginner Course in Singapore","新加坡易经入门课程",{"en":1198,"zh":1199},"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FJwpNJzsusDghcVRnEeFK.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002Fvariants\u002FJwpNJzsusDghcVRnEeFK-16x9.webp",[1378,1395,1410,1425,1440],{"status":1278,"date_slug":1379,"time_label":1380,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1381,"date_label_fr":1382,"date_short_fr":1383,"date_only_fr":1384,"date_range_label_fr":1385,"time_label_fr":1386,"date_label_zh":1387,"date_short":1388,"date_short_zh":1389,"date_only":1390,"date_only_zh":1391,"is_multi_day":936,"date_range_label":1392,"date_range_label_zh":1393,"day_of_month":182,"month_short":1317,"month_long":1318,"month_num":964,"year":1222,"weekday_short":1394,"weekday_index":38},"2026-10-19","7:00–5:00pm","Monday, 19 October 2026","lundi 19 octobre 2026","lun. 19 oct.","19 oct. 2026","19 oct. 2026 – 24 oct. 2026","19:00–17:00","2026年10月19日 星期一","Mon 19 Oct","10月19日 周一","19 Oct 2026","2026年10月19日","19–24 Oct 2026","2026年10月19日–24日","Mon",{"status":1206,"date_slug":1396,"time_label":1380,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1397,"date_label_fr":1398,"date_short_fr":1399,"date_only_fr":1400,"date_range_label_fr":1401,"time_label_fr":1386,"date_label_zh":1402,"date_short":1403,"date_short_zh":1404,"date_only":1405,"date_only_zh":1406,"is_multi_day":936,"date_range_label":1407,"date_range_label_zh":1408,"day_of_month":1409,"month_short":1220,"month_long":1221,"month_num":1061,"year":1222,"weekday_short":1394,"weekday_index":38},"2026-11-16","Monday, 16 November 2026","lundi 16 novembre 2026","lun. 16 nov.","16 nov. 2026","16 nov. 2026 – 21 nov. 2026","2026年11月16日 星期一","Mon 16 Nov","11月16日 周一","16 Nov 2026","2026年11月16日","16–21 Nov 2026","2026年11月16日–21日",16,{"status":1206,"date_slug":1411,"time_label":1380,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1412,"date_label_fr":1413,"date_short_fr":1414,"date_only_fr":1415,"date_range_label_fr":1416,"time_label_fr":1386,"date_label_zh":1417,"date_short":1418,"date_short_zh":1419,"date_only":1420,"date_only_zh":1421,"is_multi_day":936,"date_range_label":1422,"date_range_label_zh":1423,"day_of_month":1424,"month_short":1248,"month_long":1249,"month_num":147,"year":1222,"weekday_short":1394,"weekday_index":38},"2026-12-14","Monday, 14 December 2026","lundi 14 décembre 2026","lun. 14 déc.","14 déc. 2026","14 déc. 2026 – 19 déc. 2026","2026年12月14日 星期一","Mon 14 Dec","12月14日 周一","14 Dec 2026","2026年12月14日","14–19 Dec 2026","2026年12月14日–19日",14,{"status":1206,"date_slug":1426,"time_label":1380,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1427,"date_label_fr":1428,"date_short_fr":1429,"date_only_fr":1430,"date_range_label_fr":1431,"time_label_fr":1386,"date_label_zh":1432,"date_short":1433,"date_short_zh":1434,"date_only":1435,"date_only_zh":1436,"is_multi_day":936,"date_range_label":1437,"date_range_label_zh":1438,"day_of_month":1439,"month_short":1261,"month_long":1262,"month_num":38,"year":1263,"weekday_short":1394,"weekday_index":38},"2027-01-18","Monday, 18 January 2027","lundi 18 janvier 2027","lun. 18 janv.","18 janv. 2027","18 janv. 2027 – 23 janv. 2027","2027年1月18日 星期一","Mon 18 Jan","1月18日 周一","18 Jan 2027","2027年1月18日","18–23 Jan 2027","2027年1月18日–23日",18,{"status":1206,"date_slug":1441,"time_label":1380,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1442,"date_label_fr":1443,"date_short_fr":1444,"date_only_fr":1445,"date_range_label_fr":1446,"time_label_fr":1386,"date_label_zh":1447,"date_short":1448,"date_short_zh":1449,"date_only":1450,"date_only_zh":1451,"is_multi_day":936,"date_range_label":1452,"date_range_label_zh":1453,"day_of_month":152,"month_short":1454,"month_long":1455,"month_num":983,"year":1263,"weekday_short":1394,"weekday_index":38},"2027-02-15","Monday, 15 February 2027","lundi 15 février 2027","lun. 15 févr.","15 févr. 2027","15 févr. 2027 – 20 févr. 2027","2027年2月15日 星期一","Mon 15 Feb","2月15日 周一","15 Feb 2027","2027年2月15日","15–20 Feb 