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la lecture",{"to":479,"label":480},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-shihua-poetry-talks-notes-anecdotes-criticism","Lire les shihua chinois : critique, notes et anecdotes sur la poésie",{"to":482,"label":483},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-prefaces-afterwords-xu-ba-books-texts-readers","Lire les préfaces et postfaces chinoises : comment les livres encadrent textes et lecteurs",{"to":485,"label":486},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-biji-brush-notes-notebooks-miscellanies","Lire les biji chinois : comment des fragments deviennent savoir et littérature",{"to":488,"label":489},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-leishu-classified-books-excerpts-knowledge","Lire les leishu chinois : comment le savoir fut extrait et classé",{"to":491,"label":492},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-dictionaries-rhyme-books-erya-shuowen-qieyun-guangyun","Dictionnaires et livres de rimes chinois : classer les caractères, les sens et les sons",{"to":494,"label":495},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-primers-sanzijing-baijiaxing-qianziwen-literacy","Manuels élémentaires chinois : lire les Trois caractères, les Cent Noms et les Mille caractères",{"to":497,"label":498},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-texts-punctuation-reading-marks-sentence-division-modern-editions","Comment ponctuer les textes chinois : marques de lecture, découpage et éditions modernes",{"to":500,"label":501},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-letters-chidu-writing-address-correspondence-calligraphy","Les lettres chinoises (chidu) : formes, adresses et postérité de la correspondance",{"to":503,"label":504},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-travel-writing-youji-routes-witness-making-place","Les récits de voyage chinois (youji) : itinéraires, témoignage et construction des lieux",{"to":506,"label":507},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-individual-collected-works-bieji-authors-editors-transmission","Les recueils individuels chinois (bieji) : comment les écrits d’un auteur deviennent un livre",{"to":509,"label":510},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-guwen-pianwen-ancient-style-parallel-prose-rhythm-argument","Guwen et pianwen : deux manières de façonner la prose chinoise classique",{"to":512,"label":513},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-eight-legged-essay-baguwen-examination-classics-composition","L’essai en huit parties (baguwen) : comment une forme d’examen organisait la pensée classique",{"to":515,"label":516},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-examination-compounds-gongyuan-cells-candidate-experience","Les complexes d’examen chinois (gongyuan) : comment l’espace façonnait l’expérience des candidats",{"to":518,"label":519},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-academies-shuyuan-books-teaching-ritual-landscape","Les académies chinoises (shuyuan) : livres, enseignement et rites d’un lieu savant",{"to":521,"label":522},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-private-libraries-cangshulou-collectors-catalogues-transmission","Les bibliothèques privées chinoises (cangshulou) : comment les collectionneurs ont prolongé la vie des livres",{"to":524,"label":525},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bookshops-book-markets-publishers-routes-readers","Librairies et marchés du livre en Chine : comment les livres devinrent marchandises, routes et rencontres",{"to":527,"label":528},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-illustrated-books-woodblock-images-page-design-reading","Livres chinois illustrés : comment l’image gravée façonnait la page",{"to":530,"label":531},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bibliographies-mulu-catalogues-classification-books-knowledge","Bibliographies chinoises (mulu) : comment les catalogues classaient livres et savoirs",{"to":533,"label":534},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-textual-collation-jiaokan-variant-readings-witnesses-editions","La collation des textes chinois (jiaokan) : lire variantes et témoins",{"to":536,"label":537},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-commentaries-subcommentaries-zhu-jian-shu-layered-reading","Commentaires et sous-commentaires chinois : quand les notes façonnent le texte",{"to":539,"label":540},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-marginalia-meipi-pangpi-pijiao-reading-history","Les marginalia dans les livres chinois : comment les lecteurs répondaient au texte",{"to":542,"label":543},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-ownership-seals-cangshuyin-provenance-impressions","Les sceaux de possession dans les livres chinois : lire la provenance en