[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-nav-en":3,"site-nav-reference-en":2579,"site-nav-en-all":3284,"event-categories-en":4819,"site-settings":5071,"node-en-arts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-texts-punctuation-reading-marks-sentence-division-modern-editions":5113},{"data":4},{"header":5,"footer":2554},[6,826,1009,1155,1699,1921,2230,2550],{"to":7,"label":8,"label_zh":9,"children":10},"\u002Fdao","TAO","道",[11,52,342,707,740,772,814,818,822],{"to":12,"label":13,"label_zh":14,"children":15},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction","Begin with the Tao","道学入门",[16,20,24,28,32,36,40,44,48],{"to":17,"label":18,"label_zh":19},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction\u002Fwhat-is-taoism","What Is Taoism? A Map of Texts, Traditions and Practice","什么是道家与道教？经典、传统与实践地图",{"to":21,"label":22,"label_zh":23},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction\u002Fthe-dao-explained","Tao: The Source of All Things","道生万物",{"to":25,"label":26,"label_zh":27},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction\u002Fcore-ideas","Core Ideas: Wu Wei, Yin-Yang & Ziran","核心概念：无为、阴阳与自然",{"to":29,"label":30,"label_zh":31},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction\u002Fphilosophical-vs-religious","Philosophical and Religious Taoism: Distinct Paths, Shared Traditions","道家与道教：不同路径，共同传统",{"to":33,"label":34,"label_zh":35},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction\u002Fa-short-history","A Short History of Taoism","道家与道教简史",{"to":37,"label":38,"label_zh":39},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction\u002Fkey-texts","Key Texts at a Glance","主要经典一览",{"to":41,"label":42,"label_zh":43},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction\u002Feveryday-life","Taoism in Everyday Life","道家思想与日常生活",{"to":45,"label":46,"label_zh":47},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction\u002Funderstanding-taoism-in-context","Understanding Taoism in Context","认识道家与道教的文化脉络",{"to":49,"label":50,"label_zh":51},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction\u002Fwhere-to-go-next","Where to Go Next","接下来读什么",{"to":53,"label":54,"label_zh":55,"children":56},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing","I Ching","易经",[57,61,65,326,330,334,338],{"to":58,"label":59,"label_zh":60},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Forigins-history","Origins & History of the I Ching","《易经》是怎么来的",{"to":62,"label":63,"label_zh":64},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Feight-trigrams","The Eight Trigrams (Bagua)","八卦：八个符号各是什么",{"to":66,"label":67,"label_zh":68,"children":69},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams","The 64 Hexagrams","周易六十四卦总览：卦象、六爻与现代应用",[70,74,78,82,86,90,94,98,102,106,110,114,118,122,126,130,134,138,142,146,150,154,158,162,166,170,174,178,182,186,190,194,198,202,206,210,214,218,222,226,230,234,238,242,246,250,254,258,262,266,270,274,278,282,286,290,294,298,302,306,310,314,318,322],{"to":71,"label":72,"label_zh":73},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-01-qian","1 · Qian 乾 ䷀","第一卦 乾 ䷀",{"to":75,"label":76,"label_zh":77},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-02-kun","2 · Kun 坤 ䷁","第二卦 坤 ䷁",{"to":79,"label":80,"label_zh":81},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-03-zhun","3 · Zhun 屯 ䷂","第三卦 屯 ䷂",{"to":83,"label":84,"label_zh":85},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-04-meng","4 · Meng 蒙 ䷃","第四卦 蒙 ䷃",{"to":87,"label":88,"label_zh":89},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-05-xu","5 · Xu 需 ䷄","第五卦 需 ䷄",{"to":91,"label":92,"label_zh":93},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-06-song","6 · Song 讼 ䷅","第六卦 讼 ䷅",{"to":95,"label":96,"label_zh":97},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-07-shi","7 · Shi 师 ䷆","第七卦 师 ䷆",{"to":99,"label":100,"label_zh":101},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-08-bi","8 · Bi 比 ䷇","第八卦 比 ䷇",{"to":103,"label":104,"label_zh":105},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-09-xiao-xu","9 · Xiao Xu 小畜 ䷈","第九卦 小畜 ䷈",{"to":107,"label":108,"label_zh":109},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-10-lu","10 · Lü 履 ䷉","第十卦 履 ䷉",{"to":111,"label":112,"label_zh":113},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-11-tai","11 · Tai 泰 ䷊","第十一卦 泰 ䷊",{"to":115,"label":116,"label_zh":117},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-12-pi","12 · Pi 否 ䷋","第十二卦 否 ䷋",{"to":119,"label":120,"label_zh":121},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-13-tong-ren","13 · Tong Ren 同人 ䷌","第十三卦 同人 ䷌",{"to":123,"label":124,"label_zh":125},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-14-da-you","14 · Da You 大有 ䷍","第十四卦 大有 ䷍",{"to":127,"label":128,"label_zh":129},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-15-qian-modesty","15 · Qian 谦 ䷎","第十五卦 谦 ䷎",{"to":131,"label":132,"label_zh":133},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-16-yu","16 · Yu 豫 ䷏","第十六卦 豫 ䷏",{"to":135,"label":136,"label_zh":137},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-17-sui","17 · Sui 随 ䷐","第十七卦 随 ䷐",{"to":139,"label":140,"label_zh":141},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-18-gu","18 · Gu 蛊 ䷑","第十八卦 蛊 ䷑",{"to":143,"label":144,"label_zh":145},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-19-lin","19 · Lin 临 ䷒","第十九卦 临 ䷒",{"to":147,"label":148,"label_zh":149},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-20-guan","20 · Guan 观 ䷓","第二十卦 观 ䷓",{"to":151,"label":152,"label_zh":153},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-21-shi-he","21 · Shi He 噬嗑 ䷔","第二十一卦 噬嗑 ䷔",{"to":155,"label":156,"label_zh":157},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-22-bi","22 · Bi 贲 ䷕","第二十二卦 贲 ䷕",{"to":159,"label":160,"label_zh":161},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-23-bo","23 · Bo 剥 ䷖","第二十三卦 剥 ䷖",{"to":163,"label":164,"label_zh":165},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-24-fu","24 · Fu 复 ䷗","第二十四卦 复 ䷗",{"to":167,"label":168,"label_zh":169},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-25-wu-wang","25 · Wu Wang 无妄 ䷘","第二十五卦 无妄 ䷘",{"to":171,"label":172,"label_zh":173},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-26-da-xu","26 · Da Xu 大畜 ䷙","第二十六卦 大畜 ䷙",{"to":175,"label":176,"label_zh":177},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-27-yi","27 · Yi 颐 ䷚","第二十七卦 颐 ䷚",{"to":179,"label":180,"label_zh":181},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-28-da-guo","28 · Da Guo 大过 ䷛","第二十八卦 大过 ䷛",{"to":183,"label":184,"label_zh":185},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-29-kan","29 · Kan 坎 ䷜","第二十九卦 坎 ䷜",{"to":187,"label":188,"label_zh":189},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-30-li","30 · Li 离 ䷝","第三十卦 离 ䷝",{"to":191,"label":192,"label_zh":193},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-31-xian","31 · Xian 咸 ䷞","第三十一卦 咸 ䷞",{"to":195,"label":196,"label_zh":197},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-32-heng","32 · Heng 恒 ䷟","第三十二卦 恒 ䷟",{"to":199,"label":200,"label_zh":201},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-33-dun","33 · Dun 遁 ䷠","第三十三卦 遁 ䷠",{"to":203,"label":204,"label_zh":205},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-34-da-zhuang","34 · Da Zhuang 大壮 ䷡","第三十四卦 大壮 ䷡",{"to":207,"label":208,"label_zh":209},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-35-jin","35 · Jin 晋 ䷢","第三十五卦 晋 ䷢",{"to":211,"label":212,"label_zh":213},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-36-ming-yi","36 · Ming Yi 明夷 ䷣","第三十六卦 明夷 ䷣",{"to":215,"label":216,"label_zh":217},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-37-jia-ren","37 · Jia Ren 家人 ䷤","第三十七卦 家人 ䷤",{"to":219,"label":220,"label_zh":221},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-38-kui","38 · Kui 睽 ䷥","第三十八卦 睽 ䷥",{"to":223,"label":224,"label_zh":225},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-39-jian","39 · Jian 蹇 ䷦","第三十九卦 蹇 ䷦",{"to":227,"label":228,"label_zh":229},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-40-jie","40 · Jie 解 ䷧","第四十卦 解 ䷧",{"to":231,"label":232,"label_zh":233},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-41-sun","41 · Sun 损 ䷨","第四十一卦 损 ䷨",{"to":235,"label":236,"label_zh":237},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-42-yi","42 · Yi 益 ䷩","第四十二卦 益 ䷩",{"to":239,"label":240,"label_zh":241},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-43-guai","43 · Guai 夬 ䷪","第四十三卦 夬 ䷪",{"to":243,"label":244,"label_zh":245},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-44-gou","44 · Gou 姤 ䷫","第四十四卦 姤 ䷫",{"to":247,"label":248,"label_zh":249},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-45-cui","45 · Cui 萃 ䷬","第四十五卦 萃 ䷬",{"to":251,"label":252,"label_zh":253},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-46-sheng","46 · Sheng 升 ䷭","第四十六卦 升 ䷭",{"to":255,"label":256,"label_zh":257},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-47-kun","47 · Kun 困 ䷮","第四十七卦 困 ䷮",{"to":259,"label":260,"label_zh":261},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-48-jing","48 · Jing 井 ䷯","第四十八卦 井 ䷯",{"to":263,"label":264,"label_zh":265},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-49-ge","49 · Ge 革 ䷰","第四十九卦 革 ䷰",{"to":267,"label":268,"label_zh":269},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-50-ding","50 · Ding 鼎 ䷱","第五十卦 鼎 ䷱",{"to":271,"label":272,"label_zh":273},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-51-zhen","51 · Zhen 震 ䷲","第五十一卦 震 ䷲",{"to":275,"label":276,"label_zh":277},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-52-gen","52 · Gen 艮 ䷳","第五十二卦 艮 ䷳",{"to":279,"label":280,"label_zh":281},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-53-jian","53 · Jian 渐 ䷴","第五十三卦 渐 ䷴",{"to":283,"label":284,"label_zh":285},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-54-gui-mei","54 · Gui Mei 归妹 ䷵","第五十四卦 归妹 ䷵",{"to":287,"label":288,"label_zh":289},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-55-feng","55 · Feng 丰 ䷶","第五十五卦 丰 ䷶",{"to":291,"label":292,"label_zh":293},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-56-lu","56 · Lü 旅 ䷷","第五十六卦 旅 ䷷",{"to":295,"label":296,"label_zh":297},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-57-xun","57 · Xun 巽 ䷸","第五十七卦 巽 ䷸",{"to":299,"label":300,"label_zh":301},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-58-dui","58 · Dui 兑 ䷹","第五十八卦 兑 ䷹",{"to":303,"label":304,"label_zh":305},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-59-huan","59 · Huan 涣 ䷺","第五十九卦 涣 ䷺",{"to":307,"label":308,"label_zh":309},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-60-jie","60 · Jie 节 ䷻","第六十卦 节 ䷻",{"to":311,"label":312,"label_zh":313},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-61-zhong-fu","61 · Zhong Fu 中孚 ䷼","第六十一卦 中孚 ䷼",{"to":315,"label":316,"label_zh":317},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-62-xiao-guo","62 · Xiao Guo 小过 ䷽","第六十二卦 小过 ䷽",{"to":319,"label":320,"label_zh":321},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-63-ji-ji","63 · Ji Ji 既济 ䷾","第六十三卦 既济 ䷾",{"to":323,"label":324,"label_zh":325},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-64-wei-ji","64 · Wei Ji 未济 ䷿","第六十四卦 未济 ䷿",{"to":327,"label":328,"label_zh":329},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fyin-yang-philosophy","Yin, Yang & the Philosophy of Change","阴阳：变化与相互关系的哲学",{"to":331,"label":332,"label_zh":333},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fdivination-method-practice","Divination Method & Practice","怎么起卦，历代又怎么看这件事",{"to":335,"label":336,"label_zh":337},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Ftaoism-connection","The I Ching in Taoist Practice","《易经》与道家修行",{"to":339,"label":340,"label_zh":341},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fkey-translations-further-reading","Key Translations & Further Reading","读《易》该用什么本子，按什么顺序读",{"to":343,"label":344,"label_zh":345,"children":346},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing","Tao Te Ching","道德经",[347,351,355,359,363,367,371,374,703],{"to":348,"label":349,"label_zh":350},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Forigins-authorship","Origins & Authorship of the Tao Te Ching","《老子》是谁写的，什么时候成书",{"to":352,"label":353,"label_zh":354},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Fstructure-of-the-text","Structure of the Text","八十一章是怎么分的，这本书为什么难读",{"to":356,"label":357,"label_zh":358},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Fcore-themes","Core Themes: Tao, Wu Wei & Naturalness","道、无为、自然：三个被用滥的词",{"to":360,"label":361,"label_zh":362},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Fsimplicity-humility-the-uncarved-block","Simplicity, Humility & the Uncarved Block","朴、素、水：为什么推崇未加工的状态",{"to":364,"label":365,"label_zh":366},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Fgovernance-the-sage-ruler","Governance & the Sage Ruler","治国：无为落到政治上是什么样，又怎么被用歪",{"to":368,"label":369,"label_zh":370},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ftaoism-connection","The Tao Te Ching in Taoist Practice","一本哲学书怎么变成了道教经典",{"to":372,"label":340,"label_zh":373},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Fkey-translations-further-reading","读《老子》该用什么本子，按什么顺序读",{"to":375,"label":376,"label_zh":377,"children":378},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text","Complete Tao Te Ching","《道德经》全文",[379,383,387,391,395,399,403,407,411,415,419,423,427,431,435,439,443,447,451,455,459,463,467,471,475,479,483,487,491,495,499,503,507,511,515,519,523,527,531,535,539,543,547,551,555,559,563,567,571,575,579,583,587,591,595,599,603,607,611,615,619,623,627,631,635,639,643,647,651,655,659,663,667,671,675,679,683,687,691,695,699],{"to":380,"label":381,"label_zh":382},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-01","Chapter 1 — The Tao Beyond Names","第一章　道可道，非常道",{"to":384,"label":385,"label_zh":386},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-02","Chapter 2 — Opposites Arise Together","第二章　有无相生",{"to":388,"label":389,"label_zh":390},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-03","Chapter 3 — Quieting Rivalry","第三章　为无为，则无不治",{"to":392,"label":393,"label_zh":394},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-04","Chapter 4 — The Empty Source","第四章　道冲而用之",{"to":396,"label":397,"label_zh":398},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-05","Chapter 5 — The Bellows of Heaven and Earth","第五章　天地之间",{"to":400,"label":401,"label_zh":402},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-06","Chapter 6 — The Valley Spirit","第六章　谷神不死",{"to":404,"label":405,"label_zh":406},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-07","Chapter 7 — Lasting Beyond the Self","第七章　天长地久",{"to":408,"label":409,"label_zh":410},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-08","Chapter 8 — The Goodness of Water","第八章　上善若水",{"to":412,"label":413,"label_zh":414},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-09","Chapter 9 — Knowing When to Stop","第九章　功成身退",{"to":416,"label":417,"label_zh":418},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-10","Chapter 10 — Holding the One","第十章　抱一与玄德",{"to":420,"label":421,"label_zh":422},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-11","Chapter 11 — The Usefulness of Empty Space","第十一章　无之以为用",{"to":424,"label":425,"label_zh":426},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-12","Chapter 12 — Guarding the Senses","第十二章　为腹不为目",{"to":428,"label":429,"label_zh":430},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-13","Chapter 13 — Honour, Disgrace, and the Self","第十三章　宠辱若惊",{"to":432,"label":433,"label_zh":434},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-14","Chapter 14 — The Formless Form","第十四章　无状之状",{"to":436,"label":437,"label_zh":438},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-15","Chapter 15 — The Ancient Masters","第十五章　古之善为士者",{"to":440,"label":441,"label_zh":442},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-16","Chapter 16 — Returning to the Root","第十六章　归根曰静",{"to":444,"label":445,"label_zh":446},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-17","Chapter 17 — Leadership That Leaves No Burden","第十七章　百姓皆谓我自然",{"to":448,"label":449,"label_zh":450},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-18","Chapter 18 — When the Great Tao Is Lost","第十八章　大道废，有仁义",{"to":452,"label":453,"label_zh":454},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-19","Chapter 19 — Returning to Simplicity","第十九章　见素抱朴",{"to":456,"label":457,"label_zh":458},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-20","Chapter 20 — Different from the Crowd","第二十章　我独异于人",{"to":460,"label":461,"label_zh":462},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-21","Chapter 21 — Following the Tao","第二十一章　孔德之容",{"to":464,"label":465,"label_zh":466},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-22","Chapter 22 — Bending Without Breaking","第二十二章　曲则全",{"to":468,"label":469,"label_zh":470},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-23","Chapter 23 — Few Words, Natural Action","第二十三章　希言自然",{"to":472,"label":473,"label_zh":474},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-24","Chapter 24 — Standing Without Straining","第二十四章　企者不立",{"to":476,"label":477,"label_zh":478},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-25","Chapter 25 — The Way of Nature","第二十五章　道法自然",{"to":480,"label":481,"label_zh":482},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-26","Chapter 26 — Rooted in Stillness","第二十六章　重为轻根",{"to":484,"label":485,"label_zh":486},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-27","Chapter 27 — Leaving No One Behind","第二十七章　无弃人，无弃物",{"to":488,"label":489,"label_zh":490},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-28","Chapter 28 — Returning to the Uncarved Block","第二十八章　复归于朴",{"to":492,"label":493,"label_zh":494},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-29","Chapter 29 — The World Is Not an Object","第二十九章　天下神器不可为",{"to":496,"label":497,"label_zh":498},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-30","Chapter 30 — Power Without Domination","第三十章　果而勿强",{"to":500,"label":501,"label_zh":502},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-31","Chapter 31 — Victory Without Celebration","第三十一章　胜而不美",{"to":504,"label":505,"label_zh":506},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-32","Chapter 32 — The Nameless Simplicity","第三十二章　知止不殆",{"to":508,"label":509,"label_zh":510},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-33","Chapter 33 — Knowing Yourself","第三十三章　自知者明",{"to":512,"label":513,"label_zh":514},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-34","Chapter 34 — Great Without Possessing","第三十四章　