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la lecture",{"to":479,"label":480},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-shihua-poetry-talks-notes-anecdotes-criticism","Lire les shihua chinois : critique, notes et anecdotes sur la poésie",{"to":482,"label":483},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-prefaces-afterwords-xu-ba-books-texts-readers","Lire les préfaces et postfaces chinoises : comment les livres encadrent textes et lecteurs",{"to":485,"label":486},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-biji-brush-notes-notebooks-miscellanies","Lire les biji chinois : comment des fragments deviennent savoir et littérature",{"to":488,"label":489},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-leishu-classified-books-excerpts-knowledge","Lire les leishu chinois : comment le savoir fut extrait et classé",{"to":491,"label":492},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-dictionaries-rhyme-books-erya-shuowen-qieyun-guangyun","Dictionnaires et livres de rimes chinois : classer les caractères, les sens et les sons",{"to":494,"label":495},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-primers-sanzijing-baijiaxing-qianziwen-literacy","Manuels élémentaires chinois : lire les Trois caractères, les Cent Noms et les Mille caractères",{"to":497,"label":498},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-texts-punctuation-reading-marks-sentence-division-modern-editions","Comment ponctuer les textes chinois : marques de lecture, découpage et éditions modernes",{"to":500,"label":501},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-letters-chidu-writing-address-correspondence-calligraphy","Les lettres chinoises (chidu) : formes, adresses et postérité de la correspondance",{"to":503,"label":504},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-travel-writing-youji-routes-witness-making-place","Les récits de voyage chinois (youji) : itinéraires, témoignage et construction des lieux",{"to":506,"label":507},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-individual-collected-works-bieji-authors-editors-transmission","Les recueils individuels chinois (bieji) : comment les écrits d’un auteur deviennent un livre",{"to":509,"label":510},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-guwen-pianwen-ancient-style-parallel-prose-rhythm-argument","Guwen et pianwen : deux manières de façonner la prose chinoise classique",{"to":512,"label":513},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-eight-legged-essay-baguwen-examination-classics-composition","L’essai en huit parties (baguwen) : comment une forme d’examen organisait la pensée classique",{"to":515,"label":516},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-examination-compounds-gongyuan-cells-candidate-experience","Les complexes d’examen chinois (gongyuan) : comment l’espace façonnait l’expérience des candidats",{"to":518,"label":519},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-academies-shuyuan-books-teaching-ritual-landscape","Les académies chinoises (shuyuan) : livres, enseignement et rites d’un lieu savant",{"to":521,"label":522},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-private-libraries-cangshulou-collectors-catalogues-transmission","Les bibliothèques privées chinoises (cangshulou) : comment les collectionneurs ont prolongé la vie des livres",{"to":524,"label":525},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bookshops-book-markets-publishers-routes-readers","Librairies et marchés du livre en Chine : comment les livres devinrent marchandises, routes et rencontres",{"to":527,"label":528},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-illustrated-books-woodblock-images-page-design-reading","Livres chinois illustrés : comment l’image gravée façonnait la page",{"to":530,"label":531},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bibliographies-mulu-catalogues-classification-books-knowledge","Bibliographies chinoises (mulu) : comment les catalogues classaient livres et savoirs",{"to":533,"label":534},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-textual-collation-jiaokan-variant-readings-witnesses-editions","La collation des textes chinois (jiaokan) : lire variantes et témoins",{"to":536,"label":537},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-commentaries-subcommentaries-zhu-jian-shu-layered-reading","Commentaires et sous-commentaires chinois : quand les notes façonnent le texte",{"to":539,"label":540},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-marginalia-meipi-pangpi-pijiao-reading-history","Les marginalia dans les livres chinois : comment les lecteurs répondaient au texte",{"to":542,"label":543},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-ownership-seals-cangshuyin-provenance-impressions","Les sceaux de possession dans les livres chinois : lire la provenance en rouge",{"to":545,"label":546},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-paper-fibres-sizing-repairs-dating-evidence","Le papier dans les livres chinois : fibres, encollage, réparations et limites de datation",{"to":548,"label":549},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-page-layout-frames-columns-fishtails-centre-fold","Lire la page du livre chinois : cadres, colonnes, queues-de-poisson et pli central",{"to":551,"label":552},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-printers-marks-paiji-kanji-publishing-claims","Marques d’édition dans les livres chinois : lire paiji, kanji et mentions de publication",{"to":554,"label":555},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-movable-type-printing-clay-wood-metal-reuse","Les caractères mobiles dans l’histoire du livre chinois : argile, bois, métal et réemploi",{"to":557,"label":558},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-woodblock-printing-workflow-writing-carving-inking-impressions","Comment fonctionnait l’impression xylographique chinoise : écriture, gravure, encrage et tirage",{"to":560,"label":561},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-woodblock-lifecycle-storage-repair-recutting-later-impressions","Après le premier tirage : stockage, réparation et réemploi des planches chinoises",{"to":563,"label":564},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fwho-paid-chinese-book-printing-patronage-profit-donors-funding","Qui payait l’impression ? Mécénat, commerce et financement collectif dans l’histoire du livre chinois",{"to":566,"label":567},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-readers-got-books-imperial-china-buying-borrowing-gifts-copying","Comment les lecteurs se procuraient des livres en Chine impériale : achat, emprunt, don et copie",{"to":569,"label":570},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-classical-chinese-poetry-was-heard-recitation-chanting-historical-sound","Comment la poésie classique chinoise était entendue : récitation, cantillation et son historique",{"to":572,"label":573},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-social-exchange-gifts-farewells-replies-rhyme-matching","La poésie comme échange social : dons, adieux, réponses et reprises de rimes en Chine",{"to":575,"label":576},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-gatherings-themes-rhyme-lots-linked-composition","Comment se déroulaient les réunions poétiques chinoises : thèmes, rimes et composition