2027","2027年2月15日–20日","Feb","February",{"status":1206,"date_slug":1396,"time_label":1380,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1397,"date_label_fr":1398,"date_short_fr":1399,"date_only_fr":1400,"date_range_label_fr":1401,"time_label_fr":1386,"date_label_zh":1402,"date_short":1403,"date_short_zh":1404,"date_only":1405,"date_only_zh":1406,"is_multi_day":936,"date_range_label":1407,"date_range_label_zh":1408,"day_of_month":1409,"month_short":1220,"month_long":1221,"month_num":1061,"year":1222,"weekday_short":1394,"weekday_index":38},{"id":1458,"slug":1459,"available_locales":1460,"path":1461,"title":1462,"venue":1465,"hero_image_url":1468,"card_image_url":1468,"card_landscape_url":1469,"lifecycle":1202,"session_mode":1203,"sessions":1470,"next_session":1518},68445,"tai-chi-retreat-camp-singapore",[908,909,910],"\u002Fevents\u002Finternal-arts-wellness\u002Ftai-chi-retreat-camp-singapore",{"en":1463,"zh":1464},"Tai Chi Retreat Camp in Singapore | Lee Wudang SG","新加坡太极静修营｜李武当",{"en":1466,"zh":1467},"Near Great World MRT Station, Singapore","新加坡大世界地铁站附近","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FwiNxtUpXWzFVpsQa5BLY.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002Fvariants\u002FwiNxtUpXWzFVpsQa5BLY-16x9.webp",[1471,1488,1503],{"status":1206,"date_slug":1472,"time_label":1473,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1474,"date_label_fr":1475,"date_short_fr":1476,"date_only_fr":1477,"date_range_label_fr":1478,"time_label_fr":1479,"date_label_zh":1480,"date_short":1481,"date_short_zh":1482,"date_only":1483,"date_only_zh":1484,"is_multi_day":936,"date_range_label":1485,"date_range_label_zh":1486,"day_of_month":1305,"month_short":1220,"month_long":1221,"month_num":1061,"year":1222,"weekday_short":1487,"weekday_index":69},"2026-11-27","9:00am–6:00pm","Friday, 27 November 2026","vendredi 27 novembre 2026","ven. 27 nov.","27 nov. 2026","27 nov. 2026 – 29 nov. 2026","09:00–18:00","2026年11月27日 星期五","Fri 27 Nov","11月27日 周五","27 Nov 2026","2026年11月27日","27–29 Nov 2026","2026年11月27日–29日","Fri",{"status":1206,"date_slug":1489,"time_label":1473,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1490,"date_label_fr":1491,"date_short_fr":1492,"date_only_fr":1493,"date_range_label_fr":1494,"time_label_fr":1479,"date_label_zh":1495,"date_short":1496,"date_short_zh":1497,"date_only":1498,"date_only_zh":1499,"is_multi_day":936,"date_range_label":1500,"date_range_label_zh":1501,"day_of_month":1502,"month_short":1248,"month_long":1249,"month_num":147,"year":1222,"weekday_short":1487,"weekday_index":69},"2026-12-25","Friday, 25 December 2026","vendredi 25 décembre 2026","ven. 25 déc.","25 déc. 2026","25 déc. 2026 – 27 déc. 2026","2026年12月25日 星期五","Fri 25 Dec","12月25日 周五","25 Dec 2026","2026年12月25日","25–27 Dec 2026","2026年12月25日–27日",25,{"status":1206,"date_slug":1504,"time_label":1473,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1505,"date_label_fr":1506,"date_short_fr":1507,"date_only_fr":1508,"date_range_label_fr":1509,"time_label_fr":1479,"date_label_zh":1510,"date_short":1511,"date_short_zh":1512,"date_only":1513,"date_only_zh":1514,"is_multi_day":936,"date_range_label":1515,"date_range_label_zh":1516,"day_of_month":1517,"month_short":1261,"month_long":1262,"month_num":38,"year":1263,"weekday_short":1487,"weekday_index":69},"2027-01-29","Friday, 29 January 2027","vendredi 29 janvier 2027","ven. 29 janv.","29 janv. 2027","29 janv. 2027 – 31 janv. 2027","2027年1月29日 星期五","Fri 29 Jan","1月29日 周五","29 Jan 2027","2027年1月29日","29–31 Jan 2027","2027年1月29日–31日",29,{"status":1206,"date_slug":1472,"time_label":1473,"timezone_abbr":1209,"date_label":1474,"date_label_fr":1475,"date_short_fr":1476,"date_only_fr":1477,"date_range_label_fr":1478,"time_label_fr":1479,"date_label_zh":1480,"date_short":1481,"date_short_zh":1482,"date_only":1483,"date_only_zh":1484,"is_multi_day":936,"date_range_label":1485,"date_range_label_zh":1486,"day_of_month":1305,"month_short":1220,"month_long":1221,"month_num":1061,"year":1222,"weekday_short":1487,"weekday_index":69},{"data":1520},{"to":485,"type":1521,"available_locales":1522,"is_content_page":936,"title":1523,"subtitle":1524,"body":1527,"hero_image_url":1530,"hero_width":1531,"hero_height":1532,"hero_image_alt":1533,"hero_image_decorative":1169,"hero_credit":1536,"hero_alt":1543,"hero_style":1544,"card_layout":1545,"link_type":3,"link_ref":3,"seo_title":1546,"seo_description":1549,"children":1552},"page",[908,909,910],{"en":486,"zh":487},{"en":1525,"zh":1526},"A source-led guide to drafts, fair copies, manuscript variants, collected-works versions and the limits of reconstructing authorial