终不自为大",{"to":516,"label":517,"label_zh":518},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-35","Chapter 35 — The Great Image","第三十五章　执大象",{"to":520,"label":521,"label_zh":522},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-36","Chapter 36 — Subtle Understanding","第三十六章　柔弱胜刚强",{"to":524,"label":525,"label_zh":526},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-37","Chapter 37 — Acting Without Forcing","第三十七章　无为而无不为",{"to":528,"label":529,"label_zh":530},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-38","Chapter 38 — The Descent from Tao to Ritual","第三十八章　上德不德",{"to":532,"label":533,"label_zh":534},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-39","Chapter 39 — Rooted in the One","第三十九章　得一",{"to":536,"label":537,"label_zh":538},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-40","Chapter 40 — Returning and Yielding","第四十章　反者道之动",{"to":540,"label":541,"label_zh":542},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-41","Chapter 41 — The Tao That Appears Contrary","第四十一章　道隐无名",{"to":544,"label":545,"label_zh":546},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-42","Chapter 42 — Yin, Yang, and Harmony","第四十二章　负阴抱阳",{"to":548,"label":549,"label_zh":550},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-43","Chapter 43 — The Softest Overcomes the Hardest","第四十三章　至柔驰骋至坚",{"to":552,"label":553,"label_zh":554},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-44","Chapter 44 — Life Before Reputation","第四十四章　知足不辱",{"to":556,"label":557,"label_zh":558},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-45","Chapter 45 — Great Completion Seems Incomplete","第四十五章　清静为天下正",{"to":560,"label":561,"label_zh":562},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-46","Chapter 46 — The Sufficiency of Contentment","第四十六章　知足之足",{"to":564,"label":565,"label_zh":566},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-47","Chapter 47 — Knowing Without Travelling Far","第四十七章　不出户知天下",{"to":568,"label":569,"label_zh":570},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-48","Chapter 48 — Learning by Letting Go","第四十八章　为道日损",{"to":572,"label":573,"label_zh":574},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-49","Chapter 49 — A Heart Open to the People","第四十九章　以百姓心为心",{"to":576,"label":577,"label_zh":578},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-50","Chapter 50 — Living Without Clinging to Life","第五十章　善摄生者",{"to":580,"label":581,"label_zh":582},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-51","Chapter 51 — Profound Virtue Nourishes","第五十一章　道生德畜",{"to":584,"label":585,"label_zh":586},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-52","Chapter 52 — Returning to the Mother","第五十二章　见小曰明",{"to":588,"label":589,"label_zh":590},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-53","Chapter 53 — The Great Way and the Side Paths","第五十三章　大道甚夷",{"to":592,"label":593,"label_zh":594},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-54","Chapter 54 — Cultivation from Self to World","第五十四章　修之于身",{"to":596,"label":597,"label_zh":598},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-55","Chapter 55 — The Vitality of the Infant","第五十五章　含德之厚",{"to":600,"label":601,"label_zh":602},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-56","Chapter 56 — Mysterious Unity","第五十六章　玄同",{"to":604,"label":605,"label_zh":606},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-57","Chapter 57 — Governing with Fewer Interferences","第五十七章　我无为而民自化",{"to":608,"label":609,"label_zh":610},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-58","Chapter 58 — Fortune Rests on Misfortune","第五十八章　祸福相倚",{"to":612,"label":613,"label_zh":614},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-59","Chapter 59 — Deep Roots and Conservation","第五十九章　深根固柢",{"to":616,"label":617,"label_zh":618},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-60","Chapter 60 — Governing Like Cooking a Small Fish","第六十章　治大国若烹小鲜",{"to":620,"label":621,"label_zh":622},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-61","Chapter 61 — The Great State Takes the Lower Place","第六十一章　大者宜为下",{"to":624,"label":625,"label_zh":626},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-62","Chapter 62 — The Refuge of All Things","第六十二章　道者万物之奥",{"to":628,"label":629,"label_zh":630},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-63","Chapter 63 — Begin with What Is Small","第六十三章　天下大事作于细",{"to":632,"label":633,"label_zh":634},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-64","Chapter 64 — Careful at the End as at the Beginning","第六十四章　慎终如始",{"to":636,"label":637,"label_zh":638},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-65","Chapter 65 — Beyond Manipulative Cleverness","第六十五章　玄德深远",{"to":640,"label":641,"label_zh":642},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-66","Chapter 66 — Leading from Below","第六十六章　善下为王",{"to":644,"label":645,"label_zh":646},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-67","Chapter 67 — The Three Treasures","第六十七章　三宝",{"to":648,"label":649,"label_zh":650},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-68","Chapter 68 — The Virtue of Non-Contention","第六十八章　不争之德",{"to":652,"label":653,"label_zh":654},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-69","Chapter 69 — Never Take the Enemy Lightly","第六十九章　哀者胜矣",{"to":656,"label":657,"label_zh":658},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-70","Chapter 70 — Plain Clothes, Jade Within","第七十章　被褐怀玉",{"to":660,"label":661,"label_zh":662},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-71","Chapter 71 — Knowing That You Do Not Know","第七十一章　知不知上",{"to":664,"label":665,"label_zh":666},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-72","Chapter 72 — Authority Without Oppression","第七十二章　自知不自见",{"to":668,"label":669,"label_zh":670},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-73","Chapter 73 — The Courage Not to Force","第七十三章　天网恢恢",{"to":672,"label":673,"label_zh":674},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-74","Chapter 74 — Do Not Take the Executioner’s Place","第七十四章　代大匠斲",{"to":676,"label":677,"label_zh":678},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-75","Chapter 75 — When Rulers Consume Too Much","第七十五章　民之饥",{"to":680,"label":681,"label_zh":682},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-76","Chapter 76 — The Living Are Soft","第七十六章　柔弱处上",{"to":684,"label":685,"label_zh":686},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-77","Chapter 77 — The Way of Heaven Is Like a Bow","第七十七章　损有余补不足",{"to":688,"label":689,"label_zh":690},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-78","Chapter 78 — Nothing Is Softer Than Water","第七十八章　柔之胜刚",{"to":692,"label":693,"label_zh":694},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-79","Chapter 79 — After a Great Resentment","第七十九章　和大怨",{"to":696,"label":697,"label_zh":698},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-80","Chapter 80 — A Small and Contented Community","第八十章　小国寡民",{"to":700,"label":701,"label_zh":702},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-81","Chapter 81 — The Way That Benefits Without Harm","第八十一章　为而不争",{"to":704,"label":705,"label_zh":706},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Fdao-de-jing-commentaries-heshang-gong-wang-bi-xianger","How Commentaries Change the Dao De Jing: Heshang Gong, Wang Bi and Xiang’er","注本如何改变《道德经》的读法：河上公、王弼与《想尔注》",{"to":708,"label":709,"label_zh":710,"children":711},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji","Taiji","太极",[712,716,720,724,728,732,736],{"to":713,"label":714,"label_zh":715},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji\u002Forigins-meaning","Origins & Meaning of Taiji","“太极”这个词从哪来，本来什么意思",{"to":717,"label":718,"label_zh":719},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji\u002Ftaijitu-diagram","The Taiji Diagram (Taijitu)","太极图：阴阳互动与变化的象征",{"to":721,"label":722,"label_zh":723},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji\u002Ftaiji-wuji-cosmology","Taiji, Wuji & Cosmology","从无极到万物：这套生成图式是怎么拼起来的",{"to":725,"label":726,"label_zh":727},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji\u002Fyin-and-yang-within-taiji","Yin and Yang within Taiji","怎么判断一样东西是阴还是阳",{"to":729,"label":730,"label_zh":731},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji\u002Ftaiji-in-neo-confucian-taoist-thought","Taiji in Neo-Confucian & Taoist Thought","同一个“太极”，理学与道教各取所需",{"to":733,"label":734,"label_zh":735},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji\u002Finternal-martial-practice","Taiji and Internal Martial Practice","太极拳为什么叫太极：从哲理到动作",{"to":737,"label":738,"label_zh":739},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji\u002Fkey-sources-further-reading","Key Sources & Further Reading","想深入的话，读什么",{"to":741,"label":742,"label_zh":743,"children":744},"\u002Fdao\u002Fzhuang-zi","Zhuangzi","庄子",[745,749,753,757,761,765,769],{"to":746,"label":747,"label_zh":748},"\u002Fdao\u002Fzhuang-zi\u002Flife-historical-context","Life & Historical Context of Zhuangzi","庄子这个人：一个漆园小吏和他的时代",{"to":750,"label":751,"label_zh":752},"\u002Fdao\u002Fzhuang-zi\u002Fstructure-authorship","Structure & Authorship of the Text","三十三篇，至少三批人写的",{"to":754,"label":755,"label_zh":756},"\u002Fdao\u002Fzhuang-zi\u002Fcore-themes","Core Themes: Wandering, Wu Wei & Spontaneity","逍遥、无待、技进乎道",{"to":758,"label":759,"label_zh":760},"\u002Fdao\u002Fzhuang-zi\u002Fequality-of-things","The Equality of Things & the Relativity of Perspectives","齐物不是“都一样，无所谓”",{"to":762,"label":763,"label_zh":764},"\u002Fdao\u002Fzhuang-zi\u002Ffamous-parables","Famous Parables of the Zhuangzi","那些人人知道的寓言，和总被略掉的下一句",{"to":766,"label":767,"label_zh":768},"\u002Fdao\u002Fzhuang-zi\u002Ftaoism-connection","Zhuangzi in Taoist Practice & Later Influence","从魏晋玄学到禅宗与诗画，庄子影响了什么",{"to":770,"label":340,"label_zh":771},"\u002Fdao\u002Fzhuang-zi\u002Fkey-translations-further-reading","读《庄子》该用什么本子",{"to":773,"label":774,"label_zh":775,"children":776},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics","Classical Library","道家经典文库",[777],{"to":778,"label":779,"label_zh":780,"children":781},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics\u002Fliezi","Liezi","列子：八篇总览与现代解读",[782,786,790,794,798,802,806,810],{"to":783,"label":784,"label_zh":785},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics\u002Fliezi\u002Fchapter-01-tian-rui","Chapter One: Tian Rui 天瑞","第一篇：天瑞",{"to":787,"label":788,"label_zh":789},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics\u002Fliezi\u002Fchapter-02-huang-di","Chapter Two: Huang Di 黄帝","第二篇：黄帝",{"to":791,"label":792,"label_zh":793},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics\u002Fliezi\u002Fchapter-03-zhou-mu-wang","Chapter Three: Zhou Mu Wang 周穆王","第三篇：周穆王",{"to":795,"label":796,"label_zh":797},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics\u002Fliezi\u002Fchapter-04-zhong-ni","Chapter Four: Zhong Ni 仲尼","第四篇：仲尼",{"to":799,"label":800,"label_zh":801},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics\u002Fliezi\u002Fchapter-05-tang-wen","Chapter Five: Tang Wen 汤问","第五篇：汤问",{"to":803,"label":804,"label_zh":805},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics\u002Fliezi\u002Fchapter-06-li-ming","Chapter Six: Li Ming 力命","第六篇：力命",{"to":807,"label":808,"label_zh":809},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics\u002Fliezi\u002Fchapter-07-yang-zhu","Chapter Seven: Yang Zhu 杨朱","第七篇：杨朱",{"to":811,"label":812,"label_zh":813},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics\u002Fliezi\u002Fchapter-08-shuo-fu","Chapter Eight: Shuo Fu 说符","第八篇：说符",{"to":815,"label":816,"label_zh":817},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdaoist-philosophy","Taoist Philosophy","道家哲学",{"to":819,"label":820,"label_zh":821},"\u002Fdao\u002Fwu-wei-natural-living","Wu Wei & Natural Living","无为与自然生活",{"to":823,"label":824,"label_zh":825},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdaoist-view-of-life","A Taoist View of Life","道家人生观",{"to":827,"label":828,"label_zh":829,"children":830},"\u002Fmartial-arts","Martial Arts","武当武术",[831,860,893,918,943,976],{"to":832,"label":833,"label_zh":834,"children":835},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ffoundations-internal-arts","Foundations of Internal Martial Arts","内家拳基础",[836,840,844,848,852,856],{"to":837,"label":838,"label_zh":839},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ffoundations-internal-arts\u002Finternal-vs-external","Internal vs. External: Neijia and Waijia","内家与外家",{"to":841,"label":842,"label_zh":843},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ffoundations-internal-arts\u002Fzhang-sanfeng-legend","Zhang Sanfeng: Ming-Dynasty Daoist, Wudang Tradition and Martial Legacy","张三丰：明代道士、武当传统与武术传承",{"to":845,"label":846,"label_zh":847},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ffoundations-internal-arts\u002Fthree-treasures","The Three Treasures: Jing, Qi and Shen","精、气、神：内丹词汇与武术训练",{"to":849,"label":850,"label_zh":851},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ffoundations-internal-arts\u002Fsong-rooting-jin","Song, Rooting and Whole-Body Power","松、沉、整劲：核心功夫与检验方法",{"to":853,"label":854,"label_zh":855},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ffoundations-internal-arts\u002Fmartial-cultivation","Martial Arts as Taoist Cultivation","以武入道：武术与道家修养的关系",{"to":857,"label":858,"label_zh":859},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ffoundations-internal-arts\u002Fkey-sources-further-reading","Key Sources and Further Reading","读什么，用什么本子，按什么顺序",{"to":861,"label":862,"label_zh":863,"children":864},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftaijiquan","Taijiquan (Tai Chi)","太极拳",[865,869,873,877,881,885,889],{"to":866,"label":867,"label_zh":868},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftaijiquan\u002Forigins-history","Origins and History of Taijiquan","太极拳从哪来：传说、拳谱与考据",{"to":870,"label":871,"label_zh":872},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftaijiquan\u002Ffamily-styles","Taijiquan Family Styles: Chen, Yang, Wu, Wu (Hao) and Sun","太极拳五大家：陈式、杨式、吴式、武（郝）式与孙式",{"to":874,"label":875,"label_zh":876},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftaijiquan\u002Fwudang-taijiquan","Wudang Taijiquan: History, Revival and Living Practice","武当太极拳：历史、复兴与当代实践",{"to":878,"label":879,"label_zh":880},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftaijiquan\u002Fprinciples-classics","Core Principles and the Taiji Classics","太极拳经典与核心原则",{"to":882,"label":883,"label_zh":884},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftaijiquan\u002Fpush-hands","Taijiquan Push Hands (Tui Shou): Partner Drills, Skills and Safety","太极拳推手：双人练习、训练目标与安全规则",{"to":886,"label":887,"label_zh":888},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftaijiquan\u002Fhealth-and-combat","Health and Martial Practice in Taijiquan","太极拳养生与技击：证据、目标与训练方法",{"to":890,"label":891,"label_zh":892},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftaijiquan\u002Fkey-sources-further-reading","Taijiquan Sources and Reading Paths","太极拳资料与阅读路径",{"to":894,"label":895,"label_zh":896,"children":897},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fbaguazhang","Baguazhang: Circle Walking, Palm Changes and Movement","八卦掌：走圈、换掌与身法变化",[898,902,906,910,914],{"to":899,"label":900,"label_zh":901},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fbaguazhang\u002Forigins-history","Origins and History of Baguazhang: Dong Haichuan and the Record","八卦掌源流：董海川、碑铭与早期资料",{"to":903,"label":904,"label_zh":905},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fbaguazhang\u002Fcircle-walking-palm-changes","Circle Walking and Palm Changes in Baguazhang","八卦掌走圈与换掌：变量、转向与练习进阶",{"to":907,"label":908,"label_zh":909},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fbaguazhang\u002Fbagua-yijing-connection","Baguazhang and the Yijing: History, Diagrams and Practice","八卦掌与《易》：历史、卦图与练法解释",{"to":911,"label":912,"label_zh":913},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fbaguazhang\u002Fprinciples","Baguazhang Principles: Turning, Angling and Continuous Change","八卦掌法则：转身、走斜与连续变化",{"to":915,"label":916,"label_zh":917},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fbaguazhang\u002Fkey-sources-further-reading","Baguazhang Sources and Reading Paths","八卦掌资料与阅读路径",{"to":919,"label":920,"label_zh":921,"children":922},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fxingyiquan","Xingyiquan: Structure, Intention and Direct Training","形意拳：结构、意念与直接训练",[923,927,931,935,939],{"to":924,"label":925,"label_zh":926},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fxingyiquan\u002Forigins-history","Origins and History of Xingyiquan","形意拳的起源与历史",{"to":928,"label":929,"label_zh":930},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fxingyiquan\u002Ffive-element-fists","The Five Fists of Xingyiquan","形意拳五行拳：劈、崩、钻、炮、横",{"to":932,"label":933,"label_zh":934},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fxingyiquan\u002Ftwelve-animals","Xingyiquan’s Twelve Animal Forms","形意拳十二形：动物意象与训练方法",{"to":936,"label":937,"label_zh":938},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fxingyiquan\u002Fprinciples","Xingyiquan Principles: Six Harmonies, Intention and Power","形意拳原理：六合、意与劲力训练",{"to":940,"label":941,"label_zh":942},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fxingyiquan\u002Fkey-sources-further-reading","Xingyiquan Sources and Reading Paths","形意拳资料与阅读路径：拳谱、版本与证据",{"to":944,"label":945,"label_zh":946,"children":947},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fweapons","Wudang Sword and Weapons: History, Practice and Context","武当剑与兵器：历史、练习与文化语境",[948,952,956,960,964,968,972],{"to":949,"label":950,"label_zh":951},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fweapons\u002Fwudang-jian","Wudang Straight Sword: The 1931 Curriculum and Its Context","武当剑：1931年课程、十三势与史料边界",{"to":953,"label":954,"label_zh":955},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fweapons\u002Fbroadsword-staff-spear","The Sabre, Staff and Spear: A Guide to Chinese Weapons","刀、棍、枪：认识传统兵器与练习方式",{"to":957,"label":958,"label_zh":959},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fweapons\u002Fwhisk-fan-rare-weapons","Whisk, Fan and Other Wudang Implements: Objects and Practice","拂尘、扇与其他武当器械：器物、文化与练习",{"to":961,"label":962,"label_zh":963},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fweapons\u002Fweapon-as-extension","The Weapon and the Body: Coordination, Perception and Practice","器械与身体：协调、知觉与练习",{"to":965,"label":966,"label_zh":967},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fweapons\u002Fkey-sources-further-reading","Weapons Sources and Reading Paths: How to Compare the Evidence","武当兵器资料与阅读路径：怎样比较不同证据",{"to":969,"label":970,"label_zh":971},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fweapons\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-jian","How