liée",{"to":578,"label":579},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-revision-drafts-variants-editorial-layers","Comment les poèmes chinois ont changé : brouillons, variantes et couches éditoriales",{"to":581,"label":582},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-attribution-anonymity-disputed-authorship","Qui a écrit ce poème ? Attribution, anonymat et débats d’auteur dans la poésie chinoise",{"to":104,"label":105,"children":584},[585,588,591,594,597,600,603,606,609,612,615,618,621,624,627,630,633],{"to":586,"label":587},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Forigins-history-of-calligraphy","Origines et histoire de la calligraphie chinoise",{"to":589,"label":590},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fthe-five-script-styles","Les cinq grandes écritures de la calligraphie chinoise",{"to":592,"label":593},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fcalligraphy-as-taoist-cultivation","Calligraphie et culture de soi taoïste : texte, attention et pratique",{"to":595,"label":596},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Ffour-treasures-of-the-study","Les Quatre Trésors du lettré : choisir et utiliser le matériel de calligraphie",{"to":598,"label":599},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fbrush-technique-living-line","Le pinceau en calligraphie chinoise : observer et pratiquer la ligne vivante",{"to":601,"label":602},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fgreat-masters-further-reading","Maîtres de la calligraphie chinoise et parcours de lecture",{"to":604,"label":605},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-seals-and-seal-carving","Sceaux chinois et gravure sigillaire : écriture, matrice et empreinte",{"to":607,"label":608},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-ink-rubbings","Les estampages chinois : pierre, papier et transmission de la calligraphie",{"to":610,"label":611},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-inkstones","Pierres à encre chinoises : matière, sculpture et cabinet du lettré",{"to":613,"label":614},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-inksticks","Bâtons d’encre chinois : suie, moules et cabinet du lettré",{"to":616,"label":617},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-calligraphy-paper","Papier chinois de calligraphie : xuan, encollage et vie d’une feuille",{"to":619,"label":620},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-calligraphy-brushes","Pinceaux chinois de calligraphie : poils, manche et pointe de travail",{"to":622,"label":623},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-rests","Repose-pinceaux chinois : montagnes, matières et table du lettré",{"to":625,"label":626},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-water-droppers-scholars-desk","Les compte-gouttes chinois : débit, formes et table du lettré",{"to":628,"label":629},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-pots-materials-scholars-desk","Les pots à pinceaux chinois : usage, matières et table du lettré",{"to":631,"label":632},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-washers-water-form-scholars-desk","Les lave-pinceaux chinois : eau, formes et table du lettré",{"to":634,"label":635},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-paperweights-form-material-scholars-desk","Presse-papiers chinois : formes, matières et table du lettré",{"to":108,"label":109,"children":637},[638,641,644,647,650,653,656,659,662,665,668,671,674,677,680,683,686,689,692,695,698,701,704,707,710,713,716,719,722,725,728,731,734,737,740,743,746,749,752],{"to":639,"label":640},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-meditation-taoist-practice","Thé, méditation et pratique taoïste",{"to":642,"label":643},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Forigins-history-of-tea-culture","Origines et histoire de la culture chinoise du thé",{"to":645,"label":646},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fthe-way-of-tea","La voie du thé : attention, soin et hospitalité",{"to":648,"label":649},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftypes-of-tea-and-character","Les six familles de thé chinois : fabrication et dégustation",{"to":651,"label":652},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Futensils-and-gongfu-method","Thé gongfu : ustensiles et méthode adaptable",{"to":654,"label":655},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Apprendre le thé chinois : lectures et pratique",{"to":657,"label":658},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwater-for-chinese-tea","L’eau pour le thé chinois : sources, minéraux et méthode de comparaison",{"to":660,"label":661},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teaware-clay-glaze-form","Les ustensiles chinois du thé : terre, porcelaine, glaçure et usage",{"to":663,"label":664},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-tea-caddies","Boîtes à thé chinoises : conservation, matières et circulation des feuilles",{"to":666,"label":667},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fsong-whisked-tea-powder-bowls-foam","Le thé fouetté sous les Song : poudre, bols et écume",{"to":669,"label":670},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fyixing-teapots-clay-form-makers-marks","Théières de Yixing : argile, forme et lecture des marques",{"to":672,"label":673},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fcompressed-tea-cakes-bricks-trade-storage-object-reading","Thé compressé en Chine : galettes, briques et méthode de lecture",{"to":675,"label":676},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-horse-trade-networks-routes-markets-cultural-exchange","Les réseaux du thé et des chevaux : routes, marchés et échanges culturels",{"to":678,"label":679},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-landscapes-china-gardens-forests-terraces-living-knowledge","Paysages du thé en Chine : jardins, forêts anciennes, terrasses et savoirs vivants",{"to":681,"label":682},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fpicking-tea-china-seasons-bud-leaf-standards-skilled-labour","La cueillette du thé en Chine : saisons, jeunes pousses et savoir-faire",{"to":684,"label":685},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwithering-tea-leaves-water-loss-time-first-transformation","Le flétrissage du thé : perte d’eau, temps et première transformation",{"to":687,"label":688},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffixing-tea-leaves-shaqing-heat-enzymes-turning-point","La fixation des feuilles de thé (shāqīng) : chaleur, enzymes et tournant de la fabrication chinoise",{"to":690,"label":691},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Frolling-tea-leaves-rounian-pressure-shape-cell-disruption","Le roulage des feuilles de thé (róuniǎn) : pression, forme et rupture cellulaire maîtrisée",{"to":693,"label":694},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdrying-tea-leaves-moisture-heat-stability-finished-tea","Le séchage des feuilles de thé : humidité, chaleur et stabilité du thé fini",{"to":696,"label":697},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fsorting-grading-tea-leaf-size-shape-grade-meaning","Tri et classement du thé : taille, forme et sens réel d’un grade",{"to":699,"label":700},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-blending-batch-construction-consistency-style-transparency","Assemblage