intention.","从草稿、清稿、写本异文、别集版本到后世整理，分辨创作修改与流传变动，并守住“作者意图”的证据边界。",{"en":1528,"zh":1529},"\u003Ch2>A poem does not reach us from one moment\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Composition and transmission leave different kinds of change\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>A poem may begin as a spoken line, a working draft, a corrected leaf or a clean copy made for another reader. It can then be copied, excerpted, arranged in a collection, cut onto printing blocks, punctuated and reset in modern type. Each stage can alter wording, title, order or surrounding explanation. The guide to \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Forigins-spirit-of-chinese-poetry\">the origins and changing forms of Chinese poetry\u003C\u002Fa> supplies the longer history; here the task is to distinguish changes made during composition from those introduced while a poem travelled.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>The version we read is a witness, not the vanished act of writing\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>A modern edition presents a usable text, but it is not a transparent window onto the author’s desk. Christopher Nugent’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fedited-volume\u002F28107\u002Fchapter-abstract\u002F212215620\">survey of Chinese manuscript culture\u003C\u002Fa> stresses that handwritten reproduction repeatedly required individual decisions, while oral and written circulation remained intertwined. The safest starting point is therefore modest: identify the particular witness before asking whether one reading is early, late, authorial, scribal or editorial.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Draft, fair copy and presentation copy are not synonyms\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>A draft can preserve decisions in motion\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Crossed-out wording, insertions, transpositions, overwritten characters, changes of rhyme or a replacement title may reveal work in progress. Yet a correction does not explain itself: the same hand may return much later, another reader may intervene, or damage may imitate erasure. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpaper-and-ink.hku.hk\u002Fcopy-of-introduction\">University of Hong Kong guide to manuscripts and transcripts\u003C\u002Fa> distinguishes rough drafts, fair copies and copies checked by an author or other scholar, while also noting how rare authorial manuscripts can be. Physical sequence, ink, handwriting and provenance must support any claim about revision order.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>A clean copy may still be provisional\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>A fair copy usually removes visible hesitation, but clean appearance does not guarantee final intention. It might be prepared for a friend, patron, gathering, archive, anthology editor or carver, and the poet could revise again elsewhere. Nor is every neat handwritten poem an autograph. Before using labels such as ‘author’s final version’, establish whose hand made the copy, when it was made and what role it played.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Revision can happen before and after circulation\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Words, line order and framing can all change\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Revision may replace one character, recast a line, change rhyme, remove a stanza, reorder a sequence or rewrite a title and preface. Those are not equivalent acts: a lexical substitution affects the line, while a new title can redirect the occasion through which the whole poem is read. The documented study of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournal-s.scnu.edu.cn\u002Fen\u002Farticle\u002Fid\u002F951b921a-a47c-4ac8-9721-e0b24d85ac3b?viewType=HTML\">Tan Xian’s repeated revision of his ci collections\u003C\u002Fa> shows a late-Qing writer selecting, deleting and rewriting across multiple compilations and manuscript drafts. It is a strong case, not permission to invent similar stages for every poet.