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la lecture",{"to":479,"label":480},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-shihua-poetry-talks-notes-anecdotes-criticism","Lire les shihua chinois : critique, notes et anecdotes sur la poésie",{"to":482,"label":483},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-prefaces-afterwords-xu-ba-books-texts-readers","Lire les préfaces et postfaces chinoises : comment les livres encadrent textes et lecteurs",{"to":485,"label":486},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-biji-brush-notes-notebooks-miscellanies","Lire les biji chinois : comment des fragments deviennent savoir et littérature",{"to":488,"label":489},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-leishu-classified-books-excerpts-knowledge","Lire les leishu chinois : comment le savoir fut extrait et classé",{"to":491,"label":492},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-dictionaries-rhyme-books-erya-shuowen-qieyun-guangyun","Dictionnaires et livres de rimes chinois : classer les caractères, les sens et les sons",{"to":494,"label":495},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-primers-sanzijing-baijiaxing-qianziwen-literacy","Manuels élémentaires chinois : lire les Trois caractères, les Cent Noms et les Mille caractères",{"to":497,"label":498},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-texts-punctuation-reading-marks-sentence-division-modern-editions","Comment ponctuer les textes chinois : marques de lecture, découpage et éditions modernes",{"to":500,"label":501},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-letters-chidu-writing-address-correspondence-calligraphy","Les lettres chinoises (chidu) : formes, adresses et postérité de la correspondance",{"to":503,"label":504},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-travel-writing-youji-routes-witness-making-place","Les récits de voyage chinois (youji) : itinéraires, témoignage et construction des lieux",{"to":506,"label":507},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-individual-collected-works-bieji-authors-editors-transmission","Les recueils individuels chinois (bieji) : comment les écrits d’un auteur deviennent un livre",{"to":509,"label":510},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-guwen-pianwen-ancient-style-parallel-prose-rhythm-argument","Guwen et pianwen : deux manières de façonner la prose chinoise classique",{"to":512,"label":513},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-eight-legged-essay-baguwen-examination-classics-composition","L’essai en huit parties (baguwen) : comment une forme d’examen organisait la pensée classique",{"to":515,"label":516},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-examination-compounds-gongyuan-cells-candidate-experience","Les complexes d’examen chinois (gongyuan) : comment l’espace façonnait l’expérience des candidats",{"to":518,"label":519},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-academies-shuyuan-books-teaching-ritual-landscape","Les académies chinoises (shuyuan) : livres, enseignement et rites d’un lieu savant",{"to":521,"label":522},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-private-libraries-cangshulou-collectors-catalogues-transmission","Les bibliothèques privées chinoises (cangshulou) : comment les collectionneurs ont prolongé la vie des livres",{"to":524,"label":525},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bookshops-book-markets-publishers-routes-readers","Librairies et marchés du livre en Chine : comment les livres devinrent marchandises, routes et rencontres",{"to":527,"label":528},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-illustrated-books-woodblock-images-page-design-reading","Livres chinois illustrés : comment l’image gravée façonnait la page",{"to":530,"label":531},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bibliographies-mulu-catalogues-classification-books-knowledge","Bibliographies chinoises (mulu) : comment les catalogues classaient livres et savoirs",{"to":533,"label":534},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-textual-collation-jiaokan-variant-readings-witnesses-editions","La collation des textes chinois (jiaokan) : lire variantes et témoins",{"to":536,"label":537},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-commentaries-subcommentaries-zhu-jian-shu-layered-reading","Commentaires et sous-commentaires chinois : quand les notes façonnent le texte",{"to":539,"label":540},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-marginalia-meipi-pangpi-pijiao-reading-history","Les marginalia dans les livres chinois : comment les lecteurs répondaient au texte",{"to":542,"label":543},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-ownership-seals-cangshuyin-provenance-impressions","Les sceaux de possession dans les livres chinois : lire la provenance en rouge",{"to":545,"label":546},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-paper-fibres-sizing-repairs-dating-evidence","Le papier dans les livres chinois : fibres, encollage, réparations et limites de datation",{"to":548,"label":549},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-page-layout-frames-columns-fishtails-centre-fold","Lire la page du livre chinois : cadres, colonnes, queues-de-poisson et pli central",{"to":551,"label":552},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-printers-marks-paiji-kanji-publishing-claims","Marques d’édition dans les livres chinois : lire paiji, kanji et mentions de publication",{"to":554,"label":555},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-movable-type-printing-clay-wood-metal-reuse","Les caractères mobiles dans l’histoire du livre chinois : argile, bois, métal et réemploi",{"to":557,"label":558},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-woodblock-printing-workflow-writing-carving-inking-impressions","Comment fonctionnait l’impression xylographique chinoise : écriture, gravure, encrage et tirage",{"to":560,"label":561},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-woodblock-lifecycle-storage-repair-recutting-later-impressions","Après le premier tirage : stockage, réparation et réemploi des planches chinoises",{"to":563,"label":564},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fwho-paid-chinese-book-printing-patronage-profit-donors-funding","Qui payait l’impression ? Mécénat, commerce et financement collectif dans l’histoire du livre chinois",{"to":566,"label":567},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-readers-got-books-imperial-china-buying-borrowing-gifts-copying","Comment les lecteurs se procuraient des livres en Chine impériale : achat, emprunt, don et copie",{"to":569,"label":570},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-classical-chinese-poetry-was-heard-recitation-chanting-historical-sound","Comment la poésie classique chinoise était entendue : récitation, cantillation et son historique",{"to":572,"label":573},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-social-exchange-gifts-farewells-replies-rhyme-matching","La poésie comme échange social : dons, adieux, réponses et reprises de rimes en Chine",{"to":575,"label":576},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-gatherings-themes-rhyme-lots-linked-composition","Comment se déroulaient