du thé et construction des lots : constance, style et transparence",{"to":702,"label":703},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-oxidation-post-fermentation-enzymes-microbes-terms","Oxydation et post-fermentation du thé : enzymes, microbes et termes trompeurs",{"to":705,"label":706},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fyellow-tea-menhuang-moist-heat-time-tea-family","Le thé jaune et le menhuang : chaleur humide, temps et formation d’une famille de thé",{"to":708,"label":709},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Frefiring-roasting-tea-later-heat-aroma-finished-leaf","Réchauffage et torréfaction du thé : chaleur tardive, arômes et différence avec le séchage",{"to":711,"label":712},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fjasmine-tea-scenting-flowers-repeated-rounds-aroma-transfer","Thé au jasmin et parfumage : fleurs, cycles répétés et transfert des arômes",{"to":714,"label":715},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-sensory-evaluation-appearance-aroma-taste-score-limits","Évaluation sensorielle du thé : aspect, arômes, goût et limites d’une note",{"to":717,"label":718},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdoucha-song-tea-contests-whisked-tea-jian-bowls-modern-judging","Doucha : concours de thé sous les Song et limites des reconstitutions modernes",{"to":720,"label":721},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fbeiyuan-tribute-tea-song-court-labour-imperial-label","Le thé tribut de Beiyuan : goût de cour sous les Song, travail qualifié et limites de l’étiquette « impériale »",{"to":723,"label":724},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Freading-chinese-tea-classics-authorship-editions-recipe-limits","Lire les classiques chinois du thé : auteurs, éditions et limites d’une lecture en « recette »",{"to":726,"label":727},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-poetry-social-worlds-metaphor-historical-evidence","Le thé dans la poésie chinoise : sociabilités, métaphores et limites du témoignage littéraire",{"to":729,"label":730},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teahouses-commerce-conversation-performance-urban-publics","Les maisons de thé chinoises : commerce, conversation, spectacle et publics urbains en mutation",{"to":732,"label":733},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-painting-objects-social-worlds-visual-evidence","Le thé dans la peinture chinoise : objets, mondes sociaux et limites du témoignage visuel",{"to":735,"label":736},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-dream-of-the-red-chamber-hospitality-rank-labour-fiction","Le thé dans Le Rêve dans le pavillon rouge : hospitalité, rang, travail et fiction",{"to":738,"label":739},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-travel-writing-roads-hospitality-regional-evidence","Le thé dans les récits de voyage chinois : routes, hospitalité et limites de l’itinéraire",{"to":741,"label":742},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-letters-gifts-visits-friendship-private-writing","Le thé dans les lettres chinoises : dons, visites, amitié et limites d’une écriture « privée »",{"to":744,"label":745},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-tax-monopoly-imperial-china-fiscal-records-daily-life","Thé, fiscalité et monopole dans la Chine impériale : lire les archives sans confondre recettes et vie quotidienne",{"to":747,"label":748},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-local-gazetteers-place-production-local-knowledge","Le thé dans les monographies locales chinoises : lieux, production et limites du savoir local",{"to":750,"label":751},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-materia-medica-names-preparations-medical-claims","Le thé dans les matières médicales chinoises : noms, préparations et limites des assertions médicales",{"to":753,"label":754},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-buddhist-monastic-rules-ceremony-office-origin-stories","Le thé dans les règles monastiques bouddhiques chinoises : cérémonies, charges et limites des récits d’origine",{"to":112,"label":113,"children":756},[757,760,763,766,769,772,775,778,781,784,787,790],{"to":758,"label":759},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Forigins-history-of-the-guqin","Histoire du guqin : objets, textes et transmission musicale",{"to":761,"label":762},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fanatomy-of-the-guqin","Comment fonctionne le guqin : cordes, caisse et sonorités",{"to":764,"label":765},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fplaying-technique-and-notation","Jouer du guqin : gestes, tablature et interprétation",{"to":767,"label":768},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Ffamous-melodies-and-stories","Mélodies du guqin : récits, versions et pistes d’écoute",{"to":770,"label":771},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-as-taoist-cultivation","Guqin et cultivation taoïste : écoute, pratique et limites",{"to":773,"label":774},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Ffurther-listening-and-study","Apprendre le guqin : écouter, s’informer et choisir un professeur",{"to":776,"label":777},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-tables-playing-spaces","Tables de guqin et espaces de jeu : support, posture et écoute",{"to":779,"label":780},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fhow-to-read-guqin-handbook-tablature-editions-dapu","Lire un manuel de guqin : tablature, éditions et dapu",{"to":782,"label":783},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Freading-guqin-lacquer-layers-crack-patterns-repair","Lire la laque du guqin : couches, craquelures et réparations",{"to":785,"label":786},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Freading-guqin-inscriptions-seals-names-dates-provenance","Lire les inscriptions et sceaux du guqin : noms, dates et provenance",{"to":788,"label":789},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-forms-zhongni-banana-leaf-shapes","Formes du guqin : comprendre les modèles Zhongni, feuille de bananier et autres silhouettes",{"to":791,"label":792},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-strings-silk-modern-composites-playing","Cordes du guqin : soie, composites modernes et effets du matériau sur le jeu",{"to":116,"label":117,"children":794},[795,798,801,804,807,810,813,816,819,822,825,828,831,834,837],{"to":796,"label":797},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Forigins-history-of-chinese-painting","Origines et histoire de la peinture chinoise : œuvres, cours et communautés",{"to":799,"label":800},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fart-of-ink-and-brush","Encre et pinceau dans la peinture chinoise : matières, eau et traces",{"to":802,"label":803},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Flandscape-painting-shanshui","Shanshui : comment regarder la peinture de paysage chinoise",{"to":805,"label":806},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fbirds-flowers-four-gentlemen","Oiseaux, fleurs et Quatre Gentilshommes dans la peinture chinoise",{"to":808,"label":809},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fpainting-as-taoist-cultivation","Peinture et cultivation taoïste : images, idées et pratique",{"to":811,"label":812},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fgreat-masters-further-study","Maîtres