to Read a Chinese Jian: Blade, Hilt, Scabbard and Context","怎样读懂中国剑：剑身、剑柄、剑鞘与时代语境",{"to":973,"label":974,"label_zh":975},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fweapons\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-dao","How to Read a Chinese Dao: Edge, Curve, Mountings and Context","怎样读懂中国刀：刃口、弧度、装具与时代语境",{"to":977,"label":978,"label_zh":979,"children":980},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftraining-practice","Training and Practice: Building a Sustainable Wudang Routine","训练与习练：建立可持续的武当练习",[981,985,989,993,997,1001,1005],{"to":982,"label":983,"label_zh":984},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftraining-practice\u002Fjibengong-stances","Jibengong and Stance Training: Building Foundations Safely","基本功与桩功：安全建立训练基础",{"to":986,"label":987,"label_zh":988},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftraining-practice\u002Fforms-drills-applications","Forms, Drills and Applications: Connecting Solo and Partner Practice","套路、操手与应用：连接单练与对练",{"to":990,"label":991,"label_zh":992},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftraining-practice\u002Fneigong","Neigong: Internal Training, Breath and Attention","内功：内在训练、呼吸与专注",{"to":994,"label":995,"label_zh":996},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftraining-practice\u002Fwude-lineage","Wude: Martial Ethics, Lineage and Responsible Teaching","武德：武术伦理、传承与负责任的教学",{"to":998,"label":999,"label_zh":1000},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftraining-practice\u002Ftraining-at-wudang","Training at Wudang: How to Choose a School or Retreat","在武当习武：如何选择武馆或研修项目",{"to":1002,"label":1003,"label_zh":1004},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftraining-practice\u002Fkey-sources-further-reading","Training Sources and Reading Paths: From Manuals to Practice","训练资料与阅读路径：从拳谱到实练",{"to":1006,"label":1007,"label_zh":1008},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftraining-practice\u002Fbeginner-pathway","How to Begin Wudang Practice: A Beginner Pathway","如何开始武当修习：初学者路径",{"to":1010,"label":1011,"label_zh":1012,"children":1013},"\u002Fwellness","Wellness","养生",[1014,1047,1076,1103,1130,1134,1138,1142,1146],{"to":1015,"label":1016,"label_zh":1017,"children":1018},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fqigong","Qigong","气功",[1019,1023,1027,1031,1035,1039,1043],{"to":1020,"label":1021,"label_zh":1022},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fqigong\u002Forigins-history-of-qigong","Origins & History of Qigong","气功的源流与历史",{"to":1024,"label":1025,"label_zh":1026},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fqigong\u002Fthe-three-regulations","The Three Regulations","三调",{"to":1028,"label":1029,"label_zh":1030},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fqigong\u002Ffamous-forms-and-families","Famous Forms & Families of Qigong","气功的著名功法与家族",{"to":1032,"label":1033,"label_zh":1034},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fqigong\u002Fa-qigong-session","What a Qigong Session Involves","一堂气功练习包含些什么",{"to":1036,"label":1037,"label_zh":1038},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fqigong\u002Fhealth-benefits-and-evidence","Health Benefits & the Evidence","养生功效与证据",{"to":1040,"label":1041,"label_zh":1042},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fqigong\u002Fgetting-started-further-reading","Getting Started & Further Reading","如何入门与延伸阅读",{"to":1044,"label":1045,"label_zh":1046},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fqigong\u002Fmawangdui-daoyin-tu-early-chinese-exercise-chart","The Mawangdui Daoyin Tu: Reading an Early Chinese Exercise Chart","马王堆《导引图》：怎样读懂一幅早期中国导引图像",{"to":1048,"label":1049,"label_zh":1050,"children":1051},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fherbal-healing","Chinese Herbal Medicine","中药与本草",[1052,1056,1060,1064,1068,1072],{"to":1053,"label":1054,"label_zh":1055},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fherbal-healing\u002Forigins-and-traditions","Origins & Traditions of Chinese Herbal Medicine","中药的源流与传统",{"to":1057,"label":1058,"label_zh":1059},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fherbal-healing\u002Fhow-herbs-are-understood","How Herbs Are Understood","药草是如何被理解的",{"to":1061,"label":1062,"label_zh":1063},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fherbal-healing\u002Fherbs-of-the-wudang-tradition","Herbs of the Wudang Tradition","武当传统中的药草",{"to":1065,"label":1066,"label_zh":1067},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fherbal-healing\u002Fformulas-and-preparation","Formulas & Preparation","方剂与配制",{"to":1069,"label":1070,"label_zh":1071},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fherbal-healing\u002Fsafety-and-responsible-use","Safety & Responsible Use","安全与负责任的使用",{"to":1073,"label":1074,"label_zh":1075},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fherbal-healing\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Further Reading & Everyday Practice","延伸阅读与日常实践",{"to":1077,"label":1078,"label_zh":1079,"children":1080},"\u002Fwellness\u002Ftaoist-medicine","Taoist Medicine","道家医学",[1081,1085,1089,1093,1097,1101],{"to":1082,"label":1083,"label_zh":1084},"\u002Fwellness\u002Ftaoist-medicine\u002Fthe-taoist-view-of-the-body","The Taoist View of the Body","道家对身体的看法",{"to":1086,"label":1087,"label_zh":1088},"\u002Fwellness\u002Ftaoist-medicine\u002Fthe-three-treasures","The Three Treasures","三宝",{"to":1090,"label":1091,"label_zh":1092},"\u002Fwellness\u002Ftaoist-medicine\u002Fpractices-for-nourishing-life","Practices for Nourishing Life","养生的功夫",{"to":1094,"label":1095,"label_zh":1096},"\u002Fwellness\u002Ftaoist-medicine\u002Fpreventing-illness-and-the-seasons","Preventing Illness & the Seasons","防病与顺应四时",{"to":1098,"label":1099,"label_zh":1100},"\u002Fwellness\u002Ftaoist-medicine\u002Ftaoist-and-modern-medicine","How Taoist and Modern Medicine Relate","道家医学与现代医学如何相互参照",{"to":1102,"label":1074,"label_zh":1075},"\u002Fwellness\u002Ftaoist-medicine\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice",{"to":1104,"label":1105,"label_zh":1106,"children":1107},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fenergy-sound-healing","Sound & Energy Practices","声音与能量练习",[1108,1112,1116,1120,1124,1128],{"to":1109,"label":1110,"label_zh":1111},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fenergy-sound-healing\u002Fthe-taoist-sound-tradition","The Taoist Sound Tradition","道家的音声传统",{"to":1113,"label":1114,"label_zh":1115},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fenergy-sound-healing\u002Fsound-baths-and-instruments","Sound Baths & Instruments","颂钵音疗与乐器",{"to":1117,"label":1118,"label_zh":1119},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fenergy-sound-healing\u002Fforms-of-energy-work","Forms of Energy Work","能量之功的种种形式",{"to":1121,"label":1122,"label_zh":1123},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fenergy-sound-healing\u002Fa-session-what-to-expect","A Session: What to Expect","一次课程：会经历什么",{"to":1125,"label":1126,"label_zh":1127},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fenergy-sound-healing\u002Fhow-it-works-and-the-evidence","How It Works & the Evidence","它如何起作用与证据",{"to":1129,"label":1041,"label_zh":1042},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fenergy-sound-healing\u002Fgetting-started-further-reading",{"to":1131,"label":1132,"label_zh":1133},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fstanding-practice","Standing Practice","站桩",{"to":1135,"label":1136,"label_zh":1137},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fwudang-internal-cultivation","Wudang Internal Cultivation","武当内修",{"to":1139,"label":1140,"label_zh":1141},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fmoxibustion","Moxibustion","艾灸",{"to":1143,"label":1144,"label_zh":1145},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fbigu","Bigu","辟谷",{"to":1147,"label":1148,"label_zh":1149,"children":1150},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fbaduanjin","Baduanjin (Eight Brocades)","八段锦",[1151],{"to":1152,"label":1153,"label_zh":1154},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fbaduanjin\u002Feight-sections","The Eight Sections of Baduanjin","八段锦八式详解",{"to":1156,"label":1157,"label_zh":1158,"children":1159},"\u002Farts","Literati Arts","文人雅艺",[1160,1273,1346,1507,1560,1625,1666],{"to":1161,"label":1162,"label_zh":1163,"children":1164},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature","Chinese Poetry and Literature: Forms, Contexts and Reading Paths","中国诗词与文学：体式、语境与阅读路径",[1165,1169,1173,1177,1181,1185,1189,1193,1197,1201,1205,1209,1213,1217,1221,1225,1229,1233,1237,1241,1245,1249,1253,1257,1261,1265,1269],{"to":1166,"label":1167,"label_zh":1168},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Forigins-spirit-of-chinese-poetry","Origins of Chinese Poetry: Song, Text and Interpretation","中国诗歌的源流：歌唱、文本与阐释",{"to":1170,"label":1171,"label_zh":1172},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fbook-of-songs-classical-foundations","The Book of Songs: Voices, Performance and Interpretation","《诗经》：声音、礼乐与阐释",{"to":1174,"label":1175,"label_zh":1176},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Ftang-poetry-golden-age","Tang Poetry: Forms, Voices and a Lasting Canon","唐诗：体式、声音与经典的形成",{"to":1178,"label":1179,"label_zh":1180},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Ftaoist-landscape-poetry","Daoist Traditions and Landscape Poetry: Place, Reclusion and Interpretation","道家、道教与山水诗：地方、隐逸与解读",{"to":1182,"label":1183,"label_zh":1184},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fpoetry-as-cultivation","Poetry as Cultivation at Wudang: Reading, Attention and Writing","武当诗文与自我涵养：阅读、观察与写作",{"to":1186,"label":1187,"label_zh":1188},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fkey-poets-further-reading","Chinese Poetry: Poets, Editions and Reading Paths","中国诗词阅读：诗人、版本与入门路径",{"to":1190,"label":1191,"label_zh":1192},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-regulated-verse","How to Read Chinese Regulated Verse: Lines, Rhyme, Tone and Parallelism","怎样读中国近体诗：句式、押韵、平仄与对仗",{"to":1194,"label":1195,"label_zh":1196},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-ci-lyrics","How to Read Chinese Ci Lyrics: Tune Patterns, Voice and Transmission","怎样读中国词：词牌、声音与文本流传",{"to":1198,"label":1199,"label_zh":1200},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-anthologies-canon-transmission","How Chinese Poetry Anthologies Shape What We Read","中国诗歌选本怎样塑造我们的阅读",{"to":1202,"label":1203,"label_zh":1204},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-thread-bound-books-folding-stitching-reading","Chinese Thread-Bound Books: Folding, Stitching and the Shape of Reading","中国线装书：折页、装订与阅读形态",{"to":1206,"label":1207,"label_zh":1208},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-paired-couplets-parallelism-calligraphy-place","How to Read Chinese Paired Couplets: Parallel Lines, Calligraphy and Place","怎样读中国对联：对仗、书法与空间",{"to":1210,"label":1211,"label_zh":1212},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fpoetry-on-chinese-paintings-inscriptions-colophons","Poetry on Chinese Paintings: How to Read Inscriptions and Colophons","中国画上的诗：怎样读题款与题跋",{"to":1214,"label":1215,"label_zh":1216},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-fu-rhapsody-catalogues-courts-expansive-description","Chinese Fu (Rhapsody): Catalogues, Courts and Expansive Description","中国赋：铺陈、宫廷与展开描写的艺术",{"to":1218,"label":1219,"label_zh":1220},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fwenxin-diaolong-liu-xie-writing-reading-literary-thought","Wenxin Diaolong: How Liu Xie Thought About Writing and Reading","《文心雕龙》导读：刘勰怎样思考写作与阅读",{"to":1222,"label":1223,"label_zh":1224},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-shihua-poetry-talks-notes-anecdotes-criticism","Shihua (Poetry Talks): How Chinese Criticism Speaks in Notes and Anecdotes","中国诗话导读：批评怎样写进笔记、轶事与评语",{"to":1226,"label":1227,"label_zh":1228},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-prefaces-afterwords-xu-ba-books-texts-readers","Chinese Prefaces and Afterwords (Xu and Ba): How Books Frame Texts and Readers","中国序跋导读：书籍怎样安排文本、作者与读者",{"to":1230,"label":1231,"label_zh":1232},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-biji-brush-notes-notebooks-miscellanies","Chinese Biji (Brush Notes): How Fragments Become Knowledge and Literature","中国笔记导读：零散见闻怎样成为知识与文学",{"to":1234,"label":1235,"label_zh":1236},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-leishu-classified-books-excerpts-knowledge","Chinese Leishu (Classified Books): How Knowledge Was Excerpted and Ordered","中国类书导读：知识怎样被摘录与分类",{"to":1238,"label":1239,"label_zh":1240},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-dictionaries-rhyme-books-erya-shuowen-qieyun-guangyun","Chinese Dictionaries and Rhyme Books: How Characters, Meanings and Sounds Were Ordered","中国字书与韵书导读：字形、词义与语音怎样被编排",{"to":1242,"label":1243,"label_zh":1244},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-primers-sanzijing-baijiaxing-qianziwen-literacy","Chinese Primers and Elementary Literacy: Reading the Three, Hundred and Thousand","中国传统蒙学读物导读：《三字经》《百家姓》《千字文》怎样教人识字",{"to":1246,"label":1247,"label_zh":1248},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-texts-punctuation-reading-marks-sentence-division-modern-editions","How Chinese Texts Were Punctuated: Reading Marks, Sentence Division and Modern Editions","中国古籍怎样断句：句读、圈点与现代标点",{"to":1250,"label":1251,"label_zh":1252},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-letters-chidu-writing-address-correspondence-calligraphy","Chinese Letters (Chidu): Writing, Address and the Afterlife of Correspondence","中国尺牍导读：书信格式、称谓与墨迹流传",{"to":1254,"label":1255,"label_zh":1256},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-travel-writing-youji-routes-witness-making-place","Chinese Travel Writing (Youji): Routes, Witness and the Making of Place","中国游记导读：路线、见闻与地方书写",{"to":1258,"label":1259,"label_zh":1260},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-individual-collected-works-bieji-authors-editors-transmission","Chinese Individual Collected Works (Bieji): How an Author’s Writings Become a Book","中国别集导读：一位作者的诗文怎样成为一部书",{"to":1262,"label":1263,"label_zh":1264},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-guwen-pianwen-ancient-style-parallel-prose-rhythm-argument","Guwen and Pianwen: Two Ways of Shaping Classical Chinese Prose","古文与骈文导读：中国古典散文的两种组织方式",{"to":1266,"label":1267,"label_zh":1268},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-eight-legged-essay-baguwen-examination-classics-composition","The Eight-Legged Essay (Baguwen): How an Examination Form Organized Classical Thought","八股文导读：科举文章怎样组织经典义理",{"to":1270,"label":1271,"label_zh":1272},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-examination-compounds-gongyuan-cells-candidate-experience","Chinese Examination Compounds (Gongyuan): How Architecture Shaped the Candidate Experience","中国贡院导读：考场空间怎样塑造士子的应试体验",{"to":1274,"label":1275,"label_zh":1276,"children":1277},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy","Chinese Calligraphy: Scripts, Materials and Ways of Looking","中国书法：书体、材料与观赏入门",[1278,1282,1286,1290,1294,1298,1302,1306,1310,1314,1318,1322,1326,1330,1334,1338,1342],{"to":1279,"label":1280,"label_zh":1281},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Forigins-history-of-calligraphy","Origins and History of Chinese Calligraphy","中国书法的源流与历史",{"to":1283,"label":1284,"label_zh":1285},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fthe-five-script-styles","The Five Script Styles in Chinese Calligraphy","中国书法的五种主要书体",{"to":1287,"label":1288,"label_zh":1289},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fcalligraphy-as-taoist-cultivation","Calligraphy and Taoist Cultivation: Text, Attention and Practice","书法与道家修养：读懂文字，专注落笔",{"to":1291,"label":1292,"label_zh":1293},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Ffour-treasures-of-the-study","The Four Treasures of the Study: Choosing and Using Calligraphy Materials","文房四宝：认识、选择与使用笔墨纸砚",{"to":1295,"label":1296,"label_zh":1297},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fbrush-technique-living-line","Chinese Calligraphy Brushwork: Reading and Practising the Living Line","书法笔法：观察与练习有生气的线条",{"to":1299,"label":1300,"label_zh":1301},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fgreat-masters-further-reading","Chinese Calligraphy Masters and Reading Paths","中国书法名家与阅读路径",{"to":1303,"label":1304,"label_zh":1305},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-seals-and-seal-carving","Chinese Seals and Seal Carving: Script, Surface and Impression","中国印章与篆刻：文字、印面与钤印",{"to":1307,"label":1308,"label_zh":1309},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-ink-rubbings","Chinese Ink Rubbings: Stone, Paper and the Life of Calligraphy","中国传拓：石刻、纸墨与书法的流传",{"to":1311,"label":1312,"label_zh":1313},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-inkstones","Chinese Inkstones: Stone, Carving and the Scholar’s Desk","中国砚台：石材、雕刻与文房生活",{"to":1315,"label":1316,"label_zh":1317},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-inksticks","Chinese Inksticks: Soot, Moulds and the Scholar’s Desk","中国墨锭：烟料、墨模与文房生活",{"to":1319,"label":1320,"label_zh":1321},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-calligraphy-paper","Chinese Calligraphy Paper: Xuan, Sizing and the Life of a Sheet","中国书画纸：宣纸、施胶与纸张的一生",{"to":1323,"label":1324,"label_zh":1325},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-calligraphy-brushes","Chinese Calligraphy Brushes: Hair, Handle and the Working Point","中国毛笔：毫料、笔管与笔锋",{"to":1327,"label":1328,"label_zh":1329},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-rests","Chinese Brush Rests: Mountains, Materials and the Scholar’s Desk","中国笔架：山形、材质与文人书案",{"to":1331,"label":1332,"label_zh":1333},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-water-droppers-scholars-desk","Chinese Water Droppers: Flow, Form and the Scholar’s Desk","中国水滴：控水、造型与文人书案",{"to":1335,"label":1336,"label_zh":1337},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-pots-materials-scholars-desk","Chinese Brush Pots: Function, Material and the Scholar’s Desk","中国笔筒：收纳、材质与文人书案",{"to":1339,"label":1340,"label_zh":1341},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-washers-water-form-scholars-desk","Chinese Brush Washers: Water, Form and the Scholar’s Desk","中国笔洗：洗笔、造型与文人书案",{"to":1343,"label":1344,"label_zh":1345},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-paperweights-form-material-scholars-desk","Chinese Paperweights: Form, Material and the Scholar’s