rouge",{"to":545,"label":546},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-paper-fibres-sizing-repairs-dating-evidence","Le papier dans les livres chinois : fibres, encollage, réparations et limites de datation",{"to":548,"label":549},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-page-layout-frames-columns-fishtails-centre-fold","Lire la page du livre chinois : cadres, colonnes, queues-de-poisson et pli central",{"to":551,"label":552},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-printers-marks-paiji-kanji-publishing-claims","Marques d’édition dans les livres chinois : lire paiji, kanji et mentions de publication",{"to":554,"label":555},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-movable-type-printing-clay-wood-metal-reuse","Les caractères mobiles dans l’histoire du livre chinois : argile, bois, métal et réemploi",{"to":557,"label":558},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-woodblock-printing-workflow-writing-carving-inking-impressions","Comment fonctionnait l’impression xylographique chinoise : écriture, gravure, encrage et tirage",{"to":560,"label":561},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-woodblock-lifecycle-storage-repair-recutting-later-impressions","Après le premier tirage : stockage, réparation et réemploi des planches chinoises",{"to":563,"label":564},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fwho-paid-chinese-book-printing-patronage-profit-donors-funding","Qui payait l’impression ? Mécénat, commerce et financement collectif dans l’histoire du livre chinois",{"to":566,"label":567},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-readers-got-books-imperial-china-buying-borrowing-gifts-copying","Comment les lecteurs se procuraient des livres en Chine impériale : achat, emprunt, don et copie",{"to":569,"label":570},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-classical-chinese-poetry-was-heard-recitation-chanting-historical-sound","Comment la poésie classique chinoise était entendue : récitation, cantillation et son historique",{"to":572,"label":573},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-social-exchange-gifts-farewells-replies-rhyme-matching","La poésie comme échange social : dons, adieux, réponses et reprises de rimes en Chine",{"to":575,"label":576},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-gatherings-themes-rhyme-lots-linked-composition","Comment se déroulaient les réunions poétiques chinoises : thèmes, rimes et composition liée",{"to":578,"label":579},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-revision-drafts-variants-editorial-layers","Comment les poèmes chinois ont changé : brouillons, variantes et couches éditoriales",{"to":581,"label":582},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-attribution-anonymity-disputed-authorship","Qui a écrit ce poème ? Attribution, anonymat et débats d’auteur dans la poésie chinoise",{"to":104,"label":105,"children":584},[585,588,591,594,597,600,603,606,609,612,615,618,621,624,627,630,633],{"to":586,"label":587},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Forigins-history-of-calligraphy","Origines et histoire de la calligraphie chinoise",{"to":589,"label":590},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fthe-five-script-styles","Les cinq grandes écritures de la calligraphie chinoise",{"to":592,"label":593},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fcalligraphy-as-taoist-cultivation","Calligraphie et culture de soi taoïste : texte, attention et pratique",{"to":595,"label":596},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Ffour-treasures-of-the-study","Les Quatre Trésors du lettré : choisir et utiliser le matériel de calligraphie",{"to":598,"label":599},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fbrush-technique-living-line","Le pinceau en calligraphie chinoise : observer et pratiquer la ligne vivante",{"to":601,"label":602},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fgreat-masters-further-reading","Maîtres de la calligraphie chinoise et parcours de lecture",{"to":604,"label":605},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-seals-and-seal-carving","Sceaux chinois et gravure sigillaire : écriture, matrice et empreinte",{"to":607,"label":608},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-ink-rubbings","Les estampages chinois : pierre, papier et transmission de la calligraphie",{"to":610,"label":611},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-inkstones","Pierres à encre chinoises : matière, sculpture et cabinet du lettré",{"to":613,"label":614},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-inksticks","Bâtons d’encre chinois : suie, moules et cabinet du lettré",{"to":616,"label":617},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-calligraphy-paper","Papier chinois de calligraphie : xuan, encollage et vie d’une feuille",{"to":619,"label":620},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-calligraphy-brushes","Pinceaux