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Social use can precede the collected version\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>A poem first offered at a farewell, sent in reply or composed at a meeting could later enter a personal collection in altered form. The page on \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-gatherings-themes-rhyme-lots-linked-composition\">Chinese poetry gatherings\u003C\u002Fa> separates the occasion, the texts produced around it and their later memory. When two versions differ, ask whether one served an immediate exchange and another a durable collection—but treat that explanation as a hypothesis until titles, prefaces, letters, dates or surviving copies support it.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Copying creates variants without revealing intention\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>A difference may be an error, normalization or deliberate choice\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Copyists can confuse graphically similar characters, omit repeated phrases, anticipate a later word, modernize an unusual form or silently repair what seems wrong. They may also preserve a defensible alternative. Nugent’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002Fj.ctt1dnn975\">study of Tang poetry’s material circulation\u003C\u002Fa> follows poems from oral or written beginnings through long manuscript paths and warns against assuming that stable modern texts simply reproduce an origin. Record a variant before classifying it; ‘different’ is evidence, whereas ‘mistake’ is already an argument.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Memory and performance can reshape a line\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>A poem copied from recitation or remembered after circulation may change differently from one copied visually. Parallel syntax, rhyme and familiar phrases can help preserve a passage, but they can also invite substitution or smoothing. Stephen Owen’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.harvard.edu\u002Ffiles\u002Fsowen\u002Ffiles\u002Fowen_stephen_the_manuscript_legacy_of_the_tang.pdf\">study of the Tang manuscript legacy\u003C\u002Fa> shows that different manuscript copies could carry different selections as well as different readings. The boundary between a newly composed variant and a copying variant is not always recoverable.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FA6KafGdt1PXCWddcmObd.webp\" alt=\"Cool conceptual still life of four stacks of blank handmade paper representing draft, fair copy, circulation packet and later comparison witness\" loading=\"lazy\">\u003Cfigcaption>AI-generated contemporary conceptual still life about stages of textual transmission. It does not document a historical manuscript, poem, tool, collection, person, place or event.\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\u003Ch2>Collected works turn poems into an ordered corpus\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Selection and arrangement are editorial acts\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>An individual collection may be assembled by the writer, family members, pupils, later scholars or several of them in succession. Poems can be grouped by genre, date, topic, office or an editor’s reconstruction; titles may be standardized and duplicates removed. The guide to \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-individual-collected-works-bieji-authors-editors-transmission\">Chinese individual collected works\u003C\u002Fa> explains why the book called an author’s collection is both a carrier of writings and a historical editorial object.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>An authorial collection and a posthumous collection require different claims\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>If a poet supervised a collection, its selection and ordering may offer evidence of self-presentation. A posthumous compilation instead reveals what descendants, pupils or editors could find and wished to preserve. The guide to \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-anthologies-canon-transmission\">Chinese poetry anthologies\u003C\u002Fa> shows more broadly how selection shapes a canon. Neither type automatically preserves the last wording of every poem, and absence from a collection does not prove that a poem never existed.