de la peinture chinoise : un parcours guidé",{"to":814,"label":815},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-handscroll","Comment lire un rouleau horizontal chinois : séquence, colophons et sceaux",{"to":817,"label":818},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-fan-painting","La peinture chinoise sur éventail : forme, pinceau et art du petit format",{"to":820,"label":821},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-painting-album","Comment lire un album de peinture chinoise : feuillets, séquence et regard intime",{"to":823,"label":824},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-scholars-rocks","Pierres de lettrés chinoises : matière, présentation et paysages imaginés",{"to":826,"label":827},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-hanging-scroll","Comment lire un rouleau vertical chinois : espace, montage et présentation",{"to":829,"label":830},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-screens-space-painting","Écrans chinois : espace, image et art du pli",{"to":832,"label":833},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fmounting-chinese-painting","Le montage des peintures chinoises : bordures de soie, papiers de doublage et vie du rouleau",{"to":835,"label":836},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-portrait-painting-likeness-role-ancestral-memory","Le portrait chinois : ressemblance, rôle social et mémoire ancestrale",{"to":838,"label":839},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fthree-distances-chinese-landscape-painting","Les trois distances dans la peinture de paysage chinoise : hauteur, profondeur et horizon",{"to":120,"label":121,"children":841},[842,845,848,851,854,857,860,863,866],{"to":843,"label":844},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Forigins-history-of-incense-culture","Origines et histoire de la culture chinoise de l’encens",{"to":846,"label":847},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Faromatic-materials-fragrant-woods","Matières aromatiques : bois, résines et approvisionnement responsable",{"to":849,"label":850},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fforms-and-art-of-appreciation","Formes d’encens et art de l’appréciation",{"to":852,"label":853},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fincense-in-ritual-and-temple-life","L’encens dans les rites taoïstes et la vie des temples",{"to":855,"label":856},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fincense-meditation-taoist-practice","Encens, méditation et pratique taoïste",{"to":858,"label":859},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Apprendre la culture chinoise de l’encens : lectures et pratique",{"to":861,"label":862},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-burners","Brûle-parfums chinois : bronze, céramique, formes et contextes",{"to":864,"label":865},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-seals-fragrant-time","Les sceaux d’encens chinois : cendre, motifs et temps parfumé",{"to":867,"label":868},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-sets-burner-box-vase-tools","Ensembles chinois pour l’encens : brûle-parfum, boîte, vase et outils",{"to":123,"label":124,"children":870},[871,874,877,880,883,886,889],{"to":872,"label":873},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Forigins-history-of-floral-art","Histoire de l’art floral chinois : objets, images et voix",{"to":875,"label":876},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fprinciples-of-flower-arrangement","Composition florale chinoise : lignes, équilibre et regard",{"to":878,"label":879},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fvessels-tools-and-composition","Choisir récipients et outils : formes, soutien et entretien",{"to":881,"label":882},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fseasonal-flowers-and-symbolism","Fleurs de saison et symboles : lire le contexte",{"to":884,"label":885},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fflower-arrangement-as-cultivation","L’arrangement floral comme pratique : attention, changement et limites",{"to":887,"label":888},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Pour aller plus loin : sources, musées et premier mois de pratique",{"to":890,"label":891},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fchinese-flower-baskets-weaving-painting-vessels","Les paniers de fleurs chinois : tressage, peinture et récipient",[],[],{"data":895},[896,929,946,964,981,997,1013,1028,1046,1063,1080],{"id":30,"uuid":897,"slug":898,"available_locales":899,"name":903,"description":905,"body":907,"path":909,"images":910,"image_urls":915,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":921,"seo_description":923,"sort_order":924,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":927,"updated_at":928},"f1a30881-20c6-407b-b546-669e839a178a","feng-shui-learning",[900,901,902],"en","zh","fr",{"fr":904},"Étudier le feng shui",{"fr":906},"Comprendre les traditions d’orientation, de formes et d’aménagement dans leur contexte historique, avec les limites des interprétations prédictives.",{"fr":908},"\u003Cp>Le feng shui s’intéresse traditionnellement aux reliefs, à l’eau, aux bâtiments et à leur orientation dans un cadre cosmologique. Ses écoles et ses textes sont variés. Il ne se réduit pas à des règles de décoration et ne constitue pas une méthode prouvée pour garantir richesse, santé ou relations harmonieuses.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Les cours expliquent le vocabulaire, les différences entre écoles et leurs contextes historiques. Ils invitent à examiner avec discernement les usages contemporains. Les décisions immobilières et financières demandent des informations concrètes et, selon leur nature, un conseil professionnel.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Ffeng-shui-learning",[911,912,913,914],"wudang\u002Fevents\u002FYpvXV9T4BG3YVD0NQ150.webp","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FfhZyCVAEQXsL76XmGdVp.webp","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FAt5a8W2EGZ9IhDUbI4f3.avif","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FBKPjfYeMNJ617LWJ7tgv.avif",[916,917,918,919],"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FYpvXV9T4BG3YVD0NQ150.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FfhZyCVAEQXsL76XmGdVp.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FAt5a8W2EGZ9IhDUbI4f3.avif","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FBKPjfYeMNJ617LWJ7tgv.avif",null,{"fr":922},"Étudier le feng shui : cours et ateliers",{"fr":906},0,true,"active","2026-07-13T05:17:57.000000Z","2026-09-25T03:51:12.000000Z",{"id":47,"uuid":930,"slug":931,"available_locales":932,"name":933,"description":935,"body":937,"path":939,"images":940,"image_urls":941,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":942,"seo_description":944,"sort_order":924,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":945,"updated_at":928},"c85bf6cc-b84e-4c36-bbd7-9e92b53bbe50","internal-arts-wellness",[900,901,902],{"fr":934},"Arts internes et bien-être",{"fr":936},"Cours, ateliers et séjours de tai-chi, qigong et baduanjin, avec un travail progressif du mouvement et de la respiration.",{"fr":938},"\u003Cp>Découvrez des cours et des ateliers en petit groupe consacrés aux arts internes, aux postures, à la respiration et à leurs fondements culturels.