chinois de calligraphie : poils, manche et pointe de travail",{"to":622,"label":623},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-rests","Repose-pinceaux chinois : montagnes, matières et table du lettré",{"to":625,"label":626},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-water-droppers-scholars-desk","Les compte-gouttes chinois : débit, formes et table du lettré",{"to":628,"label":629},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-pots-materials-scholars-desk","Les pots à pinceaux chinois : usage, matières et table du lettré",{"to":631,"label":632},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-washers-water-form-scholars-desk","Les lave-pinceaux chinois : eau, formes et table du lettré",{"to":634,"label":635},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-paperweights-form-material-scholars-desk","Presse-papiers chinois : formes, matières et table du lettré",{"to":108,"label":109,"children":637},[638,641,644,647,650,653,656,659,662,665,668,671,674,677,680,683,686,689,692,695,698,701,704,707,710,713,716,719,722,725,728,731,734,737,740,743,746,749,752],{"to":639,"label":640},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-meditation-taoist-practice","Thé, méditation et pratique taoïste",{"to":642,"label":643},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Forigins-history-of-tea-culture","Origines et histoire de la culture chinoise du thé",{"to":645,"label":646},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fthe-way-of-tea","La voie du thé : attention, soin et hospitalité",{"to":648,"label":649},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftypes-of-tea-and-character","Les six familles de thé chinois : fabrication et dégustation",{"to":651,"label":652},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Futensils-and-gongfu-method","Thé gongfu : ustensiles et méthode adaptable",{"to":654,"label":655},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Apprendre le thé chinois : lectures et pratique",{"to":657,"label":658},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwater-for-chinese-tea","L’eau pour le thé chinois : sources, minéraux et méthode de comparaison",{"to":660,"label":661},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teaware-clay-glaze-form","Les ustensiles chinois du thé : terre, porcelaine, glaçure et usage",{"to":663,"label":664},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-tea-caddies","Boîtes à thé chinoises : conservation, matières et circulation des feuilles",{"to":666,"label":667},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fsong-whisked-tea-powder-bowls-foam","Le thé fouetté sous les Song : poudre, bols et écume",{"to":669,"label":670},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fyixing-teapots-clay-form-makers-marks","Théières de Yixing : argile, forme et lecture des marques",{"to":672,"label":673},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fcompressed-tea-cakes-bricks-trade-storage-object-reading","Thé compressé en Chine : galettes, briques et méthode de lecture",{"to":675,"label":676},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-horse-trade-networks-routes-markets-cultural-exchange","Les réseaux du thé et des chevaux : routes, marchés et échanges culturels",{"to":678,"label":679},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-landscapes-china-gardens-forests-terraces-living-knowledge","Paysages du thé en Chine : jardins, forêts anciennes, terrasses et savoirs vivants",{"to":681,"label":682},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fpicking-tea-china-seasons-bud-leaf-standards-skilled-labour","La cueillette du thé en Chine : saisons, jeunes pousses et savoir-faire",{"to":684,"label":685},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwithering-tea-leaves-water-loss-time-first-transformation","Le flétrissage du thé : perte d’eau, temps et première transformation",{"to":687,"label":688},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffixing-tea-leaves-shaqing-heat-enzymes-turning-point","La fixation des feuilles de thé (shāqīng) : chaleur, enzymes et tournant de la fabrication chinoise",{"to":690,"label":691},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Frolling-tea-leaves-rounian-pressure-shape-cell-disruption","Le roulage des feuilles de thé (róuniǎn) : pression, forme et rupture cellulaire maîtrisée",{"to":693,"label":694},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdrying-tea-leaves-moisture-heat-stability-finished-tea","Le séchage des feuilles de thé : humidité, chaleur et stabilité du thé fini",{"to":696,"label":697},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fsorting-grading-tea-leaf-size-shape-grade-meaning","Tri et classement du thé : taille, forme et sens réel d’un grade",{"to":699,"label":700},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-blending-batch-construction-consistency-style-transparency","Assemblage