les réunions poétiques chinoises : thèmes, rimes et composition liée",{"to":578,"label":579},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-revision-drafts-variants-editorial-layers","Comment les poèmes chinois ont changé : brouillons, variantes et couches éditoriales",{"to":581,"label":582},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-attribution-anonymity-disputed-authorship","Qui a écrit ce poème ? Attribution, anonymat et débats d’auteur dans la poésie chinoise",{"to":104,"label":105,"children":584},[585,588,591,594,597,600,603,606,609,612,615,618,621,624,627,630,633],{"to":586,"label":587},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Forigins-history-of-calligraphy","Origines et histoire de la calligraphie chinoise",{"to":589,"label":590},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fthe-five-script-styles","Les cinq grandes écritures de la calligraphie chinoise",{"to":592,"label":593},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fcalligraphy-as-taoist-cultivation","Calligraphie et culture de soi taoïste : texte, attention et pratique",{"to":595,"label":596},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Ffour-treasures-of-the-study","Les Quatre Trésors du lettré : choisir et utiliser le matériel de calligraphie",{"to":598,"label":599},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fbrush-technique-living-line","Le pinceau en calligraphie chinoise : observer et pratiquer la ligne vivante",{"to":601,"label":602},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fgreat-masters-further-reading","Maîtres de la calligraphie chinoise et parcours de lecture",{"to":604,"label":605},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-seals-and-seal-carving","Sceaux chinois et gravure sigillaire : écriture, matrice et empreinte",{"to":607,"label":608},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-ink-rubbings","Les estampages chinois : pierre, papier et transmission de la calligraphie",{"to":610,"label":611},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-inkstones","Pierres à encre chinoises : matière, sculpture et cabinet du lettré",{"to":613,"label":614},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-inksticks","Bâtons d’encre chinois : suie, moules et cabinet du lettré",{"to":616,"label":617},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-calligraphy-paper","Papier chinois de calligraphie : xuan, encollage et vie d’une feuille",{"to":619,"label":620},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-calligraphy-brushes","Pinceaux chinois de calligraphie : poils, manche et pointe de travail",{"to":622,"label":623},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-rests","Repose-pinceaux chinois : montagnes, matières et table du lettré",{"to":625,"label":626},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-water-droppers-scholars-desk","Les compte-gouttes chinois : débit, formes et table du lettré",{"to":628,"label":629},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-pots-materials-scholars-desk","Les pots à pinceaux chinois : usage, matières et table du lettré",{"to":631,"label":632},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-washers-water-form-scholars-desk","Les lave-pinceaux chinois : eau, formes et table du lettré",{"to":634,"label":635},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-paperweights-form-material-scholars-desk","Presse-papiers chinois : formes, matières et table du lettré",{"to":108,"label":109,"children":637},[638,641,644,647,650,653,656,659,662,665,668,671,674,677,680,683,686,689,692,695,698,701,704,707,710,713,716,719,722,725,728,731,734,737,740,743,746,749,752],{"to":639,"label":640},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-meditation-taoist-practice","Thé, méditation et pratique taoïste",{"to":642,"label":643},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Forigins-history-of-tea-culture","Origines et histoire de la culture chinoise du thé",{"to":645,"label":646},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fthe-way-of-tea","La voie du thé : attention, soin et hospitalité",{"to":648,"label":649},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftypes-of-tea-and-character","Les six familles de thé chinois : fabrication et dégustation",{"to":651,"label":652},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Futensils-and-gongfu-method","Thé gongfu : ustensiles et méthode adaptable",{"to":654,"label":655},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Apprendre le thé chinois : lectures et pratique",{"to":657,"label":658},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwater-for-chinese-tea","L’eau pour le thé chinois : sources, minéraux et méthode de comparaison",{"to":660,"label":661},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teaware-clay-glaze-form","Les ustensiles chinois du thé : terre, porcelaine, glaçure et usage",{"to":663,"label":664},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-tea-caddies","Boîtes à thé chinoises : conservation, matières et circulation des feuilles",{"to":666,"label":667},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fsong-whisked-tea-powder-bowls-foam","Le thé fouetté sous les Song : poudre, bols et écume",{"to":669,"label":670},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fyixing-teapots-clay-form-makers-marks","Théières de Yixing : argile, forme et lecture des marques",{"to":672,"label":673},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fcompressed-tea-cakes-bricks-trade-storage-object-reading","Thé compressé en Chine : galettes, briques et méthode de lecture",{"to":675,"label":676},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-horse-trade-networks-routes-markets-cultural-exchange","Les réseaux du thé et des chevaux : routes, marchés et échanges culturels",{"to":678,"label":679},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-landscapes-china-gardens-forests-terraces-living-knowledge","Paysages du thé en Chine : jardins, forêts anciennes, terrasses et savoirs vivants",{"to":681,"label":682},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fpicking-tea-china-seasons-bud-leaf-standards-skilled-labour","La cueillette du thé en Chine : saisons, jeunes pousses et savoir-faire",{"to":684,"label":685},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwithering-tea-leaves-water-loss-time-first-transformation","Le flétrissage du thé : perte d’eau, temps et première transformation",{"to":687,"label":688},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffixing-tea-leaves-shaqing-heat-enzymes-turning-point","La fixation des feuilles de thé (shāqīng) : chaleur, enzymes et tournant de la fabrication chinoise",{"to":690,"label":691},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Frolling-tea-leaves-rounian-pressure-shape-cell-disruption","Le roulage des feuilles de thé (róuniǎn) : pression, forme et rupture cellulaire maîtrisée",{"to":693,"label":694},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdrying-tea-leaves-moisture-heat-stability-finished-tea","Le séchage des feuilles de thé : humidité, chaleur et stabilité du thé fini",{"to":696,"label":697},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fsorting-grading-tea-leaf-size-shape-grade-meaning","Tri et classement du thé : taille, forme et sens réel d’un grade",{"to":699,"label":700},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-blending-batch-construction-consistency-style-transparency","Assemblage du thé et construction des lots : constance, style et transparence",{"to":702,"label":703},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-oxidation-post-fermentation-enzymes-microbes-terms","Oxydation et post-fermentation du thé : enzymes, microbes et termes trompeurs",{"to":705,"label":706},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fyellow-tea-menhuang-moist-heat-time-tea-family","Le thé jaune et le menhuang : chaleur humide, temps et formation d’une famille de thé",{"to":708,"label":709},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Frefiring-roasting-tea-later-heat-aroma-finished-leaf","Réchauffage et torréfaction du thé : chaleur tardive, arômes et différence avec le séchage",{"to":711,"label":712},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fjasmine-tea-scenting-flowers-repeated-rounds-aroma-transfer","Thé au jasmin et parfumage : fleurs, cycles répétés et transfert des arômes",{"to":714,"label":715},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-sensory-evaluation-appearance-aroma-taste-score-limits","Évaluation sensorielle du thé : aspect, arômes, goût et limites d’une note",{"to":717,"label":718},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdoucha-song-tea-contests-whisked-tea-jian-bowls-modern-judging","Doucha : concours de thé sous les Song et limites des reconstitutions modernes",{"to":720,"label":721},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fbeiyuan-tribute-tea-song-court-labour-imperial-label","Le thé tribut de Beiyuan : goût de cour sous les Song, travail qualifié et limites de l’étiquette « impériale »",{"to":723,"label":724},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Freading-chinese-tea-classics-authorship-editions-recipe-limits","Lire les classiques chinois du thé : auteurs, éditions et limites d’une lecture en « recette »",{"to":726,"label":727},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-poetry-social-worlds-metaphor-historical-evidence","Le thé dans la poésie chinoise : sociabilités, métaphores et limites du témoignage littéraire",{"to":729,"label":730},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teahouses-commerce-conversation-performance-urban-publics","Les maisons de thé chinoises : commerce, conversation, spectacle et publics urbains en mutation",{"to":732,"label":733},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-painting-objects-social-worlds-visual-evidence","Le thé dans la peinture chinoise : objets, mondes sociaux et limites du témoignage visuel",{"to":735,"label":736},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-dream-of-the-red-chamber-hospitality-rank-labour-fiction","Le thé dans Le Rêve dans le pavillon rouge : hospitalité, rang, travail et fiction",{"to":738,"label":739},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-travel-writing-roads-hospitality-regional-evidence","Le thé dans les récits de voyage chinois : routes, hospitalité et limites de l’itinéraire",{"to":741,"label":742},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-letters-gifts-visits-friendship-private-writing","Le thé dans les lettres chinoises : dons, visites, amitié et limites d’une écriture « privée »",{"to":744,"label":745},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-tax-monopoly-imperial-china-fiscal-records-daily-life","Thé, fiscalité et monopole dans la Chine impériale : lire les archives sans confondre recettes et vie quotidienne",{"to":747,"label":748},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-local-gazetteers-place-production-local-knowledge","Le thé dans les monographies locales chinoises : lieux, production et limites du savoir local",{"to":750,"label":751},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-materia-medica-names-preparations-medical-claims","Le thé dans les matières médicales chinoises : noms, préparations et limites des assertions médicales",{"to":753,"label":754},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-buddhist-monastic-rules-ceremony-office-origin-stories","Le thé dans les règles monastiques bouddhiques chinoises : cérémonies, charges et limites des récits d’origine",{"to":112,"label":113,"children":756},[757,760,763,766,769,772,775,778,781,784,787,790],{"to":758,"label":759},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Forigins-history-of-the-guqin","Histoire du guqin : objets, textes et transmission musicale",{"to":761,"label":762},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fanatomy-of-the-guqin","Comment fonctionne le guqin : cordes, caisse et sonorités",{"to":764,"label":765},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fplaying-technique-and-notation","Jouer du guqin : gestes, tablature et interprétation",{"to":767,"label":768},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Ffamous-melodies-and-stories","Mélodies du guqin : récits, versions et pistes d’écoute",{"to":770,"label":771},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-as-taoist-cultivation","Guqin et cultivation taoïste : écoute, pratique et limites",{"to":773,"label":774},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Ffurther-listening-and-study","Apprendre le guqin : écouter, s’informer et choisir un professeur",{"to":776,"label":777},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-tables-playing-spaces","Tables de guqin et espaces de jeu : support, posture et écoute",{"to":779,"label":780},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fhow-to-read-guqin-handbook-tablature-editions-dapu","Lire un manuel de guqin : tablature, éditions et dapu",{"to":782,"label":783},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Freading-guqin-lacquer-layers-crack-patterns-repair","Lire la laque du guqin : couches, craquelures et réparations",{"to":785,"label":786},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Freading-guqin-inscriptions-seals-names-dates-provenance","Lire les inscriptions et sceaux du guqin : noms, dates et provenance",{"to":788,"label":789},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-forms-zhongni-banana-leaf-shapes","Formes du guqin : comprendre les modèles Zhongni, feuille de bananier et autres silhouettes",{"to":791,"label":792},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-strings-silk-modern-composites-playing","Cordes du guqin : soie, composites modernes et effets du matériau sur le jeu",{"to":116,"label":117,"children":794},[795,798,801,804,807,810,813,816,819,822,825,828,831,834,837],{"to":796,"label":797},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Forigins-history-of-chinese-painting","Origines et histoire de la peinture chinoise : œuvres, cours et communautés",{"to":799,"label":800},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fart-of-ink-and-brush","Encre et pinceau dans la peinture chinoise : matières, eau et traces",{"to":802,"label":803},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Flandscape-painting-shanshui","Shanshui : comment regarder la peinture de paysage chinoise",{"to":805,"label":806},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fbirds-flowers-four-gentlemen","Oiseaux, fleurs et