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Chaque programme précise l’enseignant, les dates, le niveau attendu et les modalités d’inscription. Consultez la fiche de l’activité pour choisir un cadre adapté à votre expérience.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Finternal-arts-wellness",[],[],{"fr":943},"Arts internes et bien-être : cours et ateliers",{"fr":936},"2026-08-16T19:23:45.000000Z",{"id":947,"uuid":948,"slug":949,"available_locales":950,"name":951,"description":953,"body":955,"path":957,"images":958,"image_urls":959,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":960,"seo_description":962,"sort_order":924,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":963,"updated_at":928},10,"884ed965-8c72-49e2-acee-0fc2f7aec70a","face-reading-learning",[900,901,902],{"fr":952},"Étudier la lecture du visage",{"fr":954},"Découvrir la lecture chinoise du visage, son cadre classique, son histoire et ses usages, en distinguant tradition et prédiction démontrée.",{"fr":956},"","\u002Fevents\u002Fface-reading-learning",[],[],{"fr":961},"Étudier la lecture du visage : cours et ateliers",{"fr":954},"2026-08-30T17:01:43.000000Z",{"id":965,"uuid":966,"slug":967,"available_locales":968,"name":969,"description":971,"body":973,"path":975,"images":976,"image_urls":977,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":978,"seo_description":980,"sort_order":30,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":927,"updated_at":928},2,"8792a80b-d0c8-4ef9-9634-5cb91827932b","zi-wei-dou-shu-learning",[900,901,902],{"fr":970},"Étudier le Zi Wei Dou Shu",{"fr":972},"Aborder le Zi Wei Dou Shu comme un système traditionnel chinois d’interprétation, avec son vocabulaire, son histoire et ses limites.",{"fr":974},"\u003Cp>Le Zi Wei Dou Shu (紫微斗數) organise les informations de naissance à travers des palais, des étoiles et leurs relations. Il possède un vocabulaire technique étendu et plusieurs traditions d’interprétation. Ses affirmations prédictives ne sont pas établies par les connaissances scientifiques modernes.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Les cours expliquent la structure des thèmes, la lecture des symboles et les différences entre praticiens anciens et contemporains. L’objectif est la compréhension culturelle et une réflexion méthodique, sans certitude sur l’avenir. Une lecture ne remplace aucun avis médical, juridique, financier, professionnel ou psychologique.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu-learning",[],[],{"fr":979},"Étudier le Zi Wei Dou Shu : cours et ateliers",{"fr":972},{"id":191,"uuid":982,"slug":983,"available_locales":984,"name":985,"description":987,"body":989,"path":990,"images":991,"image_urls":992,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":993,"seo_description":995,"sort_order":30,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":996,"updated_at":928},"09958025-4f1d-40e6-ae1c-8b1517ac824e","tea-arts",[900,901,902],{"fr":986},"Arts du thé",{"fr":988},"Cours et ateliers de thé chinois : familles de thé, infusion, gestes d’accueil et attention partagée autour d’une table.",{"fr":956},"\u002Fevents\u002Ftea-arts",[],[],{"fr":994},"Arts du thé : cours et ateliers",{"fr":988},"2026-08-16T17:13:57.000000Z",{"id":187,"uuid":998,"slug":999,"available_locales":1000,"name":1001,"description":1003,"body":1005,"path":1007,"images":1008,"image_urls":1009,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":1010,"seo_description":1012,"sort_order":965,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":927,"updated_at":928},"e52a261e-348a-4b8a-bd51-43f4e6b1d861","ba-zi-learning",[900,901,902],{"fr":1002},"Étudier le Ba Zi",{"fr":1004},"Découvrir les quatre piliers, les troncs célestes, les branches terrestres et les cinq phases, avec leur histoire et leurs limites.",{"fr":1006},"\u003Cp>Le Ba Zi (八字) interprète l’année, le mois, le jour et l’heure à travers les troncs célestes, les branches terrestres, le yin-yang et les cinq phases. Il occupe une place importante dans la métaphysique chinoise ; il ne constitue pas une science empirique.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Les cours présentent la structure des thèmes, le vocabulaire et différentes traditions de lecture. Ils distinguent les interprétations héritées de la tradition des connaissances étayées par des preuves. Une lecture peut nourrir la réflexion, mais ne garantit pas un résultat, ne pose aucun diagnostic et ne remplace pas un avis professionnel.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fba-zi-learning",[],[],{"fr":1011},"Étudier le Ba Zi : cours et ateliers",{"fr":1004},{"id":54,"uuid":1014,"slug":1015,"available_locales":1016,"name":1017,"description":1019,"body":1021,"path":1022,"images":1023,"image_urls":1024,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":1025,"seo_description":1027,"sort_order":965,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":996,"updated_at":928},"76718b8e-3137-42fc-a257-c9e318b3e364","incense-culture",[900,901,902],{"fr":1018},"Culture de l’encens",{"fr":1020},"Découvrir les matières parfumées, la fabrication traditionnelle et l’art d’apprécier l’encens dans une attention calme.",{"fr":956},"\u002Fevents\u002Fincense-culture",[],[],{"fr":1026},"Culture de l’encens : cours et ateliers",{"fr":1020},{"id":1029,"uuid":1030,"slug":1031,"available_locales":1032,"name":1033,"description":1035,"body":1037,"path":1039,"images":1040,"image_urls":1041,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":1042,"seo_description":1044,"sort_order":965,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":1045,"updated_at":928},11,"c39cc557-40eb-4266-9736-7fb84891d407","i-ching-learning",[900,901,902],{"fr":1034},"Étudier le Yi Jing",{"fr":1036},"Explorer les hexagrammes, les méthodes traditionnelles d’interprétation et l’histoire du Yi Jing, avec un cadre et des limites explicites.",{"fr":1038},"\u003Cp>Le Yi Jing (易经), ou Livre des mutations, est un classique chinois organisé autour de soixante-quatre hexagrammes et d’une longue tradition de commentaires et de divination. Il a marqué la philosophie et la cosmologie chinoises. Ses affirmations divinatoires ne sont pas établies par les sciences empiriques modernes.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Les cours présentent les structures, les termes et des méthodes traditionnelles comme le Liu Yao. Ils distinguent l’étude culturelle des connaissances fondées sur des preuves. Les interprétations peuvent servir à réfléchir ; elles ne sont ni des garanties, ni des diagnostics, ni des substituts à un avis professionnel.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fi-ching-learning",[],[],{"fr":1043},"Étudier le Yi Jing : cours et ateliers",{"fr":1036},"2026-09-08T00:15:35.000000Z",{"id":17,"uuid":1047,"slug":1048,"available_locales":1049,"name":1050,"description":1052,"body":1054,"path":1056,"images":1057,"image_urls":1058,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":1059,"seo_description":1061,"sort_order":187,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":1062,"updated_at":928},"ee2330c6-5a3e-4ac2-a2d1-1a0dc110c58c","traditional-arts-crafts",[900,901,902],{"fr":1051},"Arts et artisanat traditionnels",{"fr":1053},"Des ateliers pratiques pour découvrir les techniques décoratives chinoises et leur contexte culturel en réalisant un objet.",{"fr":1055},"\u003Cp>Découvrez les arts décoratifs et les traditions artisanales chinoises par la pratique. Selon les ateliers, les projets peuvent faire appel à la feuille d’or, à l’émail cloisonné, à la nacre ou au brocart Song.