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Print stabilizes one version while creating new layers\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>A base manuscript becomes visible because alternatives recede\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Printing can multiply the wording chosen for a base copy and make it seem inevitable. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fedited-volume\u002F28107\u002Fchapter\u002F514166763\">Oxford Handbook section on collecting, editing and transmitting\u003C\u002Fa> notes that widely circulated printings could obscure other manuscript recensions. The guide to \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-woodblock-printing-workflow-writing-carving-inking-impressions\">Chinese woodblock printing\u003C\u002Fa> follows the practical move from writing to carved blocks and impressions. Stability belongs to a production history, not necessarily to an author’s final decision.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Reprints, punctuation and commentary continue to change reading\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Blocks can be repaired or replaced; a new edition can choose another base text, add commentary or normalize graphs. Modern punctuation then divides clauses and voices even when the characters remain unchanged. The guide to \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-texts-punctuation-reading-marks-sentence-division-modern-editions\">punctuating Chinese texts\u003C\u002Fa> explains why sentence division is interpretation. A modern reader should therefore cite edition and, where relevant, punctuation—not merely an author and title.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Case studies reveal possibilities, not universal laws\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Tao Yuanming survives as multiple historically produced texts\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Xiaofei Tian’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fealc.fas.harvard.edu\u002Fpublication\u002Ftao-yuanming-and-manuscript-culture-record-dusty-table\">Tao Yuanming and Manuscript Culture\u003C\u002Fa> shows how copying, editorial change and later interpretation helped produce different textual Tao Yuanmings. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuwapress.uw.edu\u002Fbook\u002F9780295985534\u002Ftao-yuanming-and-manuscript-culture\u002F\">publisher’s description and contents\u003C\u002Fa> emphasize variant words and phrases that did not enter standard readings. This does not mean every variant is equally early or equally good; it means that the familiar corpus is the outcome of transmission and must be read with its witnesses.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Tan Xian preserves an unusually traceable revision history\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Tan Xian’s diary drafts and successive ci compilations allow scholars to compare deletion, replacement, retitling and reordering over decades. Because that evidence is unusually rich, it teaches method as much as biography: claims about intention become stronger when draft, date, handwriting and successive authorized collections align. It would be a mistake to project this recoverable sequence onto authors for whom only late copies or printed editions survive.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Compare versions without forcing a single story\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Build a witness table before naming a revision\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>For every version, record physical object or digital surrogate, date or date range, provenance, hand or edition, title, poem order, wording, punctuation, notes and relation to other witnesses. Mark whether a reading is directly attested, supplied by an editor or conjectured. The guide to \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-textual-collation-jiaokan-variant-readings-witnesses-editions\">Chinese textual collation\u003C\u002Fa> provides the wider method, while the page on \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-marginalia-meipi-pangpi-pijiao-reading-history\">marginalia in Chinese books\u003C\u002Fa> helps keep later reader marks separate from the transmitted text.