Quatre Gentilshommes dans la peinture chinoise",{"to":808,"label":809},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fpainting-as-taoist-cultivation","Peinture et cultivation taoïste : images, idées et pratique",{"to":811,"label":812},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fgreat-masters-further-study","Maîtres de la peinture chinoise : un parcours guidé",{"to":814,"label":815},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-handscroll","Comment lire un rouleau horizontal chinois : séquence, colophons et sceaux",{"to":817,"label":818},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-fan-painting","La peinture chinoise sur éventail : forme, pinceau et art du petit format",{"to":820,"label":821},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-painting-album","Comment lire un album de peinture chinoise : feuillets, séquence et regard intime",{"to":823,"label":824},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-scholars-rocks","Pierres de lettrés chinoises : matière, présentation et paysages imaginés",{"to":826,"label":827},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-hanging-scroll","Comment lire un rouleau vertical chinois : espace, montage et présentation",{"to":829,"label":830},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-screens-space-painting","Écrans chinois : espace, image et art du pli",{"to":832,"label":833},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fmounting-chinese-painting","Le montage des peintures chinoises : bordures de soie, papiers de doublage et vie du rouleau",{"to":835,"label":836},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-portrait-painting-likeness-role-ancestral-memory","Le portrait chinois : ressemblance, rôle social et mémoire ancestrale",{"to":838,"label":839},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fthree-distances-chinese-landscape-painting","Les trois distances dans la peinture de paysage chinoise : hauteur, profondeur et horizon",{"to":120,"label":121,"children":841},[842,845,848,851,854,857,860,863,866],{"to":843,"label":844},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Forigins-history-of-incense-culture","Origines et histoire de la culture chinoise de l’encens",{"to":846,"label":847},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Faromatic-materials-fragrant-woods","Matières aromatiques : bois, résines et approvisionnement responsable",{"to":849,"label":850},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fforms-and-art-of-appreciation","Formes d’encens et art de l’appréciation",{"to":852,"label":853},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fincense-in-ritual-and-temple-life","L’encens dans les rites taoïstes et la vie des temples",{"to":855,"label":856},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fincense-meditation-taoist-practice","Encens, méditation et pratique taoïste",{"to":858,"label":859},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Apprendre la culture chinoise de l’encens : lectures et pratique",{"to":861,"label":862},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-burners","Brûle-parfums chinois : bronze, céramique, formes et contextes",{"to":864,"label":865},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-seals-fragrant-time","Les sceaux d’encens chinois : cendre, motifs et temps parfumé",{"to":867,"label":868},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-sets-burner-box-vase-tools","Ensembles chinois pour l’encens : brûle-parfum, boîte, vase et outils",{"to":123,"label":124,"children":870},[871,874,877,880,883,886,889],{"to":872,"label":873},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Forigins-history-of-floral-art","Histoire de l’art floral chinois : objets, images et voix",{"to":875,"label":876},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fprinciples-of-flower-arrangement","Composition florale chinoise : lignes, équilibre et regard",{"to":878,"label":879},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fvessels-tools-and-composition","Choisir récipients et outils : formes, soutien et entretien",{"to":881,"label":882},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fseasonal-flowers-and-symbolism","Fleurs de saison et symboles : lire le contexte",{"to":884,"label":885},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fflower-arrangement-as-cultivation","L’arrangement floral comme pratique : attention, changement et limites",{"to":887,"label":888},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Pour aller plus loin : sources, musées et premier mois de pratique",{"to":890,"label":891},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fchinese-flower-baskets-weaving-painting-vessels","Les paniers de fleurs chinois : tressage, peinture et récipient",[],[],{"data":895},[896,929,946,964,981,997,1013,1028,1046,1063,1080],{"id":30,"uuid":897,"slug":898,"available_locales":899,"name":903,"description":905,"body":907,"path":909,"images":910,"image_urls":915,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":921,"seo_description":923,"sort_order":924,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":927,"updated_at":928},"f1a30881-20c6-407b-b546-669e839a178a","feng-shui-learning",[900,901,902],"en","zh","fr",{"fr":904},"Étudier le feng shui",{"fr":906},"Comprendre les traditions d’orientation, de formes et d’aménagement dans leur contexte historique, avec les limites des interprétations prédictives.",{"fr":908},"\u003Cp>Le feng shui s’intéresse traditionnellement aux reliefs, à l’eau, aux bâtiments et à leur orientation dans un cadre cosmologique. Ses écoles et ses textes sont variés. Il ne se réduit pas à des règles de décoration et ne constitue pas une méthode prouvée pour garantir richesse, santé ou relations harmonieuses.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Les cours expliquent le vocabulaire, les différences entre écoles et leurs contextes historiques. Ils invitent à examiner avec discernement les usages contemporains. Les décisions immobilières et financières demandent des informations concrètes et, selon leur nature, un conseil professionnel.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Ffeng-shui-learning",[911,912,913,914],"wudang\u002Fevents\u002FYpvXV9T4BG3YVD0NQ150.webp","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FfhZyCVAEQXsL76XmGdVp.webp","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FAt5a8W2EGZ9IhDUbI4f3.avif","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FBKPjfYeMNJ617LWJ7tgv.avif",[916,917,918,919],"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FYpvXV9T4BG3YVD0NQ150.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FfhZyCVAEQXsL76XmGdVp.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FAt5a8W2EGZ9IhDUbI4f3.avif","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FBKPjfYeMNJ617LWJ7tgv.avif",null,{"fr":922},"Étudier le feng shui : cours et ateliers",{"fr":906},0,true,"active","2026-07-13T05:17:57.000000Z","2026-09-25T03:51:12.000000Z",{"id":47,"uuid":930,"slug":931,"available_locales":932,"name":933,"description":935,"body":937,"path":939,"images":940,"image_urls":941,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":942,"seo_description":944,"sort_order":924,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":945,"updated_at":928},"c85bf6cc-b84e-4c36-bbd7-9e92b53bbe50","internal-arts-wellness",[900,901,902],{"fr":934},"Arts internes et bien-être",{"fr":936},"Cours, ateliers et séjours de tai-chi, qigong et baduanjin, avec un travail progressif du mouvement et de la respiration.",{"fr":938},"\u003Cp>Découvrez des cours et des ateliers en petit groupe consacrés aux arts internes, aux postures, à la respiration et à leurs fondements culturels.