du thé et construction des lots : constance, style et transparence",{"to":702,"label":703},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-oxidation-post-fermentation-enzymes-microbes-terms","Oxydation et post-fermentation du thé : enzymes, microbes et termes trompeurs",{"to":705,"label":706},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fyellow-tea-menhuang-moist-heat-time-tea-family","Le thé jaune et le menhuang : chaleur humide, temps et formation d’une famille de thé",{"to":708,"label":709},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Frefiring-roasting-tea-later-heat-aroma-finished-leaf","Réchauffage et torréfaction du thé : chaleur tardive, arômes et différence avec le séchage",{"to":711,"label":712},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fjasmine-tea-scenting-flowers-repeated-rounds-aroma-transfer","Thé au jasmin et parfumage : fleurs, cycles répétés et transfert des arômes",{"to":714,"label":715},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-sensory-evaluation-appearance-aroma-taste-score-limits","Évaluation sensorielle du thé : aspect, arômes, goût et limites d’une note",{"to":717,"label":718},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdoucha-song-tea-contests-whisked-tea-jian-bowls-modern-judging","Doucha : concours de thé sous les Song et limites des reconstitutions modernes",{"to":720,"label":721},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fbeiyuan-tribute-tea-song-court-labour-imperial-label","Le thé tribut de Beiyuan : goût de cour sous les Song, travail qualifié et limites de l’étiquette « impériale »",{"to":723,"label":724},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Freading-chinese-tea-classics-authorship-editions-recipe-limits","Lire les classiques chinois du thé : auteurs, éditions et limites d’une lecture en « recette »",{"to":726,"label":727},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-poetry-social-worlds-metaphor-historical-evidence","Le thé dans la poésie chinoise : sociabilités, métaphores et limites du témoignage littéraire",{"to":729,"label":730},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teahouses-commerce-conversation-performance-urban-publics","Les maisons de thé chinoises : commerce, conversation, spectacle et publics urbains en mutation",{"to":732,"label":733},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-painting-objects-social-worlds-visual-evidence","Le thé dans la peinture chinoise : objets, mondes sociaux et limites du témoignage visuel",{"to":735,"label":736},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-dream-of-the-red-chamber-hospitality-rank-labour-fiction","Le thé dans Le Rêve dans le pavillon rouge : hospitalité, rang, travail et fiction",{"to":738,"label":739},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-travel-writing-roads-hospitality-regional-evidence","Le thé dans les récits de voyage chinois : routes, hospitalité et limites de l’itinéraire",{"to":741,"label":742},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-letters-gifts-visits-friendship-private-writing","Le thé dans les lettres chinoises : dons, visites, amitié et limites d’une écriture « privée »",{"to":744,"label":745},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-tax-monopoly-imperial-china-fiscal-records-daily-life","Thé, fiscalité et monopole dans la Chine impériale : lire les archives sans confondre recettes et vie quotidienne",{"to":747,"label":748},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-local-gazetteers-place-production-local-knowledge","Le thé dans les monographies locales chinoises : lieux, production et limites du savoir local",{"to":750,"label":751},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-materia-medica-names-preparations-medical-claims","Le thé dans les matières médicales chinoises : noms, préparations et limites des assertions médicales",{"to":753,"label":754},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-buddhist-monastic-rules-ceremony-office-origin-stories","Le thé dans les règles monastiques bouddhiques chinoises : cérémonies, charges et limites des récits d’origine",{"to":112,"label":113,"children":756},[757,760,763,766,769,772,775,778,781,784,787,790],{"to":758,"label":759},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Forigins-history-of-the-guqin","Histoire du guqin : objets, textes et transmission musicale",{"to":761,"label":762},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fanatomy-of-the-guqin","Comment fonctionne le guqin : cordes, caisse et sonorités",{"to":764,"label":765},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fplaying-technique-and-notation","Jouer du guqin : gestes, tablature et interprétation",{"to":767,"label":768},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Ffamous-melodies-and-stories","Mélodies du guqin : récits, versions et pistes