Desk","中国镇纸：形制、材质与文人书案",{"to":1347,"label":1348,"label_zh":1349,"children":1350},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony","Chinese Tea Culture","中国茶文化",[1351,1355,1359,1363,1367,1371,1375,1379,1383,1387,1391,1395,1399,1403,1407,1411,1415,1419,1423,1427,1431,1435,1439,1443,1447,1451,1455,1459,1463,1467,1471,1475,1479,1483,1487,1491,1495,1499,1503],{"to":1352,"label":1353,"label_zh":1354},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-meditation-taoist-practice","Tea, Meditation and Taoist Practice","茶、静坐与道家修习",{"to":1356,"label":1357,"label_zh":1358},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Forigins-history-of-tea-culture","Origins and History of Chinese Tea Culture","中国茶文化的源流与历史",{"to":1360,"label":1361,"label_zh":1362},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fthe-way-of-tea","The Way of Tea: Attention, Care and Hospitality","茶道：在一杯茶中练习用心与待客",{"to":1364,"label":1365,"label_zh":1366},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftypes-of-tea-and-character","Six Chinese Tea Families: Processing and Taste","六大茶类：从制法到品饮",{"to":1368,"label":1369,"label_zh":1370},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Futensils-and-gongfu-method","Gongfu Tea: Utensils and a Flexible Method","工夫茶：茶具与灵活冲泡法",{"to":1372,"label":1373,"label_zh":1374},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Learning Chinese Tea: Reading and Practice","学茶入门：阅读与品饮练习",{"to":1376,"label":1377,"label_zh":1378},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwater-for-chinese-tea","Water for Chinese Tea: Springs, Minerals and a Practical Tasting Method","中国茶用水：山泉、矿物与实用对比方法",{"to":1380,"label":1381,"label_zh":1382},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teaware-clay-glaze-form","Chinese Tea Ware: Clay, Porcelain, Glaze and the Uses of Form","中国茶器：胎土、瓷釉、造型与使用",{"to":1384,"label":1385,"label_zh":1386},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-tea-caddies","Chinese Tea Caddies: Storage, Materials and the Traveling Leaf","中国茶叶罐：贮藏、材质与流动的茶叶",{"to":1388,"label":1389,"label_zh":1390},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fsong-whisked-tea-powder-bowls-foam","Whisked Tea in Song China: Powder, Bowls and Foam","宋代点茶：茶末、茶盏与汤花",{"to":1392,"label":1393,"label_zh":1394},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fyixing-teapots-clay-form-makers-marks","Yixing Teapots: Clay, Form and Reading the Maker’s Mark","宜兴紫砂壶：泥料、器形与款识",{"to":1396,"label":1397,"label_zh":1398},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fcompressed-tea-cakes-bricks-trade-storage-object-reading","Compressed Tea in China: Cakes, Bricks and How to Read Them","中国紧压茶：茶饼、茶砖与辨读方法",{"to":1400,"label":1401,"label_zh":1402},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-horse-trade-networks-routes-markets-cultural-exchange","Tea–Horse Trade Networks: Routes, Markets and Cultural Exchange","茶马贸易网络：路线、市场与文化交流",{"to":1404,"label":1405,"label_zh":1406},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-landscapes-china-gardens-forests-terraces-living-knowledge","Tea Landscapes in China: Gardens, Forests, Terraces and Living Knowledge","中国茶景观：茶园、古茶林、梯田与活态知识",{"to":1408,"label":1409,"label_zh":1410},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fpicking-tea-china-seasons-bud-leaf-standards-skilled-labour","Picking Tea in China: Seasons, Bud-and-Leaf Standards and Skilled Labour","中国采茶：季节、芽叶标准与劳作技艺",{"to":1412,"label":1413,"label_zh":1414},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwithering-tea-leaves-water-loss-time-first-transformation","Withering Tea Leaves: Water Loss, Time and the First Transformation","茶叶萎凋：失水、时间与采后初变",{"to":1416,"label":1417,"label_zh":1418},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffixing-tea-leaves-shaqing-heat-enzymes-turning-point","Fixing Tea Leaves (Shaqing): Heat, Enzymes and a Turning Point in Chinese Tea","茶叶杀青：热、酶活性与中国制茶的转折点",{"to":1420,"label":1421,"label_zh":1422},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Frolling-tea-leaves-rounian-pressure-shape-cell-disruption","Rolling Tea Leaves (Rounian): Pressure, Shape and Controlled Cell Disruption","茶叶揉捻：压力、形态与受控细胞破损",{"to":1424,"label":1425,"label_zh":1426},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdrying-tea-leaves-moisture-heat-stability-finished-tea","Drying Tea Leaves: Moisture, Heat and the Stability of Finished Tea","茶叶干燥：水分、热量与成茶稳定",{"to":1428,"label":1429,"label_zh":1430},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fsorting-grading-tea-leaf-size-shape-grade-meaning","Sorting and Grading Tea: Leaf Size, Shape and What a Grade Really Means","茶叶筛分与分级：叶片大小、形态与等级的真正含义",{"to":1432,"label":1433,"label_zh":1434},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-blending-batch-construction-consistency-style-transparency","Tea Blending and Batch Construction: Consistency, Style and Transparent Labels","茶叶拼配与批次构建：稳定、风格与透明标示",{"to":1436,"label":1437,"label_zh":1438},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-oxidation-post-fermentation-enzymes-microbes-terms","Oxidation and Post-Fermentation in Tea: Enzymes, Microbes and Misleading Labels","茶叶氧化与后发酵：酶、微生物与容易混淆的标签",{"to":1440,"label":1441,"label_zh":1442},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fyellow-tea-menhuang-moist-heat-time-tea-family","Yellow Tea and Menhuang: Moist Heat, Time and the Making of a Tea Family","黄茶与闷黄：湿热、时间与一类茶的形成",{"to":1444,"label":1445,"label_zh":1446},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Frefiring-roasting-tea-later-heat-aroma-finished-leaf","Re-Firing and Roasting Tea: Later Heat, Aroma and the Difference from Drying","茶叶复火与焙火：后段加热、香气及其与干燥的区别",{"to":1448,"label":1449,"label_zh":1450},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fjasmine-tea-scenting-flowers-repeated-rounds-aroma-transfer","Jasmine Tea and Scenting: Flowers, Repeated Rounds and How Aroma Enters Tea","茉莉花茶与窨制：鲜花、多次窨香与茶叶如何吸收香气",{"to":1452,"label":1453,"label_zh":1454},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-sensory-evaluation-appearance-aroma-taste-score-limits","Tea Sensory Evaluation: Appearance, Aroma, Taste and the Limits of a Score","茶叶感官审评：外形、香气、滋味与分数的边界",{"to":1456,"label":1457,"label_zh":1458},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdoucha-song-tea-contests-whisked-tea-jian-bowls-modern-judging","Doucha: Tea Contests in Song China and the Limits of Modern Re-Creation","斗茶：宋代茶事竞赛与现代重现的边界",{"to":1460,"label":1461,"label_zh":1462},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fbeiyuan-tribute-tea-song-court-labour-imperial-label","Beiyuan Tribute Tea: Song Court Taste, Skilled Labour and the Limits of ‘Imperial Tea’","北苑贡茶：宋代宫廷品味、制茶劳作与“御茶”标签的边界",{"to":1464,"label":1465,"label_zh":1466},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Freading-chinese-tea-classics-authorship-editions-recipe-limits","Reading Chinese Tea Classics: Authorship, Editions and the Limits of a ‘Recipe’","如何阅读中国茶书：作者、版本与“配方”式解读的边界",{"to":1468,"label":1469,"label_zh":1470},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-poetry-social-worlds-metaphor-historical-evidence","Tea in Chinese Poetry: Social Worlds, Metaphor and the Limits of Literary Evidence","中国诗歌中的茶：社会交往、诗意表达与文学证据的边界",{"to":1472,"label":1473,"label_zh":1474},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teahouses-commerce-conversation-performance-urban-publics","Chinese Teahouses: Commerce, Conversation, Performance and Changing Urban Publics","中国茶馆：商业、交往、表演与变动中的城市公共生活",{"to":1476,"label":1477,"label_zh":1478},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-painting-objects-social-worlds-visual-evidence","Tea in Chinese Painting: Objects, Social Worlds and the Limits of Visual Evidence","中国绘画中的茶：器物、社会空间与视觉证据的边界",{"to":1480,"label":1481,"label_zh":1482},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-dream-of-the-red-chamber-hospitality-rank-labour-fiction","Tea in Dream of the Red Chamber: Hospitality, Rank, Labour and Fiction","《红楼梦》中的茶：待客、等级、劳动与小说叙事",{"to":1484,"label":1485,"label_zh":1486},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-travel-writing-roads-hospitality-regional-evidence","Tea in Chinese Travel Writing: Roads, Hospitality and the Limits of an Itinerary","中国游记中的茶：道路、待客与行程证据的边界",{"to":1488,"label":1489,"label_zh":1490},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-letters-gifts-visits-friendship-private-writing","Tea in Chinese Letters: Gifts, Visits, Friendship and the Limits of ‘Private’ Writing","中国书信中的茶：馈赠、访友、人情与“私语”证据的边界",{"to":1492,"label":1493,"label_zh":1494},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-tax-monopoly-imperial-china-fiscal-records-daily-life","Tea, Tax and Monopoly in Imperial China: Reading Fiscal Records Without Mistaking Revenue for Daily Life","中国历代茶税与专卖：财政记录能告诉我们什么，又不能告诉我们什么",{"to":1496,"label":1497,"label_zh":1498},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-local-gazetteers-place-production-local-knowledge","Tea in Chinese Local Gazetteers: Place, Production and the Limits of Local Knowledge","中国地方志中的茶：产地、生产与地方知识的边界",{"to":1500,"label":1501,"label_zh":1502},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-materia-medica-names-preparations-medical-claims","Tea in Chinese Materia Medica: Names, Preparations and the Limits of Medical Claims","中国本草中的茶：名称、制法与医药记载的边界",{"to":1504,"label":1505,"label_zh":1506},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-buddhist-monastic-rules-ceremony-office-origin-stories","Tea in Chinese Buddhist Monastic Rules: Ceremony, Office and the Limits of Origin Stories","中国佛教清规中的茶：礼仪、职事与起源故事的边界",{"to":1508,"label":1509,"label_zh":1510,"children":1511},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin","Guqin: Sound, History and Ways to Listen","古琴：认识声音、历史与聆听方法",[1512,1516,1520,1524,1528,1532,1536,1540,1544,1548,1552,1556],{"to":1513,"label":1514,"label_zh":1515},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Forigins-history-of-the-guqin","A History of the Guqin: Objects, Texts and Living Music","古琴的历史：实物、文献与传习",{"to":1517,"label":1518,"label_zh":1519},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fanatomy-of-the-guqin","How the Guqin Works: Strings, Body and Sound","古琴如何发声：琴弦、琴身与结构",{"to":1521,"label":1522,"label_zh":1523},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fplaying-technique-and-notation","Playing the Guqin: Gesture, Notation and Interpretation","古琴怎样弹、怎样读谱：指法、减字谱与诠释",{"to":1525,"label":1526,"label_zh":1527},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Ffamous-melodies-and-stories","Guqin Melodies: Stories, Versions and Ways to Listen","听懂古琴名曲：故事、版本与聆听线索",{"to":1529,"label":1530,"label_zh":1531},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-as-taoist-cultivation","Guqin and Daoist Cultivation: Listening, Practice and Limits","古琴与道家修养：聆听、练习与边界",{"to":1533,"label":1534,"label_zh":1535},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Ffurther-listening-and-study","Learning the Guqin: Listening, Sources and Finding a Teacher","怎样学古琴：聆听、资料与择师",{"to":1537,"label":1538,"label_zh":1539},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-tables-playing-spaces","Guqin Tables and Playing Spaces: Support, Posture and Listening","古琴桌与弹琴空间：承托、坐姿与聆听",{"to":1541,"label":1542,"label_zh":1543},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fhow-to-read-guqin-handbook-tablature-editions-dapu","How to Read a Guqin Handbook: Tablature, Editions and Dapu","如何读古琴谱：减字谱、版本与打谱",{"to":1545,"label":1546,"label_zh":1547},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Freading-guqin-lacquer-layers-crack-patterns-repair","Reading Guqin Lacquer: Layers, Crack Patterns and Repair","读懂古琴漆面：漆层、断纹与修缮",{"to":1549,"label":1550,"label_zh":1551},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Freading-guqin-inscriptions-seals-names-dates-provenance","Reading Guqin Inscriptions and Seals: Names, Dates and Provenance","读懂古琴铭款与印章：琴名、年代与流传",{"to":1553,"label":1554,"label_zh":1555},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-forms-zhongni-banana-leaf-shapes","Guqin Forms: Reading Zhongni, Banana-Leaf and Other Shapes","古琴式样：读懂仲尼式、蕉叶式与其他琴式",{"to":1557,"label":1558,"label_zh":1559},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-strings-silk-modern-composites-playing","Guqin Strings: Silk, Modern Composites and How Material Changes Playing","古琴琴弦：丝弦、现代复合弦与材质如何改变演奏",{"to":1561,"label":1562,"label_zh":1563,"children":1564},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting","Chinese Painting: Materials, Formats and Ways of Looking","中国绘画：材料、形制与观看方法",[1565,1569,1573,1577,1581,1585,1589,1593,1597,1601,1605,1609,1613,1617,1621],{"to":1566,"label":1567,"label_zh":1568},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Forigins-history-of-chinese-painting","Origins and History of Chinese Painting: Objects, Courts and Communities","中国绘画的源流与历史：作品、宫廷与社会",{"to":1570,"label":1571,"label_zh":1572},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fart-of-ink-and-brush","Ink and Brush in Chinese Painting: Materials, Water and Marks","中国画的笔墨：材料、水分与笔痕",{"to":1574,"label":1575,"label_zh":1576},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Flandscape-painting-shanshui","Shanshui: How to Read Chinese Landscape Painting","山水画：怎样读懂中国山水",{"to":1578,"label":1579,"label_zh":1580},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fbirds-flowers-four-gentlemen","Birds, Flowers and the Four Gentlemen in Chinese Painting","中国画中的花鸟与四君子",{"to":1582,"label":1583,"label_zh":1584},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fpainting-as-taoist-cultivation","Painting and Taoist Cultivation: Images, Ideas and Practice","绘画与道家修养：图像、观念与实践",{"to":1586,"label":1587,"label_zh":1588},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fgreat-masters-further-study","Chinese Painting Masters: A Guided Path","中国画名家与进阶研习",{"to":1590,"label":1591,"label_zh":1592},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-handscroll","How to Read a Chinese Handscroll: Sequence, Colophons and Seals","怎样观看中国手卷：展开顺序、题跋与印章",{"to":1594,"label":1595,"label_zh":1596},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-fan-painting","Chinese Fan Painting: Shape, Brushwork and the Art of the Small Format","中国扇面书画：形制、笔墨与方寸之美",{"to":1598,"label":1599,"label_zh":1600},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-painting-album","How to Read a Chinese Painting Album: Leaves, Sequence and Intimate Viewing","如何阅读中国画册页：开页、次序与案头观看",{"to":1602,"label":1603,"label_zh":1604},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-scholars-rocks","Chinese Scholars’ Rocks: Stone, Display and Imagined Landscapes","中国文人赏石：石质、陈设与想象山水",{"to":1606,"label":1607,"label_zh":1608},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-hanging-scroll","How to Read a Chinese Hanging Scroll: Vertical Space, Mounting and Display","如何阅读中国立轴：纵向空间、装裱与陈设",{"to":1610,"label":1611,"label_zh":1612},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-screens-space-painting","Chinese Screens: Space, Painting and the Art of the Fold","中国屏风：空间、图像与开合之艺",{"to":1614,"label":1615,"label_zh":1616},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fmounting-chinese-painting","Mounting Chinese Painting: Silk Borders, Backing Papers and the Life of a Scroll","中国画装裱：绫边、托纸与卷轴的生命",{"to":1618,"label":1619,"label_zh":1620},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-portrait-painting-likeness-role-ancestral-memory","Chinese Portrait Painting: Likeness, Role and Ancestral Memory","中国肖像画：形神、身份与祖先记忆",{"to":1622,"label":1623,"label_zh":1624},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fthree-distances-chinese-landscape-painting","The Three Distances in Chinese Landscape Painting: High, Deep and Level Space","中国山水画的“三远”：高远、深远与平远",{"to":1626,"label":1627,"label_zh":1628,"children":1629},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense","Chinese Incense Culture","中国香文化",[1630,1634,1638,1642,1646,1650,1654,1658,1662],{"to":1631,"label":1632,"label_zh":1633},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Forigins-history-of-incense-culture","Origins and History of Chinese Incense Culture","中国香文化的源流与历史",{"to":1635,"label":1636,"label_zh":1637},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Faromatic-materials-fragrant-woods","Aromatic Materials: Woods, Resins and Responsible Sourcing","香材指南：香木、树脂与负责任的来源",{"to":1639,"label":1640,"label_zh":1641},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fforms-and-art-of-appreciation","Incense Forms and the Art of Appreciation","香的形态与品香方法",{"to":1643,"label":1644,"label_zh":1645},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fincense-in-ritual-and-temple-life","Incense in Daoist Ritual and Temple Life","香在道教科仪与宫观生活中",{"to":1647,"label":1648,"label_zh":1649},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fincense-meditation-taoist-practice","Incense, Meditation and Taoist Practice","香、静坐与道家修习",{"to":1651,"label":1652,"label_zh":1653},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Learning Chinese Incense: Reading and Practice","学习中国香文化：阅读与实践",{"to":1655,"label":1656,"label_zh":1657},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-burners","Chinese Incense Burners: Bronze, Ceramic, Form and Context","中国香炉：青铜、陶瓷、形制与使用语境",{"to":1659,"label":1660,"label_zh":1661},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-seals-fragrant-time","Chinese Incense Seals: Ash, Patterns and Fragrant Time","中国香篆：香灰、篆纹与芬芳计时",{"to":1663,"label":1664,"label_zh":1665},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-sets-burner-box-vase-tools","Chinese Incense Sets: Burner, Box, Vase and Tools","中国香具三式：炉、盒、瓶与匙箸",{"to":1667,"label":1668,"label_zh":1669,"children":1670},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement","Chinese Flower Arrangement: History, Materials and Ways of Looking","中国插花：历史、花材与观看方法",[1671,1675,1679,1683,1687,1691,1695],{"to":1672,"label":1673,"label_zh":1674},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Forigins-history-of-floral-art","A History of Chinese Flower Arrangement: Vessels, Pictures and Voices","中国插花史：器物、图像与文字中的花事",{"to":1676,"label":1677,"label_zh":1678},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fprinciples-of-flower-arrangement","Chinese Flower Arrangement: Line, Balance and Ways of Looking","中国插花构图：线条、平衡与观看方法",{"to":1680,"label":1681,"label_zh":1682},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fvessels-tools-and-composition","Choosing Flower Vessels and Tools: Form, Support and Care","选择花器与工具：形制、支撑和养护",{"to":1684,"label":1685,"label_zh":1686},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fseasonal-flowers-and-symbolism","Seasonal Flowers and Symbolism: How to Read Context","时令花材与象征：怎样结合语境来读",{"to":1688,"label":1689,"label_zh":1690},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fflower-arrangement-as-cultivation","Flower