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>End with the smallest defensible claim\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>A sound conclusion might identify an earlier and later authorial state, a copying variant shared by related witnesses, or an editor’s preferred reading. It should not claim an autograph, a complete revision sequence or final authorial intention without matching evidence. By separating composition, copying, collection and edition, we can see poems as living textual histories without reducing every difference to either genius at work or careless error.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Ch2>一首诗并非从某个瞬间原样抵达今天\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>创作与流传会留下不同性质的变化\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>诗歌可能始于口头吟成的一句，也可能先见于草稿、改过的纸叶或抄给他人的清本；此后又会经历转抄、摘录、编集、刻版、标点与现代排印。每一环节都可能改变字句、题目、次序或说明文字。本站的\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Forigins-spirit-of-chinese-poetry\">中国诗歌源流导读\u003C\u002Fa>提供长时段背景；本文要做的，是把创作中的修改与流传中的变动尽量分开。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>我们读到的是一个传本，不是已经消失的写作现场\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>现代整理本提供便于阅读的文本，却不是直接通向作者案头的透明窗口。Nugent 关于\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fedited-volume\u002F28107\u002Fchapter-abstract\u002F212215620\">中国写本文化\u003C\u002Fa>的研究指出，手工复制一次次要求抄写者作出选择，而口头与书面流传又长期交织。稳妥的起点因此不是先问“哪一个最真”，而是先确认眼前究竟是哪一个见证，再讨论某条异文属于早期、晚期、作者、抄手还是编者。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>草稿、清稿与呈送本不是同义词\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>草稿可以保存尚在进行的决定\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>删字、添写、移位、重叠笔画、换韵或改题，都可能显示写作尚未结束。但改痕不会自行解释：同一只手或许隔很久才回来，另一位读者也可能插手，纸张破损还可能被误认作擦改。\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpaper-and-ink.hku.hk\u002Fcopy-of-introduction\">香港大学“写本、稿本、钞本、校本”导览\u003C\u002Fa>区分草稿、清稿以及由作者或他人校订的抄本，也提醒我们作者手稿十分稀少。要判断改动先后，仍须结合纸张位置、墨色、笔迹与来源。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>清洁整齐的抄本仍可能只是阶段性文本\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>清稿往往抹去犹豫痕迹，却不等于作者从此不再修改。它可能是寄给朋友、呈给主人、带去雅集、交给编者或付刻者的版本；诗人也可能在另一处继续改写。工整的手写诗更不能自动当作作者亲笔。使用“最后定稿”之类说法以前，应先说明谁抄写、何时抄写，以及这份文本当时承担什么功能。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>作品流通前后都可能发生修改\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>字词、行次与框架文字都能被重写\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>修改可以只是换一个字，也可以重写整句、改韵、删节、调整组诗次序，或改写诗题与序言。这些行为并不等价：替换字词改变诗句，改题则可能重新安排读者理解整首作品的场合。关于\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournal-s.scnu.edu.cn\u002Fen\u002Farticle\u002Fid\u002F951b921a-a47c-4ac8-9721-e0b24d85ac3b?viewType=HTML\">谭献多次删改词集\u003C\u002Fa>的研究，凭多次结集与日记草稿说明一位晚清作者怎样长期删选、改写；这是资料充分的个案，不能用来替所有诗人补造相同过程。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>社交使用可能早于文集定本\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>一首诗或许先在送别、赠答或聚会中出现，后来收入别集时又发生变化。本站的\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-gatherings-themes-rhyme-lots-linked-composition\">中国古典诗歌雅集导读\u003C\u002Fa>把活动、围绕活动形成的文字与后世记忆分开。两个版本不同时，可以追问一个是否服务当下往来、另一个是否面向持久结集；但在诗题、序跋、书信、日期或实物传本支持以前，这仍然只是待验证的解释。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>转抄会产生异文，却不自动揭示意图\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>差异可能来自误写、规范化或有意选择\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>抄手可能混淆形近字、漏掉重复词组、提前写入后文、把罕见字改成常见字，也可能默默修补自己认为的错误；同时，他也可能保存了另一条有根据的读法。Nugent 对\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002Fj.ctt1dnn975\">唐诗物质流通过程\u003C\u002Fa>的研究，从最初的口头或书面形态追到漫长写本链条，提醒我们不可把现代稳定文本直接等同于起点。先记录差异，再判断性质；“不同”是观察，“错误”已是论证。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>记忆与表演也可能重塑诗句\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>凭诵读抄录或流传后凭记忆写下的诗，与逐字目验转抄可能发生不同变化。对仗、韵脚和熟语有助于保持文本，也可能诱发替换或磨平不规则之处。Owen 关于\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.harvard.edu\u002Ffiles\u002Fsowen\u002Ffiles\u002Fowen_stephen_the_manuscript_legacy_of_the_tang.pdf\">唐代写本遗产\u003C\u002Fa>的研究显示，不同抄本不仅字句有别，所收篇目也可能不同。新写成的变体与抄传变体之间，有时已无法划出确定边界。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FA6KafGdt1PXCWddcmObd.webp\" alt=\"冷色概念静物：四叠空白手工纸分别象征草稿、清稿、流通包与后世比勘传本\" loading=\"lazy\">\u003Cfigcaption>AI 生成的当代文本流传阶段概念静物；并非历史写本、诗稿、工具、文集、人物、地点或事件记录。\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\u003Ch2>别集把诗篇组织成一个作者文库\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>选篇与编次本身就是编辑行为\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>别集可能由作者本人、家属、门生、后世学者先后参与编成。诗篇可以按体裁、年代、主题、仕履或编者重建的线索排列，诗题会被统一，重复篇目也会被删并。