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Chaque programme précise l’enseignant, les dates, le niveau attendu et les modalités d’inscription. Consultez la fiche de l’activité pour choisir un cadre adapté à votre expérience.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Finternal-arts-wellness",[],[],{"fr":943},"Arts internes et bien-être : cours et ateliers",{"fr":936},"2026-08-16T19:23:45.000000Z",{"id":947,"uuid":948,"slug":949,"available_locales":950,"name":951,"description":953,"body":955,"path":957,"images":958,"image_urls":959,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":960,"seo_description":962,"sort_order":924,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":963,"updated_at":928},10,"884ed965-8c72-49e2-acee-0fc2f7aec70a","face-reading-learning",[900,901,902],{"fr":952},"Étudier la lecture du visage",{"fr":954},"Découvrir la lecture chinoise du visage, son cadre classique, son histoire et ses usages, en distinguant tradition et prédiction démontrée.",{"fr":956},"","\u002Fevents\u002Fface-reading-learning",[],[],{"fr":961},"Étudier la lecture du visage : cours et ateliers",{"fr":954},"2026-08-30T17:01:43.000000Z",{"id":965,"uuid":966,"slug":967,"available_locales":968,"name":969,"description":971,"body":973,"path":975,"images":976,"image_urls":977,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":978,"seo_description":980,"sort_order":30,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":927,"updated_at":928},2,"8792a80b-d0c8-4ef9-9634-5cb91827932b","zi-wei-dou-shu-learning",[900,901,902],{"fr":970},"Étudier le Zi Wei Dou Shu",{"fr":972},"Aborder le Zi Wei Dou Shu comme un système traditionnel chinois d’interprétation, avec son vocabulaire, son histoire et ses limites.",{"fr":974},"\u003Cp>Le Zi Wei Dou Shu (紫微斗數) organise les informations de naissance à travers des palais, des étoiles et leurs relations. Il possède un vocabulaire technique étendu et plusieurs traditions d’interprétation. Ses affirmations prédictives ne sont pas établies par les connaissances scientifiques modernes.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Les cours expliquent la structure des thèmes, la lecture des symboles et les différences entre praticiens anciens et contemporains. L’objectif est la compréhension culturelle et une réflexion méthodique, sans certitude sur l’avenir. Une lecture ne remplace aucun avis médical, juridique, financier, professionnel ou psychologique.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu-learning",[],[],{"fr":979},"Étudier le Zi Wei Dou Shu : cours et ateliers",{"fr":972},{"id":191,"uuid":982,"slug":983,"available_locales":984,"name":985,"description":987,"body":989,"path":990,"images":991,"image_urls":992,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":993,"seo_description":995,"sort_order":30,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":996,"updated_at":928},"09958025-4f1d-40e6-ae1c-8b1517ac824e","tea-arts",[900,901,902],{"fr":986},"Arts du thé",{"fr":988},"Cours et ateliers de thé chinois : familles de thé, infusion, gestes d’accueil et attention partagée autour d’une table.",{"fr":956},"\u002Fevents\u002Ftea-arts",[],[],{"fr":994},"Arts du thé : cours et ateliers",{"fr":988},"2026-08-16T17:13:57.000000Z",{"id":187,"uuid":998,"slug":999,"available_locales":1000,"name":1001,"description":1003,"body":1005,"path":1007,"images":1008,"image_urls":1009,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":1010,"seo_description":1012,"sort_order":965,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":927,"updated_at":928},"e52a261e-348a-4b8a-bd51-43f4e6b1d861","ba-zi-learning",[900,901,902],{"fr":1002},"Étudier le Ba Zi",{"fr":1004},"Découvrir les quatre piliers, les troncs célestes, les branches terrestres et les cinq phases, avec leur histoire et leurs limites.",{"fr":1006},"\u003Cp>Le Ba Zi (八字) interprète l’année, le mois, le jour et l’heure à travers les troncs célestes, les branches terrestres, le yin-yang et les cinq phases. Il occupe une place importante dans la métaphysique chinoise ; il ne constitue pas une science empirique.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Les cours présentent la structure des thèmes, le vocabulaire et différentes traditions de lecture. Ils distinguent les interprétations héritées de la tradition des connaissances étayées par des preuves. Une lecture peut nourrir la réflexion, mais ne garantit pas un résultat, ne pose aucun diagnostic et ne remplace pas un avis professionnel.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fba-zi-learning",[],[],{"fr":1011},"Étudier le Ba Zi : cours et ateliers",{"fr":1004},{"id":54,"uuid":1014,"slug":1015,"available_locales":1016,"name":1017,"description":1019,"body":1021,"path":1022,"images":1023,"image_urls":1024,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":1025,"seo_description":1027,"sort_order":965,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":996,"updated_at":928},"76718b8e-3137-42fc-a257-c9e318b3e364","incense-culture",[900,901,902],{"fr":1018},"Culture de l’encens",{"fr":1020},"Découvrir les matières parfumées, la fabrication traditionnelle et l’art d’apprécier l’encens dans une attention calme.",{"fr":956},"\u002Fevents\u002Fincense-culture",[],[],{"fr":1026},"Culture de l’encens : cours et ateliers",{"fr":1020},{"id":1029,"uuid":1030,"slug":1031,"available_locales":1032,"name":1033,"description":1035,"body":1037,"path":1039,"images":1040,"image_urls":1041,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":1042,"seo_description":1044,"sort_order":965,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":1045,"updated_at":928},11,"c39cc557-40eb-4266-9736-7fb84891d407","i-ching-learning",[900,901,902],{"fr":1034},"Étudier le Yi Jing",{"fr":1036},"Explorer les hexagrammes, les méthodes traditionnelles d’interprétation et l’histoire du Yi Jing, avec un cadre et des limites explicites.",{"fr":1038},"\u003Cp>Le Yi Jing (易经), ou Livre des mutations, est un classique chinois organisé autour de soixante-quatre hexagrammes et d’une longue tradition de commentaires et de divination. Il a marqué la philosophie et la cosmologie chinoises. Ses affirmations divinatoires ne sont pas établies par les sciences empiriques modernes.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Les cours présentent les structures, les termes et des méthodes traditionnelles comme le Liu Yao. Ils distinguent l’étude culturelle des connaissances fondées sur des preuves. Les interprétations peuvent servir à réfléchir ; elles ne sont ni des garanties, ni des diagnostics, ni des substituts à un avis professionnel.