Arrangement as Cultivation: Attention, Change and Limits","插花与修养：专注、变化与界限",{"to":1692,"label":1693,"label_zh":1694},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Further Reading and Practice: Sources, Museums and a First Month","延伸阅读与练习：史料、博物馆与第一个月",{"to":1696,"label":1697,"label_zh":1698},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fchinese-flower-baskets-weaving-painting-vessels","Chinese Flower Baskets: Weaving, Painting and the Vessel","中国花篮：编织、绘画与器物",{"to":1700,"label":1701,"label_zh":1702,"children":1703},"\u002Fdaoism","Taoist Culture","道教文化",[1704,1745,1778,1811,1892],{"to":1705,"label":1706,"label_zh":1707,"children":1708},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-deities-pantheon","Taoist Deities and the Chinese Pantheon: A Structural Guide","道教神仙与神明体系：结构与层级指南",[1709,1713,1717,1721,1725,1729,1733,1737,1741],{"to":1710,"label":1711,"label_zh":1712},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-deities-pantheon\u002Fthree-pure-ones","The Three Pure Ones: Highest Deities of the Taoist Pantheon","道教三清：神明体系中的最高尊神",{"to":1714,"label":1715,"label_zh":1716},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-deities-pantheon\u002Fjade-emperor","The Jade Emperor in Taoism: Ruler of the Celestial Bureaucracy","道教玉皇大帝：天庭官府的治理者",{"to":1718,"label":1719,"label_zh":1720},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-deities-pantheon\u002Forigins-of-pantheon","How the Taoist Pantheon Developed: Origins of Its Gods","道教神明体系如何形成：诸神的不同来源",{"to":1722,"label":1723,"label_zh":1724},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-deities-pantheon\u002Fcelestial-bureaucracy","Taoist Immortals and the Celestial Bureaucracy: Shen and Xian","道教神明、仙真与天庭官府：神和仙有什么不同",{"to":1726,"label":1727,"label_zh":1728},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-deities-pantheon\u002Fguan-yu-mazu-popular-deities","Guan Yu, Mazu and Popular Chinese Deities: How Humans Become Gods","关羽、妈祖与民间神祇：人如何成为神",{"to":1730,"label":1731,"label_zh":1732},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-deities-pantheon\u002Fdeities-of-wudang-mountain","Deities of Wudang Mountain: Zhenwu and His Sacred Court","武当山神明：真武大帝与他的神圣侍从",{"to":1734,"label":1735,"label_zh":1736},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-deities-pantheon\u002Fworship-temples-offerings","Taoist Temple Worship: Incense, Offerings, Vows and Donations","道教宫观祭祀：上香、供养、许愿与捐献",{"to":1738,"label":1739,"label_zh":1740},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-deities-pantheon\u002Fnorthern-dipper-stars-images-ritual-maps","The Northern Dipper in Daoist Culture: Stars, Images and Ritual Maps","道教文化中的北斗：星象、图像与仪式图式",{"to":1742,"label":1743,"label_zh":1744},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-deities-pantheon\u002Fthree-officials-sanguan-heaven-earth-water-three-yuan","The Three Officials in Daoism: Heaven, Earth, Water and the Three Yuan","道教三官大帝：天、地、水与三元节期",{"to":1746,"label":1747,"label_zh":1748,"children":1749},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-temples-sacred-mountains","Taoist Temples and Sacred Mountains: A Guide to Places and Architecture","道教名山与宫观：圣地、建筑与制度指南",[1750,1754,1758,1762,1766,1770,1774],{"to":1751,"label":1752,"label_zh":1753},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-temples-sacred-mountains\u002Fwudang-mountain","Wudang Mountain in Taoism: Zhenwu, the Ming Court and Sacred Status","道教中的武当山：真武信仰、明廷与圣地地位",{"to":1755,"label":1756,"label_zh":1757},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-temples-sacred-mountains\u002Fmount-longhu","Mount Longhu and the Celestial Masters: Centre of Zhengyi Taoism","龙虎山与天师道：正一道的制度中心",{"to":1759,"label":1760,"label_zh":1761},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-temples-sacred-mountains\u002Fmount-qingcheng","Mount Qingcheng: How Organised Taoism Took Institutional Form","青城山：有组织道教如何形成制度",{"to":1763,"label":1764,"label_zh":1765},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-temples-sacred-mountains\u002Fmount-tai","Mount Tai: China’s Foremost State Sacred Mountain","泰山：中国最重要的国家祭祀名山",{"to":1767,"label":1768,"label_zh":1769},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-temples-sacred-mountains\u002Fwhite-cloud-temple-beijing","White Cloud Temple in Beijing: Quanzhen Taoism’s Urban Monastery","北京白云观：全真道的城市宫观",{"to":1771,"label":1772,"label_zh":1773},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-temples-sacred-mountains\u002Ftemple-architecture-sacred-geometry","How to Read Taoist Temple Architecture and Sacred Space","如何读懂道教宫观建筑与神圣空间",{"to":1775,"label":1776,"label_zh":1777},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-temples-sacred-mountains\u002Fpilgrimage-temple-etiquette","Taoist Pilgrimage and Temple Etiquette: A Practical Guide","道教朝山进香与宫观礼仪：实用指南",{"to":1779,"label":1780,"label_zh":1781,"children":1782},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-schools-lineages","Taoist Schools and Lineages: Zhengyi, Quanzhen and Historical Traditions","道教流派与传承：正一、全真及历史道派",[1783,1787,1791,1795,1799,1803,1807],{"to":1784,"label":1785,"label_zh":1786},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-schools-lineages\u002Fcelestial-masters-zhengyi","Zhengyi Taoism and the Celestial Masters: Householder Priests and Ritual Authority","正一道与天师道：在家道士和科仪权威",{"to":1788,"label":1789,"label_zh":1790},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-schools-lineages\u002Fcomplete-perfection-quanzhen","Quanzhen Taoism: Monastic Life, Inner Cultivation and Wudang","全真道：出家生活、内在修炼与武当",{"to":1792,"label":1793,"label_zh":1794},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-schools-lineages\u002Fshangqing-school","Shangqing Taoism: Highest Clarity Revelations and Inner Visualisation","上清道：最高明启、存思与身体内的神明",{"to":1796,"label":1797,"label_zh":1798},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-schools-lineages\u002Flingbao-tradition","Lingbao Taoism: Numinous Treasure Scriptures and Communal Ritual","灵宝道：经典、普度与共同体科仪",{"to":1800,"label":1801,"label_zh":1802},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-schools-lineages\u002Fwu-liu-school","The Wu-Liu School: A Clearer System of Taoist Internal Alchemy","伍柳派：较为清晰的道教内丹体系",{"to":1804,"label":1805,"label_zh":1806},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-schools-lineages\u002Fmonastic-vs-householder-priesthood","Quanzhen Monastics and Zhengyi Householder Priests: What Is the Difference?","全真出家道士与正一在家道士有什么不同",{"to":1808,"label":1809,"label_zh":1810},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-schools-lineages\u002Fmodern-transmission-ordination","Taoist Ordination and Lineage Today: How Transmission Is Verified","今日道教传承与授箓传戒：如何核实师承",{"to":1812,"label":1813,"label_zh":1814,"children":1815},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals","Taoist Festivals and Rituals: Calendars, Offerings and Community Rites","道教节日与科仪：神诞、斋醮与岁时仪式",[1816,1820,1824,1828,1832,1836,1840,1844,1848,1852,1856,1860,1864,1868,1872,1876,1880,1884,1888],{"to":1817,"label":1818,"label_zh":1819},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Fjade-emperor-birthday","The Jade Emperor’s Birthday and Festivals of the Heavenly Court","玉皇诞：正月初九的意义与宫观仪式",{"to":1821,"label":1822,"label_zh":1823},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Fzhongyuan-ghost-festival","Zhongyuan Festival: Ghost Festival, the Earth Official and Universal Salvation","中元节：七月十五、地官赦罪与普度",{"to":1825,"label":1826,"label_zh":1827},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Flaozi-birthday","Laozi’s Birthday: From the Sage Laozi to the Divine Lord Lao","老君诞：从老子到太上老君",{"to":1829,"label":1830,"label_zh":1831},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Fdouble-ninth-festival","Double Ninth Festival: Chongyang, Longevity and Respect for Elders","重阳节：九月初九、长生观念与敬老传统",{"to":1833,"label":1834,"label_zh":1835},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Fjiao-offering-ritual","Jiao Rituals: Taoism’s Grand Community Offering","醮仪：道教大型共同体祭献科仪",{"to":1837,"label":1838,"label_zh":1839},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Fzhai-purification-fasting","Zhai Rituals: Taoist Purification, Fasting and Preparation","斋仪：道教洁净、持戒与祭前准备",{"to":1841,"label":1842,"label_zh":1843},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Ftemple-fairs-pilgrimage","Taoist Temple Fairs and Seasonal Pilgrimage","道教庙会与朝山：宗教、集市与季节性朝圣",{"to":1845,"label":1846,"label_zh":1847},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Fdaoist-ritual-robes-garment-image-ceremony","Daoist Ritual Robes: Garment, Image and Ceremonial Role","道教法衣：衣式、图像与科仪身份",{"to":1849,"label":1850,"label_zh":1851},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Fdavid-vases-daoist-offering-blue-white-porcelain","The David Vases: A Daoist Offering and a Dated Porcelain Landmark","大维德对瓶：道观供器与青花纪年坐标",{"to":1853,"label":1854,"label_zh":1855},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Fdaoist-ritual-seals-impression-authority-documents","Daoist Ritual Seals: Impression, Authority and the Work of Documents","道教法印：印痕、权威与仪式文书",{"to":1857,"label":1858,"label_zh":1859},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Fdaoist-ritual-music-bells-drums-chant","Daoist Ritual Music: Bells, Drums, Chant and Ceremonial Time","道教科仪音乐：钟铃、鼓乐、经韵与仪式时间",{"to":1861,"label":1862,"label_zh":1863},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Fdaoist-lamp-rituals-light-cosmic-patterns-ceremonial-space","Daoist Lamp Rituals: Light, Cosmic Patterns and Ceremonial Space","道教灯仪：光明、星象秩序与科仪空间",{"to":1865,"label":1866,"label_zh":1867},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Fdaoist-talismans-script-ritual-action","Daoist Talismans: Script, Ritual Action and the Limits of Looking","道教符箓：书写、科仪行动与观看边界",{"to":1869,"label":1870,"label_zh":1871},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Fdaoist-mirrors-reflection-cosmology-ritual-evidence","Daoist Mirrors: Reflection, Cosmology and Ritual Evidence","道教铜镜：映照、宇宙图式与科仪证据",{"to":1873,"label":1874,"label_zh":1875},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Fdaoist-petitions-memorials-celestial-administration","Daoist Petitions and Memorials: Writing to the Celestial Administration","道教章表：写给天庭的仪式文书",{"to":1877,"label":1878,"label_zh":1879},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Fdaoist-registers-lu-rank-transmission-celestial-administration","Daoist Registers (Lu): Rank, Transmission and Celestial Administration","道教法箓：品秩、传授与天曹体系",{"to":1881,"label":1882,"label_zh":1883},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Fdaoist-audience-tablets-hu-courtly-form-ritual-address","Daoist Audience Tablets (Hu): Courtly Form and Ritual Address","道教朝笏：朝仪形制与科仪奏达",{"to":1885,"label":1886,"label_zh":1887},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Fdaoist-crowns-headscarves-dress-rank-ritual-context","Daoist Crowns and Headscarves: Dress, Rank and Ritual Context","道教冠巾：衣制、职司与科仪语境",{"to":1889,"label":1890,"label_zh":1891},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Fdaoist-footwear-cloth-cloud-shoes-ritual-movement","Daoist Footwear: Cloth Shoes, Cloud Shoes and Ritual Movement","道教鞋履：布鞋、云履与科仪步伐",{"to":1893,"label":1894,"label_zh":1895,"children":1896},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Feight-immortals","The Eight Immortals: Origins, Symbols and Taoist Legends","八仙：人物、象征与道教传说",[1897,1901,1905,1909,1913,1917],{"to":1898,"label":1899,"label_zh":1900},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Feight-immortals\u002Flu-dongbin","Lü Dongbin: Scholar Immortal, Quanzhen Patriarch and Sword Bearer","吕洞宾：士人仙真、全真祖师与佩剑象征",{"to":1902,"label":1903,"label_zh":1904},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Feight-immortals\u002Fzhang-guolao","Zhang Guolao: Tang Recluse and Backward-Riding Immortal","张果老：唐代隐士与倒骑驴的仙人",{"to":1906,"label":1907,"label_zh":1908},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Feight-immortals\u002Fhe-xiangu","He Xiangu: The Woman Immortal of the Eight","何仙姑：八仙中唯一的女性仙真",{"to":1910,"label":1911,"label_zh":1912},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Feight-immortals\u002Fhan-xiangzi-lan-caihe","Han Xiangzi and Lan Caihe: Music, Flowers and Ambiguous Identity","韩湘子与蓝采和：音乐、花与身份边界",{"to":1914,"label":1915,"label_zh":1916},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Feight-immortals\u002Fcao-guojiu-li-tieguai","Cao Guojiu and Li Tieguai: Privilege, Poverty and the Immortal Body","曹国舅与铁拐李：特权、贫困与身体身份",{"to":1918,"label":1919,"label_zh":1920},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Feight-immortals\u002Fzhongli-quan","Zhongli Quan: Teacher of Lü Dongbin and Patriarch of Internal Alchemy","钟离权：吕洞宾之师与内丹祖师",{"to":1922,"label":1923,"label_zh":1924,"children":1925},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics","Chinese Metaphysics","易学与传统术数",[1926,1958,1991,2024,2057,2094,2131,2164,2197],{"to":1927,"label":1928,"label_zh":1929,"children":1930},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fyin-yang-five-elements","Yin-Yang and the Five Phases in Chinese Thought","阴阳五行：理解关系与变化",[1931,1935,1939,1943,1947,1951,1955],{"to":1932,"label":1933,"label_zh":1934},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fyin-yang-five-elements\u002Forigins-early-history","Origins & Early History of Yin-Yang Thought","阴阳观念的来历",{"to":1936,"label":1937,"label_zh":1938},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fyin-yang-five-elements\u002Fmeaning-of-yin-and-yang","The Meaning of Yin and Yang","阴阳的含义",{"to":1940,"label":1941,"label_zh":1942},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fyin-yang-five-elements\u002Ffive-phases","The Five Phases: Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal & Water","五行：五种运行",{"to":1944,"label":1945,"label_zh":1946},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fyin-yang-five-elements\u002Fgenerating-controlling-cycles","The Generating & Controlling Cycles","相生与相克",{"to":1948,"label":1949,"label_zh":1950},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fyin-yang-five-elements\u002Fcorrelative-cosmology","Correlative Cosmology: Body, Seasons & the Cosmos","天人相应：关联宇宙论",{"to":1952,"label":1953,"label_zh":1954},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fyin-yang-five-elements\u002Fin-the-metaphysical-arts","Yin-Yang & the Five Elements in the Metaphysical Arts","阴阳五行在术数中的应用",{"to":1956,"label":738,"label_zh":1957},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fyin-yang-five-elements\u002Fkey-sources-further-reading","参考文献与延伸阅读",{"to":1959,"label":1960,"label_zh":1961,"children":1962},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fganzhi-stems-branches","Chinese Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches (Ganzhi)","天干地支（干支）：中国历法与术数的六十循环",[1963,1967,1971,1975,1979,1983,1987],{"to":1964,"label":1965,"label_zh":1966},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fganzhi-stems-branches\u002Forigins-history","Origins and History of the Chinese Sexagenary Cycle","中国干支与六十甲子的起源和历史",{"to":1968,"label":1969,"label_zh":1970},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fganzhi-stems-branches\u002Ften-heavenly-stems","The Ten Heavenly Stems: Names, Five Phases and Meanings","十天干：名称、五行属性与含义",{"to":1972,"label":1973,"label_zh":1974},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fganzhi-stems-branches\u002Ftwelve-earthly-branches","The Twelve Earthly Branches: Animals, Hours, Months and Meanings","十二地支：生肖、时辰、月份与含义",{"to":1976,"label":1977,"label_zh":1978},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fganzhi-stems-branches\u002Fsixty-year-jiazi","The Sixty-Part Jiazi Cycle: How Stems and Branches Combine","六十甲子：天干地支如何组合成六十循环",{"to":1980,"label":1981,"label_zh":1982},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fganzhi-stems-branches\u002Fstems-branches-yin-yang-five-phases","How Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches Encode Yin–Yang and the Five Phases","天干地支如何结合阴阳五行",{"to":1984,"label":1985,"label_zh":1986},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fganzhi-stems-branches\u002Fin-the-metaphysical-arts","How Ganzhi Is Used in BaZi, Feng Shui, Date Selection and Other Arts","干支如何应用于八字、风水、择日与其他术数",{"to":1988,"label":1989,"label_zh":1990},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fganzhi-stems-branches\u002Fkey-sources-further-reading","Heavenly Stems, Earthly Branches and Ganzhi: Sources and Further Reading","天干地支与干支历的重要资料和延伸阅读",{"to":1992,"label":1993,"label_zh":1994,"children":1995},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Ffeng-shui","Chinese Feng Shui: Landscape, Compass Methods and Responsible Practice","中国风水：形势、罗盘方法与负责任实践",[1996,2000,2004,2008,2012,2016,2020],{"to":1997,"label":1998,"label_zh":1999},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Ffeng-shui\u002Forigins-history","Origins and History of Chinese Feng Shui","中国风水的起源与历史",{"to":2001,"label":2002,"label_zh":2003},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Ffeng-shui\u002Fqi-compass-two-schools","Qi, the Feng Shui Compass and the Two Schools","风水中的气、罗盘与形势理气之分",{"to":2005,"label":2006,"label_zh":2007},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Ffeng-shui\u002Fform-school-landscape","Feng Shui Form School: How Landscapes Are Read","风水形势派：如何观察山水与地形",{"to":2009,"label":2010,"label_zh":2011},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Ffeng-shui\u002Fcompass-school-luopan","Feng Shui Compass School: How the Luopan Is Used","风水理气派：罗盘如何用于方位判断",{"to":2013,"label":2014,"label_zh":2015},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Ffeng-shui\u002Fdwellings-and-graves","Feng Shui for Homes and Graves: Yangzhai and Yinzhai","阳宅与阴宅风水：住宅和墓葬有何不同",{"to":2017,"label":2018,"label_zh":2019},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Ffeng-shui\u002Fmodern-world","Feng Shui Today: Homes, Cities, Design and Cultural Practice","今日风水：住宅、城市、设计与文化实践",{"to":2021,"label":2022,"label_zh":2023},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Ffeng-shui\u002Fkey-sources-further-reading","Chinese Feng Shui Sources: Classical Texts and Further Reading","中国风水资料：经典文献与延伸阅读",{"to":2025,"label":2026,"label_zh":2027,"children":2028},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fbazi-four-pillars","BaZi (Four Pillars of Destiny): How the Eight Characters Work","八字四柱命理：八个字如何构成命盘",[2029,2033,2037,2041,2045,2049,2053],{"to":2030,"label":2031,"label_zh":2032},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fbazi-four-pillars\u002Forigins-history","History of BaZi and the Four Pillars of Destiny","八字与四柱命理的起源和历史",{"to":2034,"label":2035,"label_zh":2036},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fbazi-four-pillars\u002Fbuilding-the-chart","How a BaZi Chart Is Calculated: The Four Pillars