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Ces séances accessibles présentent les matériaux, les gestes et leur contexte culturel. Chaque participant est accompagné dans la réalisation de sa propre pièce.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Ftraditional-arts-crafts",[],[],{"fr":1060},"Arts et artisanat traditionnels : cours et ateliers",{"fr":1053},"2026-08-16T19:24:04.000000Z",{"id":164,"uuid":1064,"slug":1065,"available_locales":1066,"name":1067,"description":1069,"body":1071,"path":1073,"images":1074,"image_urls":1075,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":1076,"seo_description":1078,"sort_order":191,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":1079,"updated_at":928},"824f78c1-1181-4983-bae5-77e7cdbbbc1d","wudang-community",[900,901,902],{"fr":1068},"Rencontres autour de Wudang",{"fr":1070},"Conférences, diffusions et rencontres pour partager la culture de Wudang, ses savoirs et ses pratiques vivantes.",{"fr":1072},"\u003Cp>Cette rubrique réunit des conférences publiques, des diffusions en direct, des rencontres et des activités culturelles liées à Wudang.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Ces programmes permettent de rencontrer des pratiquants, d’échanger des idées et de prendre part à une communauté d’apprentissage et de pratique.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-community",[],[],{"fr":1077},"Rencontres autour de Wudang : cours et ateliers",{"fr":1070},"2026-08-16T19:24:18.000000Z",{"id":13,"uuid":1081,"slug":1082,"available_locales":1083,"name":1084,"description":1086,"body":1088,"path":1089,"images":1090,"image_urls":1091,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":1092,"seo_description":1094,"sort_order":54,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":1095,"updated_at":928},"25641c0b-8e5a-46d7-9b18-95c344015f97","wudang-journeys-retreats",[900,901,902],{"fr":1085},"Voyages et séjours à Wudang",{"fr":1087},"Des séjours guidés à Wudang associant pratique, visites de temples et découverte culturelle, avec un itinéraire et des attentes clairement présentés.",{"fr":956},"\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-journeys-retreats",[],[],{"fr":1093},"Voyages et séjours à Wudang : cours et ateliers",{"fr":1087},"2026-08-18T11:09:38.000000Z",{"data":1097},{"hero_type":1098,"hero_image":1099,"hero_image_alt":1100,"hero_youtube_id":1101,"hero_content_on":925,"hero_heading":1102,"hero_subheading":1103,"hero_text":1104,"hero_subheading_zh":1105,"hero_text_zh":1106,"hero_buttons":1107,"home_seo":1113,"page_layout":1119,"shop_enabled":1120,"contact":1121,"journey":1137},"image","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fsite\u002Fwudanghomepagehero.webp","Wudang mountain temple in mist","VgirFbjpiy4","武当文化，道在日常\nWudang Culture, Practised with Purpose","A place for learning. A home for living culture.","Explore Taoist thought, internal arts, literati traditions and Wudang Mountain through grounded learning in Singapore and beyond.","这里既是学习之地，也是让文化融入日常的所在。","从道家思想、内家武术、文人雅艺与武当山出发，以清晰、踏实的方式，在新加坡及世界各地认识和体验武当文化。",[1108,1110],{"label":1109,"link":217},"Start Your Wudang Journey",{"label":1111,"link":1112},"View Events & Courses","\u002Fevents",{"title":1114,"description":1116},{"en":1115,"zh":920},"Wudang Mountain: Tai Chi, Qigong & Taoist Culture",{"en":1117,"zh":1118},"Explore Wudang Mountain through Tai Chi, Qigong, Daoist philosophy, martial arts, traditional arts, wellness, culture and everyday life in Wudang.","从太极、气功、道家思想、武术、传统雅艺与养生文化认识武当山，探索武当文化及武当山的日常生活。","sidebar",false,{"methods":1122,"has_any":925,"text":1130},{"email":1123,"whatsapp":1124,"wechat_id":1125,"wechat_qr_url":1126,"instagram":1127,"instagram_handle":1128,"facebook":1129,"facebook_handle":1128},"hello@wudang.org","+6588169599","Cldjcll0305","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fcontact\u002Fkcs9Z5IEY7CugW2mEYA8.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fleewudang.sg","@leewudang.sg","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fleewudang.sg\u002F",{"china_heading_en":1131,"china_heading_zh":1132,"china_company_en":1133,"china_company_zh":1134,"china_address_en":1135,"china_address_zh":1136},"China Operations","中国运营","Xunwei Wudang Co., Ltd.","寻味武当有限公司","No. 72 Jianhe 2nd Road, Wangjiayuan, Wudang Mountain, Shiyan, Hubei, China","湖北省十堰市武当山王家园剑河二路72号",{"title_en":920,"title_zh":920,"intro_en":920,"intro_zh":920,"enabled":925},{"data":1139},{"to":545,"type":1140,"available_locales":1141,"is_content_page":925,"title":1142,"subtitle":1143,"body":1145,"hero_image_url":1147,"hero_width":1148,"hero_height":1149,"hero_image_alt":1150,"hero_image_decorative":1120,"hero_credit":1152,"hero_alt":1159,"hero_style":1160,"card_layout":1161,"link_type":920,"link_ref":920,"seo_title":1162,"seo_description":1164,"children":1166},"page",[900,901,902],{"fr":546},{"fr":1144},"Lire le papier comme preuve propre à l’exemplaire : fibres, surfaces, plis, dommages et réparations, sans dater sur la seule apparence.",{"fr":1146},"\u003Ch2>Le papier est un artefact au sein du livre\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Partir de la feuille, non d'un nom prestigieux\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Une feuille est une preuve avant d'être une étiquette. Décrivons couleur, épaisseur, transparence, surface, bord et position actuelle avant de l'appeler papier xuan, de bambou ou de mûrier. Les papiers fins emploient de nombreuses fibres et mélanges, tandis que les noms commerciaux varient selon lieux et périodes. Pour la réponse au pinceau et l'histoire locale du xuan, voir le guide du \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-calligraphy-paper\">papier de calligraphie chinois\u003C\u002Fa> ; ici, nous demandons ce qu'une feuille révèle dans un livre précis.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>La preuve propre à l'exemplaire n'est pas le texte de l'œuvre\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Deux exemplaires d'un même titre peuvent employer des papiers différents, conserver des feuillets de remplacement ou des réparations distinctes. Le papier appartient donc à l'histoire de l'objet, non à la seule œuvre abstraite. L'étude d'Agnieszka Helman-Ważny sur \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F20548923.2016.1207971\">les fibres et papiers des manuscrits chinois de la Route de la soie\u003C\u002Fa> associe analyse matérielle, codicologie et texte, tout en soulignant le manque de repères chronologiques. L'observation n'agit qu'avec la structure du livre et son contexte documentaire.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Fibres et formation de la feuille laissent des traces\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Identifier une fibre exige des comparaisons\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Fibres libériennes, graminées, bambou et textiles recyclés peuvent se ressembler après défibrage. Les spécialistes emploient lumière transmise, microscope, coloration ou autres analyses pour comparer longueur, nœuds, cellules vasculaires et impuretés à des échantillons connus. La \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.loc.gov\u002Fpreservation\u002Fscientists\u002Fprojects\u002Fpaper_ref_coll.html\">collection de référence TAPPI de la Library of Congress\u003C\u002Fa> illustre l'importance des témoins et atlas microscopiques. Une impression à l'œil nu reste une description provisoire, non une identification botanique.