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fi-ching-learning",[],[],{"fr":1043},"Étudier le Yi Jing : cours et ateliers",{"fr":1036},"2026-09-08T00:15:35.000000Z",{"id":17,"uuid":1047,"slug":1048,"available_locales":1049,"name":1050,"description":1052,"body":1054,"path":1056,"images":1057,"image_urls":1058,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":1059,"seo_description":1061,"sort_order":187,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":1062,"updated_at":928},"ee2330c6-5a3e-4ac2-a2d1-1a0dc110c58c","traditional-arts-crafts",[900,901,902],{"fr":1051},"Arts et artisanat traditionnels",{"fr":1053},"Des ateliers pratiques pour découvrir les techniques décoratives chinoises et leur contexte culturel en réalisant un objet.",{"fr":1055},"\u003Cp>Découvrez les arts décoratifs et les traditions artisanales chinoises par la pratique. Selon les ateliers, les projets peuvent faire appel à la feuille d’or, à l’émail cloisonné, à la nacre ou au brocart Song.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Ces séances accessibles présentent les matériaux, les gestes et leur contexte culturel. Chaque participant est accompagné dans la réalisation de sa propre pièce.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Ftraditional-arts-crafts",[],[],{"fr":1060},"Arts et artisanat traditionnels : cours et ateliers",{"fr":1053},"2026-08-16T19:24:04.000000Z",{"id":164,"uuid":1064,"slug":1065,"available_locales":1066,"name":1067,"description":1069,"body":1071,"path":1073,"images":1074,"image_urls":1075,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":1076,"seo_description":1078,"sort_order":191,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":1079,"updated_at":928},"824f78c1-1181-4983-bae5-77e7cdbbbc1d","wudang-community",[900,901,902],{"fr":1068},"Rencontres autour de Wudang",{"fr":1070},"Conférences, diffusions et rencontres pour partager la culture de Wudang, ses savoirs et ses pratiques vivantes.",{"fr":1072},"\u003Cp>Cette rubrique réunit des conférences publiques, des diffusions en direct, des rencontres et des activités culturelles liées à Wudang.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Ces programmes permettent de rencontrer des pratiquants, d’échanger des idées et de prendre part à une communauté d’apprentissage et de pratique.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-community",[],[],{"fr":1077},"Rencontres autour de Wudang : cours et ateliers",{"fr":1070},"2026-08-16T19:24:18.000000Z",{"id":13,"uuid":1081,"slug":1082,"available_locales":1083,"name":1084,"description":1086,"body":1088,"path":1089,"images":1090,"image_urls":1091,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":1092,"seo_description":1094,"sort_order":54,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":1095,"updated_at":928},"25641c0b-8e5a-46d7-9b18-95c344015f97","wudang-journeys-retreats",[900,901,902],{"fr":1085},"Voyages et séjours à Wudang",{"fr":1087},"Des séjours guidés à Wudang associant pratique, visites de temples et découverte culturelle, avec un itinéraire et des attentes clairement présentés.",{"fr":956},"\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-journeys-retreats",[],[],{"fr":1093},"Voyages et séjours à Wudang : cours et ateliers",{"fr":1087},"2026-08-18T11:09:38.000000Z",{"data":1097},{"hero_type":1098,"hero_image":1099,"hero_image_alt":1100,"hero_youtube_id":1101,"hero_content_on":925,"hero_heading":1102,"hero_subheading":1103,"hero_text":1104,"hero_subheading_zh":1105,"hero_text_zh":1106,"hero_buttons":1107,"home_seo":1113,"page_layout":1119,"shop_enabled":1120,"contact":1121,"journey":1137},"image","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fsite\u002Fwudanghomepagehero.webp","Wudang mountain temple in mist","VgirFbjpiy4","武当文化，道在日常\nWudang Culture, Practised with Purpose","A place for learning. A home for living culture.","Explore Taoist thought, internal arts, literati traditions and Wudang Mountain through grounded learning in Singapore and beyond.","这里既是学习之地，也是让文化融入日常的所在。","从道家思想、内家武术、文人雅艺与武当山出发，以清晰、踏实的方式，在新加坡及世界各地认识和体验武当文化。",[1108,1110],{"label":1109,"link":217},"Start Your Wudang Journey",{"label":1111,"link":1112},"View Events & Courses","\u002Fevents",{"title":1114,"description":1116},{"en":1115,"zh":920},"Wudang Mountain: Tai Chi, Qigong & Taoist Culture",{"en":1117,"zh":1118},"Explore Wudang Mountain through Tai Chi, Qigong, Daoist philosophy, martial arts, traditional arts, wellness, culture and everyday life in Wudang.","从太极、气功、道家思想、武术、传统雅艺与养生文化认识武当山，探索武当文化及武当山的日常生活。","sidebar",false,{"methods":1122,"has_any":925,"text":1130},{"email":1123,"whatsapp":1124,"wechat_id":1125,"wechat_qr_url":1126,"instagram":1127,"instagram_handle":1128,"facebook":1129,"facebook_handle":1128},"hello@wudang.org","+6588169599","Cldjcll0305","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fcontact\u002Fkcs9Z5IEY7CugW2mEYA8.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fleewudang.sg","@leewudang.sg","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fleewudang.sg\u002F",{"china_heading_en":1131,"china_heading_zh":1132,"china_company_en":1133,"china_company_zh":1134,"china_address_en":1135,"china_address_zh":1136},"China Operations","中国运营","Xunwei Wudang Co., Ltd.","寻味武当有限公司","No. 72 Jianhe 2nd Road, Wangjiayuan, Wudang Mountain, Shiyan, Hubei, China","湖北省十堰市武当山王家园剑河二路72号",{"title_en":920,"title_zh":920,"intro_en":920,"intro_zh":920,"enabled":925},{"data":1139},{"to":536,"type":1140,"available_locales":1141,"is_content_page":925,"title":1142,"subtitle":1143,"body":1145,"hero_image_url":1147,"hero_width":1148,"hero_height":1149,"hero_image_alt":1150,"hero_image_decorative":1120,"hero_credit":1152,"hero_alt":1159,"hero_style":1160,"card_layout":1161,"link_type":920,"link_ref":920,"seo_title":1162,"seo_description":1164,"children":1166},"page",[900,901,902],{"fr":537},{"fr":1144},"Lire zhu, jian, shu, jijie et jizhu comme voix stratifiées, choix éditoriaux et architecture de page.",{"fr":1146},"\u003Ch2>Les notes sont devenues une partie du texte transmis\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Un classique arrive rarement seul\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Beaucoup de classiques chinois nous parviennent entourés d’explications anciennes. Un bref passage peut être suivi d’une glose, d’une interprétation, puis d’une explication de cette note. Copistes, graveurs et éditeurs ont transmis ensemble ces couches : la page matérielle conserve une histoire de la lecture autant que les mots lus. Le commentaire est donc une preuve et un argument, non la voix transparente de l’auteur ancien.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Les noms indiquent des fonctions, pas une hiérarchie immuable\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>\u003Cem>Zhu\u003C\u002Fem> 注, \u003Cem>jian\u003C\u002Fem> 笺 et \u003Cem>shu\u003C\u002Fem> 疏 signalent souvent annotation, précision et ample explication, mais leur portée varie selon le texte, la période et l’édition. \u003Cem>Jijie\u003C\u002Fem> 集解 et \u003Cem>jizhu\u003C\u002Fem> 集注 annoncent une collecte ou synthèse ; or compiler, c’est déjà choisir. L’étude de John Makeham sur les \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fctext.org\u002Fresource.pl?if=en&node=1081\">commentateurs des \u003Cem>Entretiens\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fa> rappelle qu’un transmetteur peut aussi produire du sens.