and Eight Characters","八字命盘如何排定：四柱八字的计算方法",{"to":2038,"label":2039,"label_zh":2040},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fbazi-four-pillars\u002Fday-master-ten-gods","The BaZi Day Master and Ten Gods: A Relationship Guide","八字日主与十神：命盘关系如何分类",{"to":2042,"label":2043,"label_zh":2044},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fbazi-four-pillars\u002Ffive-phase-balance","How BaZi Charts Are Read: Five-Phase Balance and the Useful God","八字命盘如何解读：五行平衡与用神",{"to":2046,"label":2047,"label_zh":2048},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fbazi-four-pillars\u002Fluck-pillars-annual-influences","BaZi Luck Pillars and Annual Influences: How Time Is Read","八字大运与流年：命盘如何推移时间",{"to":2050,"label":2051,"label_zh":2052},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fbazi-four-pillars\u002Fin-practice","BaZi Readings Today: Interpretation, Responsibility and Limits","今日八字解读：意义、责任与界限",{"to":2054,"label":2055,"label_zh":2056},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fbazi-four-pillars\u002Fkey-sources-further-reading","BaZi Sources: Classical Texts, Commentaries and Further Reading","八字资料：经典、注疏与延伸阅读",{"to":2058,"label":2059,"label_zh":2060,"children":2061},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu","Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology): How the Twelve-Palace Chart Works","紫微斗数：十二宫命盘如何运作",[2062,2066,2070,2074,2078,2082,2086,2090],{"to":2063,"label":2064,"label_zh":2065},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu\u002Forigins-history","History of Zi Wei Dou Shu: Origins, Legends and Documented Evidence","紫微斗数的起源与历史：传说、文献与可考证据",{"to":2067,"label":2068,"label_zh":2069},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu\u002Ftwelve-palaces","The Twelve Palaces of Zi Wei Dou Shu: A Guide to the Life Domains","紫微斗数十二宫：命盘生活领域完整指南",{"to":2071,"label":2072,"label_zh":2073},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu\u002Fthe-stars","Zi Wei Dou Shu Stars: The Fourteen Major Stars and Their Meanings","紫微斗数星曜：十四主星及其含义",{"to":2075,"label":2076,"label_zh":2077},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu\u002Fcasting-and-reading","How a Zi Wei Dou Shu Chart Is Cast and Read","紫微斗数如何排盘与解读",{"to":2079,"label":2080,"label_zh":2081},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu\u002Ffour-transformations","Zi Wei Dou Shu Four Transformations: How the Chart Moves Through Time","紫微斗数四化：命盘如何随时间变化",{"to":2083,"label":2084,"label_zh":2085},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu\u002Fin-practice","Zi Wei Dou Shu Readings Today: Interpretation, Responsibility and Limits","今日紫微斗数解读：意义、责任与界限",{"to":2087,"label":2088,"label_zh":2089},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu\u002Fkey-sources-further-reading","Zi Wei Dou Shu Sources: Classical Texts, Schools and Further Reading","紫微斗数资料：经典、流派与延伸阅读",{"to":2091,"label":2092,"label_zh":2093},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu\u002Fglossary","Zi Wei Dou Shu Glossary: Palaces, Stars, Transformations and Time Cycles","紫微斗数术语表：宫位、星曜、四化与时间周期",{"to":2095,"label":2096,"label_zh":2097,"children":2098},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdate-selection","Chinese Date Selection: How Auspicious Days Are Chosen","中国择吉：传统吉日如何选择",[2099,2103,2107,2111,2115,2119,2123,2127],{"to":2100,"label":2101,"label_zh":2102},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdate-selection\u002Forigins-history","Origins and History of Chinese Date Selection","中国择吉的起源与历史",{"to":2104,"label":2105,"label_zh":2106},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdate-selection\u002Fthe-almanac","The Chinese Almanac: How the Tongshu Guides Everyday Dates","通书：中国人的日用择日指南",{"to":2108,"label":2109,"label_zh":2110},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdate-selection\u002Fcyclical-qualities","How Chinese Calendars Describe the Qualities of Days","中国历法如何描述日子的周期属性",{"to":2112,"label":2113,"label_zh":2114},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdate-selection\u002Fstars-and-officers","Auspicious Stars and Day Officers in Chinese Date Selection","择吉中的吉星、值日神与神煞",{"to":2116,"label":2117,"label_zh":2118},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdate-selection\u002Fchoosing-a-date","How Chinese Date Selection Works in Practice","中国择日的实际操作",{"to":2120,"label":2121,"label_zh":2122},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdate-selection\u002Fcultural-meaning-and-responsible-practice","Chinese Date Selection: Cultural Meaning and Responsible Practice","中国择日的文化意义与负责任实践",{"to":2124,"label":2125,"label_zh":2126},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdate-selection\u002Fkey-sources-further-reading","Chinese Date Selection: Key Sources and Further Reading","中国择日的重要资料与延伸阅读",{"to":2128,"label":2129,"label_zh":2130},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdate-selection\u002Ftwenty-four-solar-terms-seasonal-time-chinese-calendar","The Twenty-Four Solar Terms: Seasonal Time in the Chinese Calendar","二十四节气：中国历法中的季节时间",{"to":2132,"label":2133,"label_zh":2134,"children":2135},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fphysiognomy","Chinese Physiognomy: Face Reading, Palm Reading and Their Limits","中国相术：面相、手相及其局限",[2136,2140,2144,2148,2152,2156,2160],{"to":2137,"label":2138,"label_zh":2139},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fphysiognomy\u002Forigins-history","Origins and History of Chinese Physiognomy","中国相术的起源与历史",{"to":2141,"label":2142,"label_zh":2143},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fphysiognomy\u002Fface-reading","Chinese Face Reading (Mianxiang): Methods, Meanings and Limits","中国面相术：方法、含义与局限",{"to":2145,"label":2146,"label_zh":2147},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fphysiognomy\u002Fpalm-reading","Chinese Palm Reading (Shouxiang): Traditions, Methods and Limits","中国手相术：传统、方法与局限",{"to":2149,"label":2150,"label_zh":2151},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fphysiognomy\u002Fin-practice","Chinese Physiognomy in Practice Today: Readings, Apps and Risks","当代中国相术：看相、应用程序与风险",{"to":2153,"label":2154,"label_zh":2155},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fphysiognomy\u002Fhistory-interpretation-and-context","How to Interpret Chinese Physiognomy Responsibly","如何负责任地理解中国相术",{"to":2157,"label":2158,"label_zh":2159},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fphysiognomy\u002Fin-culture","Chinese Physiognomy in History, Literature and Everyday Culture","中国相术在历史、文学与日常文化中",{"to":2161,"label":2162,"label_zh":2163},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fphysiognomy\u002Fkey-sources-further-reading","Chinese Physiognomy: Primary Sources and Further Reading","中国相术的重要资料与延伸阅读",{"to":2165,"label":2166,"label_zh":2167,"children":2168},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdivination-arts","Chinese Divination Arts: Methods, History and Responsible Use","中国占卜术：方法、历史与负责任使用",[2169,2173,2177,2181,2185,2189,2193],{"to":2170,"label":2171,"label_zh":2172},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdivination-arts\u002Forigins-history","Origins and History of Chinese Divination","中国占卜的起源与历史",{"to":2174,"label":2175,"label_zh":2176},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdivination-arts\u002Foracle-bones","Chinese Oracle Bones and Turtle-Shell Divination","中国甲骨与龟卜：商代占卜和早期文字",{"to":2178,"label":2179,"label_zh":2180},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdivination-arts\u002Fyijing-milfoil","The Yijing and Milfoil Divination: How Hexagrams Are Cast and Read","《易经》与筮占：卦象如何生成与解读",{"to":2182,"label":2183,"label_zh":2184},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdivination-arts\u002Fcoins-and-lots","Chinese Coin Divination and Temple Lots: Methods and Meaning","中国钱占与求签：方法、解读与文化意义",{"to":2186,"label":2187,"label_zh":2188},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdivination-arts\u002Fin-practice","Chinese Divination in Practice Today: Consultations, Apps and Risks","当代中国占卜：咨询、应用程序与风险",{"to":2190,"label":2191,"label_zh":2192},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdivination-arts\u002Fmeaning-reflection-and-responsible-practice","How to Use Chinese Divination Responsibly","如何负责任地使用中国占卜",{"to":2194,"label":2195,"label_zh":2196},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdivination-arts\u002Fkey-sources-further-reading","Chinese Divination: Primary Sources and Further Reading","中国占卜的重要资料与延伸阅读",{"to":2198,"label":2199,"label_zh":2200,"children":2201},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fluoshu-hetu","The Hetu, Luoshu and Nine Palaces in Chinese Cosmology","河图、洛书与九宫：中国传统图式的历史与用途",[2202,2206,2210,2214,2218,2222,2226],{"to":2203,"label":2204,"label_zh":2205},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fluoshu-hetu\u002Forigins-history","Origins and History of the Hetu and Luoshu Diagrams","河图与洛书图式的起源与历史",{"to":2207,"label":2208,"label_zh":2209},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fluoshu-hetu\u002Fhetu-river-chart","The Hetu River Chart: Numbers, Directions and the Five Phases","河图：数字、方位与五行结构",{"to":2211,"label":2212,"label_zh":2213},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fluoshu-hetu\u002Fluoshu-magic-square","The Luoshu Magic Square: Numbers, Structure and Cultural Meaning","洛书幻方：数字结构与文化含义",{"to":2215,"label":2216,"label_zh":2217},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fluoshu-hetu\u002Fnine-palaces","The Nine Palaces (Jiugong): Directions, Time Cycles and Traditional Uses","九宫：方位、时间周期与传统用途",{"to":2219,"label":2220,"label_zh":2221},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fluoshu-hetu\u002Fin-practice","Hetu, Luoshu and Nine Palaces in Practice Today","河图、洛书与九宫在今天的实际应用",{"to":2223,"label":2224,"label_zh":2225},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fluoshu-hetu\u002Fmathematics-tradition-and-interpretation","How to Interpret the Hetu and Luoshu: Mathematics, History and Symbolism","如何理解河图与洛书：数学、历史与象征",{"to":2227,"label":2228,"label_zh":2229},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fluoshu-hetu\u002Fkey-sources-further-reading","Hetu, Luoshu and Nine Palaces: Primary Sources and Further Reading","河图、洛书与九宫的重要资料与延伸阅读",{"to":2231,"label":2232,"label_zh":2233,"children":2234},"\u002Fwudang-mountain","Experience Wudang","武当之旅",[2235,2268,2356,2417,2473,2525],{"to":2236,"label":2237,"label_zh":2238,"children":2239},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fintroduction","Introduction to Wudang Mountain","初识武当山",[2240,2244,2248,2252,2256,2260,2264],{"to":2241,"label":2242,"label_zh":2243},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fintroduction\u002Fzhenwu","Zhenwu: The Taoist Deity at the Heart of Wudang Mountain","真武大帝：武当山的主神",{"to":2245,"label":2246,"label_zh":2247},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fintroduction\u002Fwudang-today","Wudang Mountain Today: Temples, Tourism and Daily Life","今天的武当山：宫观、旅游与日常生活",{"to":2249,"label":2250,"label_zh":2251},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fintroduction\u002Fis-a-visit-right-for-you","Should You Visit Wudang Mountain?","武当山适合你去吗？",{"to":2253,"label":2254,"label_zh":2255},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fintroduction\u002Fwudang-world-heritage","Wudang World Heritage: What UNESCO Inscribed and Why","武当山世界遗产：古建筑群为何列入名录",{"to":2257,"label":2258,"label_zh":2259},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fintroduction\u002Fstone-inscriptions-and-steles","Reading Wudang’s Stone Inscriptions: Steles, Dates and Imperial Memory","读懂武当碑刻：碑石、年代与皇家记忆",{"to":2261,"label":2262,"label_zh":2263},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fintroduction\u002Fwudang-gazetteers-sacred-geography","How Wudang Was Recorded: Gazetteers and Sacred Geography","武当如何被写进山志：文献与神圣地理",{"to":2265,"label":2266,"label_zh":2267},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fintroduction\u002Fplaques-couplets-calligraphy","Reading Wudang’s Plaques and Couplets: Names, Calligraphy and Layers of Time","读懂武当匾额与楹联：名号、书法与历史层次",{"to":2269,"label":2270,"label_zh":2271,"children":2272},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites","Wudang Mountain Temples and Sacred Sites","武当山宫观与胜迹",[2273,2294,2311],{"to":2274,"label":2275,"label_zh":2276,"children":2277},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Fcentral-route","The Central Temple Route at Wudang Mountain","武当山主线宫观路线",[2278,2282,2286,2290],{"to":2279,"label":2280,"label_zh":2281},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Fcentral-route\u002Fmozhen-well-and-taizipo","Mozhen Well and Taizipo at Wudang Mountain","武当山磨针井与太子坡",{"to":2283,"label":2284,"label_zh":2285},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Fcentral-route\u002Fzixiao-palace","Zixiao Palace at Wudang Mountain: A Visitor’s Guide","武当山紫霄宫：参观指南",{"to":2287,"label":2288,"label_zh":2289},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Fcentral-route\u002Fnanyan-palace","Nanyan Palace at Wudang Mountain: Cliff Temple and Dragon-Head Incense","武当山南岩宫：悬崖宫观与龙头香",{"to":2291,"label":2292,"label_zh":2293},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Fcentral-route\u002Fthe-summit","Wudang Mountain Summit: Taihe Palace and the Golden Hall","武当山金顶：太和宫与金殿",{"to":2295,"label":2296,"label_zh":2297,"children":2298},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Foutlying-palaces","Outlying Palaces and Quiet Sites at Wudang Mountain","武当山外围宫观",[2299,2303,2307],{"to":2300,"label":2301,"label_zh":2302},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Foutlying-palaces\u002Fyuxu-palace","Yuxu Palace at Wudang Mountain: Imperial Ruins and Administrative Centre","武当山玉虚宫：明代皇家遗址与全山管理中心",{"to":2304,"label":2305,"label_zh":2306},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Foutlying-palaces\u002Fyuzhen-palace","Yuzhen Palace at Wudang Mountain: Zhang Sanfeng, Fire and Relocation","武当山遇真宫：张三丰、火灾与整体抬升",{"to":2308,"label":2309,"label_zh":2310},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Foutlying-palaces\u002Fwulong-palace","Wulong Palace at Wudang Mountain: The Oldest Remote Temple Site","武当山五龙宫：最古老的偏远宫观遗址",{"to":2312,"label":2313,"label_zh":2314,"children":2315},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Flayout-and-architecture","Wudang Mountain Temple Layout and Architecture","武当山宫观布局与建筑",[2316,2320,2324,2328,2332,2336,2340,2344,2348,2352],{"to":2317,"label":2318,"label_zh":2319},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Flayout-and-architecture\u002Fthe-overall-plan","How Wudang Mountain’s Temples Form One Imperial Route","武当山宫观总体布局：一条皇家朝山路线",{"to":2321,"label":2322,"label_zh":2323},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Flayout-and-architecture\u002Fbuilding-on-difficult-ground","How Wudang Mountain Temples Were Built on Difficult Ground","武当山宫观如何建在险峻山地",{"to":2325,"label":2326,"label_zh":2327},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Flayout-and-architecture\u002Fwhat-survives","What Is Original at Wudang Mountain—and What Was Rebuilt","武当山哪些是原物，哪些经过修复或复建",{"to":2329,"label":2330,"label_zh":2331},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Flayout-and-architecture\u002Fhow-to-read-wudang-roofs","How to Read a Wudang Roof: Tiles, Rank and Repair","如何读懂武当屋顶：瓦作、等级与修缮",{"to":2333,"label":2334,"label_zh":2335},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Flayout-and-architecture\u002Fhow-to-read-painted-timber","How to Read Painted Timber at Wudang: Colour, Craft and Renewal","如何读懂武当建筑彩画：色彩、工艺与更新",{"to":2337,"label":2338,"label_zh":2339},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Flayout-and-architecture\u002Fhow-to-read-dougong","How to Read Dougong at Wudang: Brackets, Loads and Building Rank","如何读懂武当斗拱：构件、荷载与建筑等级",{"to":2341,"label":2342,"label_zh":2343},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Flayout-and-architecture\u002Fhow-to-read-bronze","How to Read Bronze at Wudang: Casting, Gilding and Imperial Networks","如何读懂武当铜建筑：铸造、鎏金与帝国网络",{"to":2345,"label":2346,"label_zh":2347},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Flayout-and-architecture\u002Fhow-to-read-wudang-doors-windows","How to Read Doors and Windows at Wudang: Frames, Lattice and Repair","如何读懂武当门窗：框架、棂格与修缮",{"to":2349,"label":2350,"label_zh":2351},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Flayout-and-architecture\u002Fhow-wudang-temples-manage-rainwater","How Water Leaves a Wudang Temple: Roofs, Courtyards and Mountain Drainage","武当宫观如何排水：屋面、院落与山地水路",{"to":2353,"label":2354,"label_zh":2355},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Flayout-and-architecture\u002Fhow-to-read-wudang-stonework-platforms-steps-weathering","How to Read Stonework at Wudang: Platforms, Steps and Weathering","怎样读懂武当山石作：台基、阶道与风化痕迹",{"to":2357,"label":2358,"label_zh":2359,"children":2360},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fplanning-a-visit","Planning a Visit to Wudang Mountain","武当山行前规划指南",[2361,2374,2391,2404],{"to":2362,"label":2363,"label_zh":2364,"children":2365},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fplanning-a-visit\u002Fgetting-there-and-around","Getting to and Around Wudang 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It brings together observations of landform, orientation, water, buildings and correlative cosmology. It should not be reduced to decorative rules, nor presented as a scientifically proven way to guarantee health, wealth or relationships.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>\u003Cem>Classes introduce core vocabulary, the distinction between major approaches and the cultural contexts in which feng shui has been practised. Contemporary applications are discussed critically. Students remain responsible for property, financial and personal decisions and should seek qualified professional advice where those decisions carry material consequences.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>风水形成于不同的流派、典籍与专业传统，综合观察地形、方位、水势、建筑以及阴阳五行等关联性宇宙观。它不应被简化为装饰规则，也不能被宣传为保证健康、财富或关系结果的科学方法。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>课程介绍基本术语、主要方法的差别，以及风水在历史社会中的实践语境，并以批判态度讨论当代应用。涉及房产、财务或其他重大决定时，学员仍应根据事实判断，并咨询具备资质的相关专业人士。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Ffeng-shui-learning",[4840,4841,4842,4843],"wudang\u002Fevents\u002FYpvXV9T4BG3YVD0NQ150.webp","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FfhZyCVAEQXsL76XmGdVp.webp","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FAt5a8W2EGZ9IhDUbI4f3.avif","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FBKPjfYeMNJ617LWJ7tgv.avif",[4845,4846,4847,4848],"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FYpvXV9T4BG3YVD0NQ150.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FfhZyCVAEQXsL76XmGdVp.