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Les traces de forme ne sont qu'une partie de la fabrication\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>À contre-jour apparaissent parfois nuages de fibres, vergeures, pontuseaux, amas, zones minces ou couches laminées. Le projet de l'International Dunhuang Programme sur \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fidp.bl.uk\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2023\u002F08\u002FIDPNews41.pdf\">les matériaux des manuscrits de Turfan et Dunhuang\u003C\u002Fa> relève sans prélèvement fibres, distribution, épaisseur, couches, texture et marques de forme. Ces indices distinguent des feuilles ou habitudes techniques ; seuls, ils ne nomment ni atelier, ni lieu, ni date.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Le traitement de surface modifie écriture et impression\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>L'encollage règle l'entrée du liquide\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Une surface encollée ou polie limite la diffusion, consolide parfois la feuille et modifie lustre, couleur et toucher. Amidon, colle animale, charge minérale, teinture ou autre additif sont possibles, mais l'apparence identifie rarement une recette. Un même matériau vieillit différemment selon concentration, stockage et lavages tardifs. Décrivons d'abord l'effet et l'aspect, puis seulement la substance supposée.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Manuscrits et imprimés posent des questions différentes\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Le pinceau demande un équilibre entre absorption et mouvement ; l'impression doit recevoir une empreinte régulière sans déchirure ni diffusion excessive. Une feuille préparée pour un usage peut ensuite être remployée. Comparons pénétration de l'encre, report, abrasion et altération de surface sur plusieurs feuillets. Le guide des \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-ink-rubbings\">estampages chinois\u003C\u002Fa> traite d'un autre contact : le papier épouse une surface gravée au lieu d'être imprimé par une planche.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Pli et format relient le papier à la structure\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Un feuillet plié n'est pas formé de deux feuilles\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Dans beaucoup de livres chinois traditionnels, le texte est imprimé sur un seul côté, puis la feuille se replie au bord extérieur et enferme son côté vierge. La présentation de la \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bodleian.ox.ac.uk\u002Fabout\u002Flibraries\u002Four-work\u002Fchinese-books-conservation\">conservation des livres chinois à la Bodleian\u003C\u002Fa> explique le rôle d'un papier fin et résistant et du pli au bord. Lisons face imprimée, pli, intérieur vierge et bord cousu comme une seule unité avant de déclarer qu'un blanc est une page manquante.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Les séries de feuilles montrent règle et exception\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Comparons dimensions, alignement du pli, épaisseur et transparence dans tout le volume ou l'ensemble. Une série homogène peut relever d'une phase de production ; un feuillet différent par taille, distribution des fibres ou pli peut signaler réparation, remplacement ou autre lot. La reliure est détaillée dans le guide des \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-thread-bound-books-folding-stitching-reading\">livres chinois cousus\u003C\u002Fa>. La preuve du papier gagne en force si couture, pagination, impression et suite du texte concordent.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002F8Jyfyjc2swjfXZGgkfqV.webp\" alt=\"Nature morte conceptuelle d’échantillons vierges de papier fait main, avec fibres variées, pli, réparation translucide, poids de verre et outils de conservation\">\u003Cfigcaption>Étude conceptuelle du papier générée par IA ; aucun livre, papier ancien, fonds, institution ou document historique réel n’est représenté.\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\u003Ch2>Les dommages enregistrent usage, milieu et intervention\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Distinguer fabrication et changement tardif\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Formation inégale, inclusions et bord frangé peuvent dater de la fabrication ; déchirures, galeries d'insectes, auréoles, suie, moisissures et plis cassants sont postérieurs. La frontière reste parfois floue : une zone faible guide une déchirure, un lavage atténue une tache. Cartographions les dommages dans les feuillets et volumes voisins avant d'en donner la cause. Des trous continus dans une liasse peuvent révéler son ordre au moment de l'attaque.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Le dommage est une preuve historique, non un décor\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>La synthèse de l'International Dunhuang Programme sur \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fidp.bl.uk\u002Fdiscover\u002Flearning\u002Fconservation\u002F\">la conservation\u003C\u002Fa> privilégie la stabilisation tout en conservant les traces historiques, avec des réparations visibles et réversibles seulement si elles sont nécessaires. Saleté, plis et lacunes ne doivent être ni embellis ni effacés du récit. La numérisation réduit les manipulations après stabilisation ; elle ne restitue ni souplesse, ni épaisseur, ni tous les détails en lumière transmise.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Réparations et feuillets de remplacement ont leur propre histoire\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Un papier de réparation doit être compatible, pas seulement proche en couleur\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Le restaurateur considère fibre, grammage, souplesse, résistance, pH, réponse dimensionnelle et besoin de l'original. Le système d'\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.libraryjournal.com.cn\u002FCN\u002Fabstract\u002Fabstract1157.shtml\">évaluation des performances des papiers de réparation\u003C\u002Fa> proposé par Yan Lin inclut pH, traction, endurance au pli, durabilité, densité apparente et stabilité dimensionnelle. Une pièce opaque, raide ou trop forte cache la preuve ou déplace la contrainte. La réparation doit être documentée, non rendue indétectable.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Un remplacement ancien n'est pas forcément original\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Un feuillet perdu peut être recopié, prélevé sur un autre exemplaire, réimprimé ou ajouté lors d'une restauration moderne. À chaque frontière, comparons papier, format, réglure, encre, caractères ou écriture, galeries et rognage. Les conseils du Smithsonian sur \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmci.si.edu\u002Fnode\u002F1270768\">les papiers de réparation des livres anciens\u003C\u002Fa> évoquent papiers de bambou, de fibres libériennes et de type xuan ainsi que leurs essais. L'âge du matériau ajouté ne date pas le premier assemblage du livre.