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Ce que font concrètement les commentaires\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Ils résolvent des problèmes locaux de langue\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Une note identifie une graphie, donne une prononciation, coupe une phrase, explique la syntaxe, restitue un sujet ou rapproche deux passages. Lisons-la donc avec les guides des \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-dictionaries-rhyme-books-erya-shuowen-qieyun-guangyun\">dictionnaires et livres de rimes\u003C\u002Fa> et de la \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-texts-punctuation-reading-marks-sentence-division-modern-editions\">ponctuation traditionnelle\u003C\u002Fa>. Une glose d’un caractère peut décider où commence une proposition et quelle action elle exprime.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Ils construisent aussi des mondes historiques et philosophiques\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Les commentateurs nomment les personnages, reconstituent un rite, accordent les dates, concilient des contradictions et décident quel principe illustre un passage. Ces gestes déterminent les questions auxquelles le texte semble répondre. Demandons quel problème la note crée ou résout, quelles autorités elle cite et quelles lectures elle écarte.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>La page stratifiée est déjà un argument\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Corps, position et colonnes distribuent les voix\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Dans bien des éditions, les grands caractères portent le texte de base ; petits caractères, doubles colonnes ou retraits marquent le commentaire. Cercle, blanc ou formule peuvent introduire une autre voix. Ces codes changent et les réimpressions les compriment parfois. Le guide des \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-thread-bound-books-folding-stitching-reading\">livres chinois à reliure cousue\u003C\u002Fa> aide à noter folio, colonne, corps et séquence avant de tout aplatir en transcription.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Le paratexte explique l’assemblage\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Préface, table, note éditoriale et colophon peuvent identifier le commentateur, l’édition suivie, le projet ou une correction. Lisons ces affirmations avec le guide des \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-prefaces-afterwords-xu-ba-books-texts-readers\">préfaces et postfaces\u003C\u002Fa>. Une attribution prestigieuse stabilise une tradition, mais l’objet imprimé demande encore contrôle bibliographique et textuel.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Commentaire et sous-commentaire dialoguent\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Le \u003Cem>shu\u003C\u002Fem> peut expliquer le classique et la note antérieure\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>« Sous-commentaire » est une commodité de traduction, non un jugement d’infériorité. Un \u003Cem>shu\u003C\u002Fem> paraphrase, définit les mots du commentateur, ajoute des citations, tranche un désaccord et rend l’interprétation transmissible. Les études de Cambridge sur les \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fbooks\u002Fabs\u002Fmathematical-commentaries-in-the-ancient-world\u002Fcommentators-at-work\u002F47AF5EE6B878FE92DE11FF864B035173\">commentateurs au travail\u003C\u002Fa> et sur \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fbooks\u002Fabs\u002Fmathematical-commentaries-in-the-ancient-world\u002Fcontrasting-commentaries-and-contrasting-subcommentaries-on-mathematical-and-confucian-canons\u002F8680CEBE51204E2D41E878DBF3E5A1DB\">commentaire et sous-commentaire\u003C\u002Fa> invitent à observer chaque passage plutôt qu’à déduire la fonction du seul titre.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>L’autorité tardive réorganise la pluralité ancienne\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Des projets savants ou officiels ont sélectionné des notes héritées et les ont expliquées dans un canon coordonné. Ils conservent des désaccords tout en décidant quelles voix méritent de survivre. « Orthodoxe » décrit donc une réussite institutionnelle, pas une unanimité éternelle. L’histoire des \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-anthologies-canon-transmission\">anthologies et des canons\u003C\u002Fa> offre un parallèle : sauver, c’est replacer dans un nouveau cadre.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FxrHh9LCgXYAdgHgZ5cOd.webp\" alt=\"Nature morte conceptuelle chaleureuse de couches de papier crème vierge et d’étroites fiches d’annotation sur tissu indigo, maintenues par des poids laqués rouges et une équerre en laiton\">\u003Cfigcaption>Modèle conceptuel de commentaire stratifié généré par IA ; aucun manuscrit, édition, objet ou reconstitution historique réel n’est représenté.\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\u003Ch2>Les Odes de Mao montrent les couches en mouvement\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Le \u003Cem>jian\u003C\u002Fem> de Zheng Xuan entre dans une tradition existante\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Les \u003Cem>Odes de Mao\u003C\u002Fem> reçues associent le classique et le commentaire Mao au \u003Cem>jian\u003C\u002Fem> de Zheng Xuan, au IIe siècle. Zheng précise parfois l’explication antérieure et parfois la réoriente ; il n’ajoute pas seulement des synonymes. Un chapitre de Cambridge sur \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fbooks\u002Fabs\u002Fmathematical-commentaries-in-the-ancient-world\u002Fcalling-out-zheng-xuan-127200-ce-at-the-crossroads-of-ritual-mathematics-sport-and-classical-commentary\u002FEF8CADBF71DDDF338C43D75E4AD7ED82\">Zheng Xuan et le commentaire classique\u003C\u002Fa> replace son travail dans les études rituelles et techniques, puis souligne le rôle des sous-commentateurs dans la canonisation de ses lectures.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Le \u003Cem>zhengyi\u003C\u002Fem> de Kong Yingda rend la chaîne enseignable\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Le projet du VIIe siècle associé à Kong Yingda explique le classique et les couches antérieures, cite souvent des alternatives, puis organise une solution. Un résumé moderne peut donner l’illusion de trois auteurs parfaitement séparés à chaque ligne ; compilation, révision et histoire éditoriale compliquent ce schéma. Utilisons la chaîne comme carte, puis vérifions le locuteur et les mots dans l’édition consultée.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Le commentaire collectif produit une voix éditoriale nouvelle\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Collecter est déjà interpréter\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Un \u003Cem>jijie\u003C\u002Fem> ou \u003Cem>jizhu\u003C\u002Fem> conserve des gloses, mais leur choix, abrègement, ordre et conciliation composent une thèse. L’histoire des \u003Cem>Entretiens\u003C\u002Fem> est révélatrice : certains ouvrages stratifiés ont disparu de Chine, circulé ailleurs, puis sont revenus sous une forme éditoriale changée. Le dossier Harvard-Yenching sur le \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.harvard-yenching.org\u002Fresearch\u002Fstudy-lunyu-yishu\u002F\">\u003Cem>Lunyu yishu\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fa> montre pourquoi fragments cités et éditions retrouvées doivent être comparés.