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FAt5a8W2EGZ9IhDUbI4f3.avif","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FBKPjfYeMNJ617LWJ7tgv.avif",{"en":4850,"zh":4851},"Feng Shui Classes and Courses","风水课程：方位、形势与空间观念入门",{"en":4833,"zh":4853},"从历史、环境与文化语境学习风水，理解方位、形势与空间观念，同时明确传统解释与科学证据的界限。",0,true,"active","2026-07-13T05:17:57.000000Z","2026-09-25T03:51:12.000000Z",{"id":4860,"uuid":4861,"slug":4862,"available_locales":4863,"name":4864,"description":4867,"body":4870,"path":4873,"images":4874,"image_urls":4875,"hero_image":4834,"hero_image_url":4834,"seo_title":4876,"seo_description":4879,"sort_order":4854,"is_active":4855,"status":4856,"created_at":4882,"updated_at":4858},6,"c85bf6cc-b84e-4c36-bbd7-9e92b53bbe50","internal-arts-wellness",[4826,4827,4828],{"en":4865,"zh":4866},"Internal Arts & Wellness","内家功法与养生",{"en":4868,"zh":4869},"Classes, workshops and retreats in Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong and traditional practices for movement, breathing and mindful cultivation.","汇集八段锦、太极拳、气功及传统身心修习的课程、工作坊与静修活动。",{"en":4871,"zh":4872},"\u003Cp>Explore small-group classes, workshops and retreats introducing Wudang internal arts and traditional wellness practices. Programmes may include Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong, standing practice, breathing and their cultural foundations.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Each listing provides its teacher, schedule, experience level and registration arrangements.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>本类别汇集武当内家功法与传统养生修习的小班课程、工作坊及静修活动，内容可涵盖八段锦、太极拳、气功、站桩、呼吸练习及相关文化基础。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>每项活动都会注明导师、日期、适合程度与报名方式，方便参加者选择合适的学习体验。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Finternal-arts-wellness",[],[],{"en":4877,"zh":4878},"Internal Arts & Wellness Events","内家功法与养生活动",{"en":4880,"zh":4881},"Explore Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong and traditional wellness classes, workshops and retreats listed by Wudang.Org.","探索八段锦、太极拳、气功与传统养生课程、工作坊及静修活动。","2026-08-16T19:23:45.000000Z",{"id":4884,"uuid":4885,"slug":4886,"available_locales":4887,"name":4888,"description":4891,"body":4892,"path":4893,"images":4894,"image_urls":4895,"hero_image":4834,"hero_image_url":4834,"seo_title":4896,"seo_description":4898,"sort_order":4854,"is_active":4855,"status":4856,"created_at":4901,"updated_at":4858},10,"884ed965-8c72-49e2-acee-0fc2f7aec70a","face-reading-learning",[4826,4827,4828],{"en":4889,"zh":4890},"Face Reading Learning","面相课程",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fface-reading-learning",[],[],{"en":4897},"Chinese Face Reading Classes and Workshops",{"en":4899,"zh":4900},"Learn Chinese face reading (面相) as a cultural tradition: its classical framework, history and uses, taught with clear limits on predictive claims.","把面相作为中国传统文化来学习：认识其经典框架、历史与用法，并清楚说明传统诠释的边界。","2026-08-30T17:01:43.000000Z",{"id":4903,"uuid":4904,"slug":4905,"available_locales":4906,"name":4907,"description":4910,"body":4912,"path":4915,"images":4916,"image_urls":4917,"hero_image":4834,"hero_image_url":4834,"seo_title":4918,"seo_description":4921,"sort_order":4822,"is_active":4855,"status":4856,"created_at":4857,"updated_at":4858},2,"8792a80b-d0c8-4ef9-9634-5cb91827932b","zi-wei-dou-shu-learning",[4826,4827,4828],{"en":4908,"zh":4909},"Zi Wei Dou Shu Learning","紫微斗数课程",{"en":4911,"zh":4834},"Explore Purple Star Astrology as a traditional Chinese interpretive system, approached as cultural knowledge rather than scientific prediction.",{"en":4913,"zh":4914},"\u003Cp>Zi Wei Dou Shu 紫微斗數 organises birth information through palaces, stars and patterned relationships. The system has a substantial technical vocabulary and several interpretive traditions, but its predictive claims are not established by modern scientific evidence.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Courses explain how charts are structured, how symbols are read and how historical and contemporary practitioners differ. The aim is cultural literacy and disciplined reflection—not certainty about the future. Readings do not replace medical, legal, financial, employment or psychological expertise.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>紫微斗数依据出生信息，以宫位、星曜和彼此关系组织命盘。它具有复杂的术语与多种解释传统，但其预测主张并未得到现代科学证据的确立。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>课程说明命盘结构、符号阅读方法，以及历史与当代实践者之间的差异。学习目的在于文化理解与有纪律的自我反思，而不是获得关于未来的确定答案。相关解读不能代替医疗、法律、财务、就业或心理专业意见。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu-learning",[],[],{"en":4919,"zh":4920},"Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology) Classes","紫微斗数课程：命盘、宫位与星曜入门",{"en":4911,"zh":4922},"把紫微斗数作为中国传统诠释体系来学习，认识命盘、宫位与星曜，不把它包装成科学预测。",{"id":4924,"uuid":4925,"slug":4926,"available_locales":4927,"name":4928,"description":4931,"body":4932,"path":4933,"images":4934,"image_urls":4935,"hero_image":4834,"hero_image_url":4834,"seo_title":4936,"seo_description":4939,"sort_order":4822,"is_active":4855,"status":4856,"created_at":4942,"updated_at":4858},4,"09958025-4f1d-40e6-ae1c-8b1517ac824e","tea-arts",[4826,4827,4828],{"en":4929,"zh":4930},"Tea Arts","茶艺",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Ftea-arts",[],[],{"en":4937,"zh":4938},"Chinese Tea Art Classes and Workshops","茶艺课程与工作坊",{"en":4940,"zh":4941},"Chinese tea art (茶艺) classes and workshops: tea types, brewing methods, tea-table etiquette and the quiet attention of sharing tea.","茶艺课程与工作坊：认识茶类、泡茶方法与茶席礼仪，在一席茶中体会从容与专注。","2026-08-16T17:13:57.000000Z",{"id":4944,"uuid":4945,"slug":4946,"available_locales":4947,"name":4948,"description":4951,"body":4953,"path":4956,"images":4957,"image_urls":4958,"hero_image":4834,"hero_image_url":4834,"seo_title":4959,"seo_description":4962,"sort_order":4903,"is_active":4855,"status":4856,"created_at":4857,"updated_at":4858},3,"e52a261e-348a-4b8a-bd51-43f4e6b1d861","ba-zi-learning",[4826,4827,4828],{"en":4949,"zh":4950},"Ba Zi Learning","八字课程",{"en":4952,"zh":4834},"Study the Four Pillars as a traditional system of stems, branches and five-phase correspondence, with history and limitations made explicit.",{"en":4954,"zh":4955},"\u003Cp>Ba Zi 八字 interprets year, month, day and hour through the heavenly stems, earthly branches, yin-yang and five-phase relationships. It is an influential part of Chinese metaphysical culture, not an observational science in the modern empirical sense.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Classes introduce chart structure, terminology and common interpretive methods while distinguishing tradition from evidence. Students are encouraged to treat readings as prompts for reflection and never as guarantees, diagnoses or substitutes for professional advice.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>八字以年、月、日、时四柱为框架，通过天干、地支、阴阳与五行关系进行解释。它是中国术数文化中影响深远的传统体系，并非现代经验科学。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>课程介绍命盘结构、基本术语和常见诠释方法，同时说明传统观点与科学证据的差别。学员可把解读作为反思的线索，但不应把它当作保证、诊断，或任何专业意见的替代品。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fba-zi-learning",[],[],{"en":4960,"zh":4961},"BaZi (Four Pillars) Classes and Courses","八字课程：四柱、天干地支与五行入门",{"en":4952,"zh":4963},"学习四柱中的天干、地支与五行关系，理解其历史与方法，也清楚区分传统诠释和现代实证知识。",{"id":4965,"uuid":4966,"slug":4967,"available_locales":4968,"name":4969,"description":4972,"body":4973,"path":4974,"images":4975,"image_urls":4976,"hero_image":4834,"hero_image_url":4834,"seo_title":4977,"seo_description":4980,"sort_order":4903,"is_active":4855,"status":4856,"created_at":4942,"updated_at":4858},5,"76718b8e-3137-42fc-a257-c9e318b3e364","incense-culture",[4826,4827,4828],{"en":4970,"zh":4971},"Incense Culture","香文化",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fincense-culture",[],[],{"en":4978,"zh":4979},"Chinese Incense Culture Workshops","香文化活动与工作坊",{"en":4981,"zh":4982},"Workshops on Chinese incense culture (香文化): aromatic materials, traditional ways of preparing and appreciating incense, and incense as calm attention.","香文化活动与工作坊：认识香材、传统制香与品香方式，在一炉香中练习安静与专注。",{"id":4984,"uuid":4985,"slug":4986,"available_locales":4987,"name":4988,"description":4991,"body":4994,"path":4997,"images":4998,"image_urls":4999,"hero_image":4834,"hero_image_url":4834,"seo_title":5000,"seo_description":5002,"sort_order":4903,"is_active":4855,"status":4856,"created_at":5003,"updated_at":4858},11,"c39cc557-40eb-4266-9736-7fb84891d407","i-ching-learning",[4826,4827,4828],{"en":4989,"zh":4990},"I Ching Learning","易经课程",{"en":4992,"zh":4993},"Explore the I Ching through its hexagrams, traditional interpretive methods and historical context, with scope and limitations made explicit.","通过卦象、传统解读方法与历史语境认识《易经》，并清楚说明其适用范围与局限。",{"en":4995,"zh":4996},"\u003Cp>The I Ching 易经 is a classical Chinese text centred on sixty-four hexagrams and a long history of commentary and divination. It has shaped Chinese philosophy, cosmology and metaphysical practice, but its divinatory claims are not established as modern empirical science.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Classes introduce structures, terminology and traditional methods such as Liu Yao while distinguishing cultural study from evidence. Readings should be treated as prompts for reflection, not guarantees, diagnoses or substitutes for professional advice.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>《易经》是一部以六十四卦为核心的中国经典，形成了悠久的注疏与占筮传统，并深刻影响中国哲学、宇宙观与术数文化；其占筮主张并非现代经验科学所证实。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>课程介绍基本结构、术语和六爻等传统方法，同时区分文化学习与科学证据。解读宜作为反思线索，不应视为保证、诊断或任何专业意见的替代品。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fi-ching-learning",[],[],{"en":5001,"zh":4990},"I Ching Classes and Courses",{"en":4992,"zh":4993},"2026-09-08T00:15:35.000000Z",{"id":5005,"uuid":5006,"slug":5007,"available_locales":5008,"name":5009,"description":5012,"body":5015,"path":5018,"images":5019,"image_urls":5020,"hero_image":4834,"hero_image_url":4834,"seo_title":5021,"seo_description":5024,"sort_order":4944,"is_active":4855,"status":4856,"created_at":5027,"updated_at":4858},7,"ee2330c6-5a3e-4ac2-a2d1-1a0dc110c58c","traditional-arts-crafts",[4826,4827,4828],{"en":5010,"zh":5011},"Traditional Arts & Crafts","传统艺术与手作",{"en":5013,"zh":5014},"Hands-on workshops exploring Chinese handicrafts and decorative arts through guided making and cultural appreciation.","通过亲手制作与文化欣赏，体验中国传统手作及装饰艺术。",{"en":5016,"zh":5017},"\u003Cp>Discover practical workshops in Chinese decorative arts and handcraft traditions. Activities may include gold-leaf painting, cloisonné enamel, mother-of-pearl work, Song brocade and other guided projects.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>These welcoming sessions introduce materials, techniques and cultural context while allowing participants to complete a piece of their own.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>本类别汇集中国传统装饰艺术与手作体验，内容可涵盖金箔画、掐丝珐琅、螺钿工艺、宋锦及其他创作项目。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>课程以轻松易懂的方式介绍材料、技法与文化背景，让参加者在导师带领下完成属于自己的作品。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Ftraditional-arts-crafts",[],[],{"en":5022,"zh":5023},"Traditional Arts & Crafts Events","传统艺术与手作活动",{"en":5025,"zh":5026},"Explore Chinese handicraft and decorative arts workshops, including gold-leaf, cloisonné, mother-of-pearl and brocade.","探索金箔画、掐丝珐琅、螺钿、宋锦等中国传统手作及装饰艺术体验。","2026-08-16T19:24:04.000000Z",{"id":5029,"uuid":5030,"slug":5031,"available_locales":5032,"name":5033,"description":5036,"body":5039,"path":5042,"images":5043,"image_urls":5044,"hero_image":4834,"hero_image_url":4834,"seo_title":5045,"seo_description":5047,"sort_order":4924,"is_active":4855,"status":4856,"created_at":5050,"updated_at":4858},8,"824f78c1-1181-4983-bae5-77e7cdbbbc1d","wudang-community",[4826,4827,4828],{"en":5034,"zh":5035},"Wudang Community","武当社群活动",{"en":5037,"zh":5038},"Talks, broadcasts and community gatherings connecting people with Wudang culture, learning and living practice.","通过讲座、直播与社群聚会，连接武当文化、学习与日常实践。",{"en":5040,"zh":5041},"\u003Cp>Wudang Community brings together public talks, livestreams, gatherings and shared cultural activities connected with Wudang.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>These programmes create welcoming ways to meet practitioners, explore ideas and participate in a growing community of learning and practice.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>武当社群活动汇集与武当文化相关的公开讲座、直播、聚会及共享文化体验。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>这些活动以友善开放的方式连接练习者与学习者，让大家交流心得、认识传统，并共同参与持续发展的文化社群。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-community",[],[],{"en":5046,"zh":5035},"Wudang Community Events",{"en":5048,"zh":5049},"Discover Wudang community talks, broadcasts and gatherings connecting people with culture, learning and living practice.","探索连接武当文化、学习与日常实践的讲座、直播及社群聚会。","2026-08-16T19:24:18.000000Z",{"id":5052,"uuid":5053,"slug":5054,"available_locales":5055,"name":5056,"description":5059,"body":5060,"path":5061,"images":5062,"image_urls":5063,"hero_image":4834,"hero_image_url":4834,"seo_title":5064,"seo_description":5067,"sort_order":4965,"is_active":4855,"status":4856,"created_at":5070,"updated_at":4858},9,"25641c0b-8e5a-46d7-9b18-95c344015f97","wudang-journeys-retreats",[4826,4827,4828],{"en":5057,"zh":5058},"Wudang Journeys & Retreats","武当旅修与行程",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-journeys-retreats",[],[],{"en":5065,"zh":5066},"Wudang Mountain Retreats and Guided Journeys","武当山旅修与静修行程",{"en":5068,"zh":5069},"Guided journeys and retreats to Wudang Mountain that combine practice, temple visits and cultural learning, with itineraries and expectations set out clearly.","前往武当山的旅修与静修：结合修习、宫观参访与文化学习，提前说明行程安排与参加须知。","2026-08-18T11:09:38.000000Z",{"data":5072},{"hero_type":5073,"hero_image":5074,"hero_image_alt":5075,"hero_youtube_id":5076,"hero_content_on":4855,"hero_heading":5077,"hero_subheading":5078,"hero_text":5079,"hero_subheading_zh":5080,"hero_text_zh":5081,"hero_buttons":5082,"home_seo":5088,"page_layout":5094,"shop_enabled":5095,"contact":5096,"journey":5112},"image","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fsite\u002Fwudanghomepagehero.webp","Wudang mountain temple in mist","VgirFbjpiy4","武当文化，道在日常\nWudang Culture, Practised with Purpose","A place for learning. A home for living culture.","Explore Taoist thought, internal arts, literati traditions and Wudang Mountain through grounded learning in Singapore and beyond.","这里既是学习之地，也是让文化融入日常的所在。","从道家思想、内家武术、文人雅艺与武当山出发，以清晰、踏实的方式，在新加坡及世界各地认识和体验武当文化。",[5083,5085],{"label":5084,"link":2568},"Start Your Wudang Journey",{"label":5086,"link":5087},"View Events & Courses","\u002Fevents",{"title":5089,"description":5091},{"en":5090,"zh":4834},"Wudang Mountain: Tai Chi, Qigong & Taoist Culture",{"en":5092,"zh":5093},"Explore Wudang Mountain through Tai Chi, Qigong, Daoist philosophy, martial arts, traditional arts, wellness, culture and everyday life in Wudang.","从太极、气功、道家思想、武术、传统雅艺与养生文化认识武当山，探索武当文化及武当山的日常生活。","sidebar",false,{"methods":5097,"has_any":4855,"text":5105},{"email":5098,"whatsapp":5099,"wechat_id":5100,"wechat_qr_url":5101,"instagram":5102,"instagram_handle":5103,"facebook":5104,"facebook_handle":5103},"hello@wudang.org","+6588169599","Cldjcll0305","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fcontact\u002Fkcs9Z5IEY7CugW2mEYA8.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fleewudang.sg","@leewudang.sg","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fleewudang.sg\u002F",{"china_heading_en":5106,"china_heading_zh":5107,"china_company_en":5108,"china_company_zh":5109,"china_address_en":5110,"china_address_zh":5111},"China Operations","中国运营","Xunwei Wudang Co., Ltd.","寻味武当有限公司","No. 72 Jianhe 2nd Road, Wangjiayuan, Wudang Mountain, Shiyan, Hubei, China","湖北省十堰市武当山王家园剑河二路72号",{"title_en":4834,"title_zh":4834,"intro_en":4834,"intro_zh":4834,"enabled":4855},{"data":5114},{"to":1246,"type":5115,"available_locales":5116,"is_content_page":4855,"title":5117,"subtitle":5118,"body":5121,"hero_image_url":5124,"hero_width":5125,"hero_height":5126,"hero_image_alt":5127,"hero_image_decorative":5095,"hero_credit":5130,"hero_alt":5137,"hero_style":5138,"card_layout":5139,"link_type":4834,"link_ref":4834,"seo_title":5140,"seo_description":5143,"children":5146},"page",[4826,4827,4828],{"en":1247,"zh":1248},{"en":5119,"zh":5120},"From early manuscript marks and learned judou to critical editions and twentieth-century punctuation reform.","从早期写本记号、句读训练与赏鉴圈点，读到整理本和二十世纪标点改革。",{"en":5122,"zh":5123},"\u003Ch2>Punctuation is more than a row of symbols\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>Marks, spacing and layout all guide reading\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>It is tempting to say that old Chinese texts were “unpunctuated” and leave the matter there. That description fits many transmitted pages, but not the whole history. Matthias Richter’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1163\u002F24689246-20230032\">broad account of punctuation in early manuscripts\u003C\u002Fa> treats graphic marks, spacing, layout and features of the script as related ways of organizing a text. A blank interval, a change of line or a small sign could separate units without resembling a modern comma or full stop.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>Early marks were selective, not a universal code\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Excavated bamboo and silk manuscripts preserve chapter signs, repetition signs and marks beside particular passages, but their use differs among objects and scribes. Rens Krijgsman’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.7817\u002Fjaos.143.1.2023.ar006\">study of two Tsinghua manuscripts\u003C\u002Fa> shows punctuation shaping sections, scenes and changes of speaker rather than marking every sentence mechanically. The safest conclusion is therefore neither “no punctuation” nor “the modern system already existed,” but that early textual producers used several selective and locally meaningful devices.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>\u003Cem>Judou\u003C\u002Fem>: learning where a text pauses\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>Sentence division was a reading skill\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>The term 句讀, usually read \u003Cem>jùdòu\u003C\u002Fem>, names the divisions and pauses through which a continuous classical text becomes readable. In Han Yu’s Tang-dynasty \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fctext.org\u002Fwiki.pl?chapter=959513&if=gb&remap=gb\">\u003Cem>Essay on the Teacher\u003C\u002Fem> 師說\u003C\u002Fa>, instruction in books and their \u003Cem>judou\u003C\u002Fem> appears as a basic task taught to children. The passage does not define one timeless set of printed signs. It shows that recognizing textual units was learned work, closely joined to recitation, syntax and explanation.