本站的\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-individual-collected-works-bieji-authors-editors-transmission\">中国别集导读\u003C\u002Fa>说明：以一位作者命名的文集既承载作品，也是有自身历史的编辑对象。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>作者自编与身后编集需要不同表述\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>若诗人亲自主持结集，取舍与排列可能显示自我呈现；身后编本则更多反映家属、门生或编者找到什么、愿意保存什么。本站的\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-anthologies-canon-transmission\">中国诗歌总集与选本导读\u003C\u002Fa>进一步说明选录怎样塑造经典。无论哪一种文集，都不自动保存每首诗的最后字句；某篇未被收入，也不能证明它从未存在。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>印刷固定一个版本，也增加新的层次\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>底本被大量复制，其他版本因而退到视野之外\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>印刷可以把某一底本的字句广泛传播，使之看起来像唯一可能的文本。\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fedited-volume\u002F28107\u002Fchapter\u002F514166763\">《牛津中国古典文学手册》关于收藏、编辑与流传的讨论\u003C\u002Fa>指出，通行刻本可能遮蔽仍在局部流传的写本系统。本站的\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-woodblock-printing-workflow-writing-carving-inking-impressions\">中国雕版印刷流程导读\u003C\u002Fa>则追踪书写、上版、刻版与刷印。稳定性来自一次生产史，不必然等于作者最后决定。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>重刻、标点与注释继续改变阅读\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>书版会修补或换刻，新版本可能改换底本、加入注释或规范字形；到了现代，标点即使不改字符，也会划分句读与说话层次。本站的\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-texts-punctuation-reading-marks-sentence-division-modern-editions\">中国古籍句读与标点导读\u003C\u002Fa>说明断句本身就是解释。因此引用诗歌时，除作者与篇名外，还应在必要处说明版本与标点依据。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>个案揭示可能性，不提供普遍定律\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>陶渊明作品以多个历史形成的文本传世\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>田晓菲的\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fealc.fas.harvard.edu\u002Fpublication\u002Ftao-yuanming-and-manuscript-culture-record-dusty-table\">《尘几录：陶渊明与手抄本文化研究》\u003C\u002Fa>说明，抄写、编辑变化与后世阐释怎样共同塑造不同的“陶渊明”。\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuwapress.uw.edu\u002Fbook\u002F9780295985534\u002Ftao-yuanming-and-manuscript-culture\u002F\">出版社的内容简介\u003C\u002Fa>特别提到未进入标准读法的异文字句。这并非说每条异文都同样早、同样好，而是提醒我们：熟悉的作品集是流传结果，必须同传本一起阅读。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>谭献留下少见而可追踪的长期修改史\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>谭献日记中的词稿与多次结集，使研究者能够比较几十年间的删篇、换字、改题与重排。正因为证据格外丰富，这个案例同时教我们怎样使用“作者意图”：当草稿、日期、笔迹与连续的自定文集相互吻合时，论证才更有力。对于只剩晚期抄本或刻本的作者，不能投射出同样完整的修改序列。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>比较版本，不强求一条单线故事\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>先制作传本表，再把差异命名为修改\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>可逐一记录实物或数位影像、年代范围、来源、书手或版本、诗题、编次、字句、标点、附注及同其他传本的关系，并标明某读法是实证、编者补入还是推测。本站的\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-textual-collation-jiaokan-variant-readings-witnesses-editions\">中国校勘导读\u003C\u002Fa>提供整体方法，\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-marginalia-meipi-pangpi-pijiao-reading-history\">中国古籍批注导读\u003C\u002Fa>则帮助把后人手写痕迹同正文传承分开。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>最后只作证据允许的最小判断\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>稳妥的结论可以确认前后两个作者改本、某一组相关传本共有的抄传异文，或一位编者采用的读法；却不应在证据不足时声称亲笔真迹、完整修改次序或最终作者意图。把创作、转抄、编集与版本分层，我们既能看见诗歌作为活的文本历史，也不必把每处差异都简化成“天才推敲”或“抄手粗心”。\u003C\u002Fp>","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FwyvymOS02f66jqUwE16H.webp",1672,941,{"en":1534,"zh":1535},"Conceptual photograph of an anonymous contemporary researcher comparing blank paper leaves and translucent revision overlays in a fictional conservation study","概念性照片：一位不具名的当代研究者在虚构修复研究室中比较空白纸叶与透明修改叠片",{"caption":1537,"creator":1538,"source_url":1539,"license_label":1540,"license_url":1541,"changes":1542},"AI-generated fictional contemporary research scene; not a real person, manuscript, poem, institution, location or historical event.","OpenAI","https:\u002F\u002Fopenai.com\u002F","AI-generated image","https:\u002F\u002Fopenai.com\u002Fpolicies\u002Fterms-of-use\u002F","Generated independently for this article and converted to WebP without compositing.",{"en":1534,"zh":1535},"banner","list",{"en":1547,"zh":1548},"How Chinese Poems Changed: Drafts and Variants","中国古典诗歌怎样改定与流传：草稿与异文",{"en":1550,"zh":1551},"How Chinese poems changed through drafts, fair copies, manuscript variants, collected works and later editions—and how to judge authorial revision cautiously.","介绍中国古典诗歌从草稿、清稿、写本异文到别集与后世版本的变化，并说明怎样谨慎判断作者修改。",[]]