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Le papier aide à dater, mais date rarement seul\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Un caractère technique peut durer longtemps\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Fibres, formes, encollages et formats persistent, circulent ou sont réinventés. L'\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fidp.bl.uk\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2023\u002F08\u002FIDPNews38.pdf\">étude préliminaire du papier du Sutra du Diamant\u003C\u002Fa> par l'IDP avertit que le type de forme ne suffit pas à donner origine ou date et demande analyse des fibres et typologies comparatives. Toute datation doit rester une fourchette soutenue par plusieurs observations indépendantes, non un verdict de couleur ou de toucher.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Corroborer par le livre entier\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Croisons papier, style d'impression, collation, reliure, variantes, préfaces datées, catalogues, écriture, sceaux et garde documentée. Les guides des \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bibliographies-mulu-catalogues-classification-books-knowledge\">bibliographies chinoises\u003C\u002Fa>, des \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-marginalia-meipi-pangpi-pijiao-reading-history\">marginalia\u003C\u002Fa> et des \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-ownership-seals-cangshuyin-provenance-impressions\">sceaux de possession\u003C\u002Fa> montrent comment des archives indépendantes convergent ou se contredisent. Une conclusion doit dire quels faits la soutiennent, quelles solutions subsistent et quelle analyse spécialisée pourrait les départager.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Huit questions pour lire le papier d'un livre\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Décrire avant de prélever ou de nommer\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Demandons : \u003Cstrong>1)\u003C\u002Fstrong> où se trouve la feuille ; \u003Cstrong>2)\u003C\u002Fstrong> comment taille, pli et bords répondent au format ; \u003Cstrong>3)\u003C\u002Fstrong> quelles couleur, épaisseur, transparence et surface sont visibles ; \u003Cstrong>4)\u003C\u002Fstrong> quelle distribution des fibres ou quelles traces de forme apparaissent à contre-jour ? Photographions échelle et orientation de façon constante. Sans autorisation et restaurateur, ne prélevons pas, ne mouillons pas un coin et n'exposons pas un papier fragile à une forte lumière.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Rendre l'interprétation vérifiable\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Demandons ensuite : \u003Cstrong>5)\u003C\u002Fstrong> quels traits viennent de la fabrication, de l'usage ou de la réparation ; \u003Cstrong>6)\u003C\u002Fstrong> sont-ils constants dans l'exemplaire ; \u003Cstrong>7)\u003C\u002Fstrong> quelle preuve indépendante soutient origine, séquence ou date ; \u003Cstrong>8)\u003C\u002Fstrong> quelle incertitude demeure ? Pour les papiers de doublage et de montage d'une peinture, voir le guide du \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fmounting-chinese-painting\">montage de la peinture chinoise\u003C\u002Fa>. La lecture la plus solide réduit les possibilités sans demander au papier de prouver davantage qu'il ne peut.\u003C\u002Fp>","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FoOkcha7eoOVk5RShekhT.webp",1672,941,{"fr":1151},"Photographie conceptuelle d’une restauratrice anonyme observant un échantillon de papier plié et vierge devant une table lumineuse",{"caption":1153,"creator":1154,"source_url":1155,"license_label":1156,"license_url":1157,"changes":1158},"Scène conceptuelle de conservation générée par IA ; ce n’est ni une restauratrice, ni un livre, ni un papier ancien, ni un fonds, ni une institution, ni un lieu ou événement réels.","OpenAI","https:\u002F\u002Fopenai.com\u002F","AI-generated image","https:\u002F\u002Fopenai.com\u002Fpolicies\u002Fterms-of-use\u002F","Générée indépendamment pour cet article puis convertie en WebP, sans photomontage.",{"fr":1151},"banner","list",{"fr":1163},"Papier des livres chinois : fibres, réparations, datation",{"fr":1165},"Guide documenté du papier des livres chinois : fibres, encollage, plis, dommages, réparations et feuillets remplacés, avec les limites de datation.",[],{"data":1168},[1169,1245,1346,1437],{"id":1170,"slug":1171,"available_locales":1172,"path":1173,"title":1174,"venue":1177,"hero_image_url":920,"card_image_url":1180,"card_landscape_url":1181,"lifecycle":1182,"session_mode":1183,"sessions":1184,"next_session":1244},15601,"liu-yao-beginner-course",[900,901,902],"\u002Fevents\u002Fi-ching-learning\u002Fliu-yao-beginner-course",{"en":1175,"zh":1176},"Liu Yao Beginner Course","六爻初级课",{"en":1178,"zh":1179},"Singapore","新加坡","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FQzqp0uXPJyVi3CvdDM1S.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002Fvariants\u002FQzqp0uXPJyVi3CvdDM1S-16x9.webp","upcoming","choose_one",[1185,1204,1217,1230],{"status":1186,"date_slug":1187,"time_label":1188,"timezone_abbr":1189,"date_label":1190,"date_label_fr":1191,"date_short_fr":1192,"date_only_fr":1193,"date_range_label_fr":920,"time_label_fr":1194,"date_label_zh":1195,"date_short":1196,"date_short_zh":1197,"date_only":1198,"date_only_zh":1199,"is_multi_day":1120,"date_range_label":920,"date_range_label_zh":920,"day_of_month":30,"month_short":1200,"month_long":1201,"month_num":1029,"year":1202,"weekday_short":1203,"weekday_index":924},"scheduled","2026-11-01","9:00am–5:00pm","SGT","Sunday, 1 November 2026","dimanche 1 novembre 2026","dim. 1 nov.","1 nov. 2026","09:00–17:00","2026年11月1日 星期日","Sun 1 Nov","11月1日 周日","1 Nov 2026","2026年11月1日","Nov","November",2026,"Sun",{"status":1186,"date_slug":1205,"time_label":1188,"timezone_abbr":1189,"date_label":1206,"date_label_fr":1207,"date_short_fr":1208,"date_only_fr":1209,"date_range_label_fr":920,"time_label_fr":1194,"date_label_zh":1210,"date_short":1211,"date_short_zh":1212,"date_only":1213,"date_only_zh":1214,"is_multi_day":1120,"date_range_label":920,"date_range_label_zh":920,"day_of_month":1215,"month_short":1200,"month_long":1201,"month_num":1029,"year":1202,"weekday_short":1216,"weekday_index":47},"2026-11-21","Saturday, 21 November 2026","samedi 21 novembre 2026","sam. 21 nov.","21 nov. 2026","2026年11月21日 星期六","Sat 21 Nov","11月21日 周六","21 Nov 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2026","2026年12月12日","Dec","December",{"status":1186,"date_slug":1231,"time_label":1188,"timezone_abbr":1189,"date_label":1232,"date_label_fr":1233,"date_short_fr":1234,"date_only_fr":1235,"date_range_label_fr":920,"time_label_fr":1194,"date_label_zh":1236,"date_short":1237,"date_short_zh":1238,"date_only":1239,"date_only_zh":1240,"is_multi_day":1120,"date_range_label":920,"date_range_label_zh":920,"day_of_month":106,"month_short":1241,"month_long":1242,"month_num":30,"year":1243,"weekday_short":1203,"weekday_index":924},"2027-01-17","Sunday, 17 January 2027","dimanche 17 janvier 2027","dim. 17 janv.","17 janv. 2027","2027年1月17日 星期日","Sun 17 Jan","1月17日 周日","17 Jan 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