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>A division can exist before it is printed\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>A teacher could voice a pause, a pupil could add a dot, and an editor could later print a circle—three material acts serving related but not identical purposes. Manuscripts from Dunhuang also preserve written and dry-point reading aids, discussed in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fbook\u002F6634\u002Fchapter-abstract\u002F150662539\">research on vernacular reading of Sinitic texts\u003C\u002Fa>. This helps explain why an apparently bare page was not necessarily read without structure: training, performance and annotation supplied divisions that the base text did not make explicit.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>The page itself does interpretive work\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>Columns, margins and small commentary create levels\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Traditional pages organize more than a string of characters. Main text, double-column glosses, headings, blank spaces and marginal notes can establish hierarchy before a reader adds any punctuation. A printed commentary may surround or follow a passage; a manuscript can use size or position to distinguish an insertion. Read this material evidence beside our guides to \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-thread-bound-books-folding-stitching-reading\">thread-bound books\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-prefaces-afterwords-xu-ba-books-texts-readers\">prefaces and postfaces\u003C\u002Fa>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>Woodblock printing preserved choices, not one standard\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Woodblock printing made it possible to reproduce circles, dots and commentarial layouts, yet many editions still carried little sentence punctuation. Others marked the canonical text but not its commentary, or used dots for several jobs. The block fixes the decisions of a particular edition; it does not prove that every reader or earlier witness divided the passage in the same way. Date, imprint, textual lineage and the relationship between main text and notes all matter.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>Circles and dots did not always mean “stop”\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>Sentence marks and appreciation marks must be separated\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>A circle beside a character may mark the end of a sentence, but circles and dots also became tools of \u003Cem>pingdian\u003C\u002Fem> 評點: criticism, emphasis and appreciative reading. Dense marks could praise a phrase, identify a structural turn or guide attention rather than specify grammar alone. The same simple geometry therefore carried different functions. Calling every red dot “punctuation” can erase the distinction between dividing syntax and responding to style.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>Commentators and readers made their judgment visible\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Editorial circles, marginal comments and interlinear glosses turn reading into a visible record. In literary anthologies and annotated fiction, a critic’s marks may become part of the edition’s authority; in a private copy, a later reader may add another layer. Compare the site’s guides to \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-anthologies-canon-transmission\">anthologies and canon formation\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-biji-brush-notes-notebooks-miscellanies\">the notebook tradition\u003C\u002Fa>. Neither printed nor handwritten marks should be attributed to the original author without evidence.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FBRTHl64zXIGFIvmjUt18.webp\" alt=\"Cool vertical conceptual photograph of a black metal composing tray filled with blank square type blocks, brass spacers, a red circular counter, an ivory wedge and a curved brass marker.\" loading=\"lazy\">\u003Cfigcaption>AI-generated conceptual still life. Blank type, a circle, a wedge and a hook evoke different kinds of textual division; they are modern studio props, not historical Chinese printing tools or documentary evidence.\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\u003Ch2>Every modern break is an editorial argument\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>Changing a boundary can change the grammar\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>When a source offers no fixed break, punctuation assigns relationships among verbs, subjects, quotations and clauses. Two grammatically possible divisions can yield different agents or emphases. The 1919 proposal for new punctuation even used competing divisions of older passages to argue that marks could prevent misunderstanding. A modern punctuated edition is thus valuable precisely because it makes an interpretation visible—not because its commas recover an author’s lost keystrokes.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>Comparison is safer than hunting for one self-evident answer\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Start with the exact characters in the witness, then compare commentaries and editions. Check whether a disputed word can begin a clause, end one, or introduce a quotation. Historical pronunciation, parallelism and genre may constrain the options. Our guide to \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-dictionaries-rhyme-books-erya-shuowen-qieyun-guangyun\">dictionaries and rhyme books\u003C\u002Fa> helps with older forms and readings, while \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-leishu-classified-books-excerpts-knowledge\">\u003Cem>leishu\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fa> can reveal how later compilers excerpted and resegmented a passage.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>From old reading marks to “new punctuation”\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>The modern change was gradual and collaborative\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Modern Chinese punctuation did not arrive in a single instant or from one inventor. Late Qing translators, educators, newspapers and publishers experimented with signs and layouts in contact with Japanese and European print. In the early Republic, language reform, vernacular writing and mass education made a more differentiated system especially attractive. Continuities remained: modern reformers knew the older circle-and-dot practices even as they argued those signs could not express every grammatical or rhetorical relation.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>The 1919 proposal named two different jobs\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>The revised \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fzh.wikisource.org\u002Fzh-hans\u002F%E8%AB%8B%E9%A0%92%E8%A1%8C%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%8F%E6%A8%99%E9%BB%9E%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E8%AD%B0%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%89\">Proposal to Promulgate New-Style Punctuation\u003C\u002Fa>, dated 29 November 1919 and issued by the Ministry of Education in February 1920, distinguished 點, signs that divide sentences and clauses, from 標, signs that label such things as questions, quotations, names and book titles. It proposed thirteen categories while retaining an appendix on old-style circles and dots. That document is a reform argument, not a neutral history, but it clearly records what its authors wanted the new system to do.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>How to read a punctuated classical text\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>Compare the facsimile, transcription and edited text\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Ask three separate questions. What marks and spacing are physically visible in the witness? Which characters has the editor transcribed or normalized? Where has the editor added modern punctuation? A photographic facsimile answers the first question but may be hard to decipher; a diplomatic transcription clarifies forms while preserving uncertainty; a reading edition supplies helpful divisions. Confusing those layers turns editorial decisions into imaginary features of the original object.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>Use a repeatable five-step test\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>First copy a short passage without its modern marks. Second identify names, grammatical particles and parallel phrases. Third propose more than one boundary where the syntax permits it. Fourth test each reading against a commentary, translation and another edition. Fifth record which marks are original, later annotations or your own. The method is slower than accepting the first edition, but it trains the same basic habit as \u003Cem>judou\u003C\u002Fem>: making divisions accountable to language and evidence.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>Punctuation remains a living convention\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>Present standards solve present publishing problems\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Contemporary mainland publishing follows the national standard \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.moe.gov.cn\u002Fewebeditor\u002Fuploadfile\u002F2015\u002F01\u002F13\u002F20150113091548267.pdf\">GB\u002FT 15834–2011, \u003Cem>General Rules for Punctuation\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fa>, while a modern reference grammar’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fbooks\u002Fabs\u002Freference-grammar-of-chinese\u002Fappendix-punctuation\u002F577DDD747DFA9BC1F2C183BDF52083B3\">punctuation appendix\u003C\u002Fa> lists the wider functional system used in current Chinese. These rules make education and publishing consistent. They should not be projected backward as a checklist by which an excavated manuscript or a Song edition either “succeeds” or “fails.”\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>Read the mark and the hand that placed it\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>A mark may belong to a scribe, teacher, critic, typesetter, modern editor or later reader. Identifying that layer is often more revealing than naming the symbol. The history of Chinese punctuation is therefore a history of reading made material: voices pausing, hands dividing, critics emphasizing and institutions standardizing. Continue with \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-primers-sanzijing-baijiaxing-qianziwen-literacy\">traditional primers\u003C\u002Fa>, where sentence division was taught, or return to the \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\">Chinese poetry and literature route\u003C\u002Fa>.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Ch2>标点不只是一排符号\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>符号、留白与版面都在引导阅读\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>把古代汉语文本一概说成“没有标点”很方便，却不足以概括全部历史。许多传世书页确实少见现代句号和逗号，但 Matthias Richter 对\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1163\u002F24689246-20230032\">早期写本标点的广义研究\u003C\u002Fa>指出，图形符号、字间空隙、版面安排与书写特征都可能组织文本。空出一段、另起一行或添一个小记号，即使不像今天的逗号，也能区分单元。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>早期符号有选择性，并非统一密码\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>出土简帛保留篇章号、重文号和写在特定段落旁的记号，但不同器物与书手用法并不一致。Rens Krijgsman 对\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.7817\u002Fjaos.143.1.2023.ar006\">两篇清华简叙事的研究\u003C\u002Fa>表明，符号会突出段落、场景与说话者转换，而不是机械地替每句收尾。因此，较稳妥的说法既不是“完全无标点”，也不是“现代体系早已存在”，而是早期制作者使用过多种有选择、依语境而定的组织办法。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>句读：学习文本在哪里停顿\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>断句本身是一项阅读能力\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>“句读”（通常读作 jùdòu）指把连贯古文分成句段与停顿。唐代韩愈\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fctext.org\u002Fwiki.pl?chapter=959513&if=gb&remap=gb\">《师说》\u003C\u002Fa>说童子之师“授之书而习其句读”，可见辨认文本单元属于基础学习。这段话并没有规定一套从古至今不变的印刷符号；它说明断句需要学习，并且同诵读、文法和讲解紧密相连。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>停顿可以先存在于声音和手写中\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>老师可以用声音停顿，学生可以添点，后来的编辑又能把圈点刻进书版；三种物质行为相关，却不完全相同。关于\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fbook\u002F6634\u002Fchapter-abstract\u002F150662539\">汉文在不同语言中训读的研究\u003C\u002Fa>还讨论了敦煌写本里的墨书与压痕阅读提示。这解释了为什么一页看似“白文”的书不一定毫无结构：训练、朗读和批注会补出正文没有明示的层次。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>版面本身也参与解释\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>行列、夹注与边栏建立文本层级\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>传统书页不只是字符长链。正文、双行小注、标题、空格和眉批，可以在任何现代标点出现之前就建立层级。注释可能包围正文或接在其后，写本也会以字形大小和位置区别补入文字。阅读这些物质证据时，可配合本站\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-thread-bound-books-folding-stitching-reading\">线装书导读\u003C\u002Fa>及\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-prefaces-afterwords-xu-ba-books-texts-readers\">序跋导读\u003C\u002Fa>。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>雕版固定的是一版选择，不是唯一标准\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>雕版可以复制圈、点和复杂注释版式，但很多版本仍少用句读；另一些只点正文，不点注文，或让同一种点承担几种工作。书版保存的是某个版本的编辑判断，不能证明所有读者或更早见本都用同样方式断句。年代、刊刻者、文本系统，以及正文与注文的关系，都应记录。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>圈与点不一定都表示“停”\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>句读符号与赏鉴圈点要分开\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>字旁的圈可能表示句末，但圈、点后来也广泛用于评点、强调与赏鉴。密圈可以赞赏佳句，点画可以提示结构转折或引导注意，并不只负责文法。同样简单的几何形状因此承担不同功能。若把所有朱点都叫作“标点”，就会抹去“分割句法”与“评价文辞”之间的重要区别。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>批评家与普通读者都把判断留在纸上\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>圈点、眉批与夹注把阅读变成可见记录。文学选本或评注小说中，批者的记号会成为版本权威的一部分；私人藏本里，后来的读者又可能添一层。可参看本站\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-anthologies-canon-transmission\">诗歌选本与经典形成\u003C\u002Fa>及\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-biji-brush-notes-notebooks-miscellanies\">笔记传统\u003C\u002Fa>。没有证据时，不应把印刷或手写圈点归给原作者。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FBRTHl64zXIGFIvmjUt18.webp\" alt=\"冷色竖幅概念照片：黑色金属排字盘中放着无字方形铅块、黄铜隔条、红色圆片、象牙色楔块与弯曲黄铜标记。\" loading=\"lazy\">\u003Cfigcaption>AI生成的概念静物。无字铅块、圆片、楔块和弯钩象征不同的文本分隔方式；它们是现代棚拍道具，并非中国古代印刷工具或历史证据。\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\u003Ch2>现代断句都是一种编辑论证\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>边界一变，文法也可能改变\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>原件没有固定断点时，标点就会安排动词、主语、引语与分句的关系。两种都合文法的断法，可能产生不同的行动者和重点。1919年的新式标点议案甚至列举古文的不同断法，借此说明标点可以减少误解。因此，现代标点本的价值正是在于把一种解释明确呈现出来，而不是因为逗号“复原”了作者遗失的按键。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>比较多种读法，比寻找“天然答案”可靠\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>先确认底本实际有哪些字，再比较注本与其他版本。检查争议字能否起句、结句或引出引语；历史读音、对偶和文类也会限制选项。遇到古字古音，可查本站\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-dictionaries-rhyme-books-erya-shuowen-qieyun-guangyun\">字书与韵书导读\u003C\u002Fa>；若想知道后世如何摘录、重分段落，可再看\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-leishu-classified-books-excerpts-knowledge\">类书导读\u003C\u002Fa>。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>从旧式点句到“新式标点”\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>现代转变是渐进而协作的过程\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>现代汉语标点不是在某一天由一个人单独发明。晚清翻译家、教育者、报刊和出版社在接触日文及欧美印刷时，持续试验符号与版式。进入民国，国语改革、白话写作与普及教育，使功能更细的体系格外迫切。转变中也保留了连续性：改革者知道旧有圈点，却认为它不足以表达各种文法和语气关系。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>1919年议案把两种任务分开\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fzh.wikisource.org\u002Fzh-hans\u002F%E8%AB%8B%E9%A0%92%E8%A1%8C%E6%96%B0%E5%BC%8F%E6%A8%99%E9%BB%9E%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E8%AD%B0%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88%EF%BC%89\">《请颁行新式标点符号议案（修正案）》\u003C\u002Fa>成于1919年11月29日，并由教育部在1920年2月训令公布。它把用来点断句与分句的“点”，同标明疑问、引语、人名和书名等性质的“标”分开，共列十三类，又附旧式圈点用法。这是一份带立场的改革文件，并非中性的古代史，却清楚记录了起草者希望新体系完成什么工作。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>怎样阅读已经标点的古文\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>把影印、录文与整理本分成三层\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>分别追问三件事：原件上实际可见哪些记号和空隙？编辑转录或规范了哪些字形？现代标点又加在哪里？影印本最能回答第一问，却可能难认；保留原貌的录文澄清字形而不消除疑点；通行整理本则提供方便的断句。混淆三层，会把编辑判断误当作原物本来就有的特征。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>用五步法检验一个短段\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>第一，去掉现代标点抄出短文；第二，找出人名、虚词和对偶结构；第三，在文法允许处提出不止一种边界；第四，用注释、译文和另一版本检验；第五，注明哪些符号属于原件、后人批注或自己。这个方法比直接接受第一种整理本慢，却训练了与“句读”相通的习惯：每个分段都要对语言和证据负责。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>标点仍是一套活的约定\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>今天的标准解决今天的出版问题\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>当代中国大陆出版采用国家标准\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.moe.gov.cn\u002Fewebeditor\u002Fuploadfile\u002F2015\u002F01\u002F13\u002F20150113091548267.pdf\">GB\u002FT 15834—2011《标点符号用法》\u003C\u002Fa>，现代汉语参考语法的\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fbooks\u002Fabs\u002Freference-grammar-of-chinese\u002Fappendix-punctuation\u002F577DDD747DFA9BC1F2C183BDF52083B3\">标点附录\u003C\u002Fa>也展示了现行体系的多种功能。这些规则使教育和出版更一致，却不应倒推成检验出土简牍或宋版书“合格与否”的清单。历史材料要放回自己的书写、阅读与生产环境。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>既看符号，也看是谁留下它\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>一个记号可能出自书手、老师、批评家、排字工、现代整理者或更晚的读者。辨认它属于哪一层，往往比单说符号名称更重要。中国标点史因此也是“阅读如何物质化”的历史：声音在停顿，手在分段，批家在强调，机构在制定规范。可继续阅读本站\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-primers-sanzijing-baijiaxing-qianziwen-literacy\">传统蒙学读物\u003C\u002Fa>，或返回\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\">中国诗词与文学路径\u003C\u002Fa>。\u003C\u002Fp>","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FIKuGQ52rHOtpRIsdyqE1.webp",1672,941,{"en":5128,"zh":5129},"Warm conceptual photograph of an anonymous scholar comparing two abstract facsimile sheets beside clear guide strips with red dots in a modern reading room.","暖色概念照片：现代阅览室中，一位不具名研究者比较两张抽象影印页，旁边透明导尺上带有红点。",{"caption":5131,"creator":5132,"source_url":5133,"license_label":5134,"license_url":5135,"changes":5136},"AI-generated contemporary reading-room scene; not a historical manuscript, person, place or event.","OpenAI","https:\u002F\u002Fopenai.com\u002F","AI-generated image","https:\u002F\u002Fopenai.com\u002Fpolicies\u002Fterms-of-use\u002F","Generated for this article; converted to WebP without compositing.",{"en":5128,"zh":5129},"banner","list",{"en":5141,"zh":5142},"Chinese Punctuation: Judou, Reading Marks and Modern Editions","中国古籍标点：句读、圈点与现代整理本",{"en":5144,"zh":5145},"Learn how Chinese manuscripts, judou, circles, commentary and modern punctuation shape the reading of classical texts.","了解写本记号、句读、圈点、注释与现代标点如何共同塑造中国古籍的阅读与解释。",[]]