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Zhu Xi transforme l’interprétation et le cursus\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Zhu Xi édite et commente les Quatre Livres en programme cohérent d’étude et de culture de soi. Ses lectures deviennent ensuite centrales dans les examens sous les Yuan et gardent une longue influence. La notice de la \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fplato.stanford.edu\u002Fentries\u002Fzhu-xi\u002F\">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy\u003C\u002Fa> distingue avec soin sa synthèse de l’adoption institutionnelle ultérieure : ce ne sont pas un seul et même événement.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Le commentaire est une preuve, non une fenêtre neutre\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Une note peut préserver une ancienne leçon\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Les commentaires citent parfois une œuvre perdue, enregistrent une variante, expliquent un mot archaïque ou gardent une division du texte. Mais une citation peut être abrégée, normalisée ou adaptée. Le guide de la \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-textual-collation-jiaokan-variant-readings-witnesses-editions\">collation des textes chinois\u003C\u002Fa> aide à contrôler ce témoignage et à maintenir visible la différence entre leçon attestée et reconstruction éditoriale.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>La bibliographie identifie l’objet cité\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Un même titre commentarial survit dans plusieurs éditions, réimpressions et exemplaires composites. Notons prudemment dynastie et commentateur, puis édition, \u003Cem>juan\u003C\u002Fem>, folio et exemplaire. Le guide de la \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bibliographies-mulu-catalogues-classification-books-knowledge\">bibliographie chinoise\u003C\u002Fa> explique pourquoi œuvre, édition et objet physique ne sont pas interchangeables.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Huit questions pour lire une page stratifiée\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Retrouvons d’abord les voix\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Demandons : \u003Cstrong>1)\u003C\u002Fstrong> quel est le texte de base ; \u003Cstrong>2)\u003C\u002Fstrong> quels mots appartiennent à chaque couche ; \u003Cstrong>3)\u003C\u002Fstrong> quel indice matériel marque le changement ; \u003Cstrong>4)\u003C\u002Fstrong> la note explique-t-elle la langue, cite-t-elle une preuve, résout-elle un conflit ou propose-t-elle une lecture ? Le \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fctext.org\u002Finstructions\">guide d’interface du Chinese Text Project\u003C\u002Fa> montre l’alignement numérique du commentaire et du passage ; son \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fctext.org\u002Fintroduction\">introduction\u003C\u002Fa> relie transcription et source numérisée.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Testons ensuite le cadre éditorial\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Demandons encore : \u003Cstrong>5)\u003C\u002Fstrong> qui a compilé ou transmis cette forme ; \u003Cstrong>6)\u003C\u002Fstrong> quelles voix furent retenues ou omises ; \u003Cstrong>7)\u003C\u002Fstrong> quelle édition et quel exemplaire sont affichés ; \u003Cstrong>8)\u003C\u002Fstrong> l’image confirme-t-elle la hiérarchie numérique ? L’OCR aplatit corps, colonnes et étiquettes : les \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fctext.org\u002Finstructions\u002Focr\">instructions OCR du projet\u003C\u002Fa> invitent elles-mêmes au contrôle. Pour Heshang Gong, Wang Bi et Xiang’er, poursuivons avec le guide séparé des \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Fdao-de-jing-commentaries-heshang-gong-wang-bi-xianger\">commentaires du \u003Cem>Dao De Jing\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fa>, sans supposer toutes les traditions identiques.\u003C\u002Fp>","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FAdcQzkC77ADDbAb0HzWq.webp",1672,941,{"fr":1151},"Photographie conceptuelle large d’un lecteur anonyme face à des couches de papier translucide vierge suspendues dans un pavillon ouvert sur la montagne",{"caption":1153,"creator":1154,"source_url":1155,"license_label":1156,"license_url":1157,"changes":1158},"Installation de lecture conceptuelle générée par IA ; ce n’est ni un pavillon, ni un paysage, ni un lecteur, ni un manuscrit, ni une édition, ni un lieu ou événement réels.","OpenAI","https:\u002F\u002Fopenai.com\u002F","AI-generated image","https:\u002F\u002Fopenai.com\u002Fpolicies\u002Fterms-of-use\u002F","Générée indépendamment pour cet article puis convertie en WebP, sans photomontage.",{"fr":1151},"banner","list",{"fr":1163},"Commentaires chinois : zhu, jian, shu et lecture stratifiée",{"fr":1165},"Guide documenté des zhu, jian, shu, jijie et jizhu : identifier les voix, lire la page, vérifier l’édition et suivre l’interprétation.",[],{"data":1168},[1169,1245,1346,1437],{"id":1170,"slug":1171,"available_locales":1172,"path":1173,"title":1174,"venue":1177,"hero_image_url":920,"card_image_url":1180,"card_landscape_url":1181,"lifecycle":1182,"session_mode":1183,"sessions":1184,"next_session":1244},15601,"liu-yao-beginner-course",[900,901,902],"\u002Fevents\u002Fi-ching-learning\u002Fliu-yao-beginner-course",{"en":1175,"zh":1176},"Liu Yao Beginner Course","六爻初级课",{"en":1178,"zh":1179},"Singapore","新加坡","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FQzqp0uXPJyVi3CvdDM1S.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002Fvariants\u002FQzqp0uXPJyVi3CvdDM1S-16x9.webp","upcoming","choose_one",[1185,1204,1217,1230],{"status":1186,"date_slug":1187,"time_label":1188,"timezone_abbr":1189,"date_label":1190,"date_label_fr":1191,"date_short_fr":1192,"date_only_fr":1193,"date_range_label_fr":920,"time_label_fr":1194,"date_label_zh":1195,"date_short":1196,"date_short_zh":1197,"date_only":1198,"date_only_zh":1199,"is_multi_day":1120,"date_range_label":920,"date_range_label_zh":920,"day_of_month":30,"month_short":1200,"month_long":1201,"month_num":1029,"year":1202,"weekday_short":1203,"weekday_index":924},"scheduled","2026-11-01","9:00am–5:00pm","SGT","Sunday, 1 November 2026","dimanche 1 novembre 2026","dim. 1 nov.","1 nov. 2026","09:00–17:00","2026年11月1日 星期日","Sun 1 Nov","11月1日 周日","1 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2026","2026年11月21日",21,"Sat",{"status":1186,"date_slug":1218,"time_label":1188,"timezone_abbr":1189,"date_label":1219,"date_label_fr":1220,"date_short_fr":1221,"date_only_fr":1222,"date_range_label_fr":920,"time_label_fr":1194,"date_label_zh":1223,"date_short":1224,"date_short_zh":1225,"date_only":1226,"date_only_zh":1227,"is_multi_day":1120,"date_range_label":920,"date_range_label_zh":920,"day_of_month":114,"month_short":1228,"month_long":1229,"month_num":114,"year":1202,"weekday_short":1216,"weekday_index":47},"2026-12-12","Saturday, 12 December 2026","samedi 12 décembre 2026","sam. 12 déc.","12 déc. 2026","2026年12月12日 星期六","Sat 12 Dec","12月12日 周六","12 Dec 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