d’écoute",{"to":770,"label":771},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-as-taoist-cultivation","Guqin et cultivation taoïste : écoute, pratique et limites",{"to":773,"label":774},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Ffurther-listening-and-study","Apprendre le guqin : écouter, s’informer et choisir un professeur",{"to":776,"label":777},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-tables-playing-spaces","Tables de guqin et espaces de jeu : support, posture et écoute",{"to":779,"label":780},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fhow-to-read-guqin-handbook-tablature-editions-dapu","Lire un manuel de guqin : tablature, éditions et dapu",{"to":782,"label":783},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Freading-guqin-lacquer-layers-crack-patterns-repair","Lire la laque du guqin : couches, craquelures et réparations",{"to":785,"label":786},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Freading-guqin-inscriptions-seals-names-dates-provenance","Lire les inscriptions et sceaux du guqin : noms, dates et provenance",{"to":788,"label":789},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-forms-zhongni-banana-leaf-shapes","Formes du guqin : comprendre les modèles Zhongni, feuille de bananier et autres silhouettes",{"to":791,"label":792},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-strings-silk-modern-composites-playing","Cordes du guqin : soie, composites modernes et effets du matériau sur le jeu",{"to":116,"label":117,"children":794},[795,798,801,804,807,810,813,816,819,822,825,828,831,834,837],{"to":796,"label":797},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Forigins-history-of-chinese-painting","Origines et histoire de la peinture chinoise : œuvres, cours et communautés",{"to":799,"label":800},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fart-of-ink-and-brush","Encre et pinceau dans la peinture chinoise : matières, eau et traces",{"to":802,"label":803},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Flandscape-painting-shanshui","Shanshui : comment regarder la peinture de paysage chinoise",{"to":805,"label":806},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fbirds-flowers-four-gentlemen","Oiseaux, fleurs et Quatre Gentilshommes dans la peinture chinoise",{"to":808,"label":809},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fpainting-as-taoist-cultivation","Peinture et cultivation taoïste : images, idées et pratique",{"to":811,"label":812},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fgreat-masters-further-study","Maîtres de la peinture chinoise : un parcours guidé",{"to":814,"label":815},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-handscroll","Comment lire un rouleau horizontal chinois : séquence, colophons et sceaux",{"to":817,"label":818},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-fan-painting","La peinture chinoise sur éventail : forme, pinceau et art du petit format",{"to":820,"label":821},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-painting-album","Comment lire un album de peinture chinoise : feuillets, séquence et regard intime",{"to":823,"label":824},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-scholars-rocks","Pierres de lettrés chinoises : matière, présentation et paysages imaginés",{"to":826,"label":827},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-hanging-scroll","Comment lire un rouleau vertical chinois : espace, montage et présentation",{"to":829,"label":830},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-screens-space-painting","Écrans chinois : espace, image et art du pli",{"to":832,"label":833},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fmounting-chinese-painting","Le montage des peintures chinoises : bordures de soie, papiers de doublage et vie du rouleau",{"to":835,"label":836},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-portrait-painting-likeness-role-ancestral-memory","Le portrait chinois : ressemblance, rôle social et mémoire ancestrale",{"to":838,"label":839},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fthree-distances-chinese-landscape-painting","Les trois distances dans la peinture de paysage chinoise : hauteur, profondeur et horizon",{"to":120,"label":121,"children":841},[842,845,848,851,854,857,860,863,866],{"to":843,"label":844},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Forigins-history-of-incense-culture","Origines et histoire de la culture chinoise de l’encens",{"to":846,"label":847},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Faromatic-materials-fragrant-woods","Matières aromatiques : bois, résines et approvisionnement responsable",{"to":849,"label":850},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fforms-and-art-of-appreciation","Formes d’encens et art de l’appréciation",{"to":852,"label":853},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fincense-in-ritual-and-temple-life","L’encens dans les rites taoïstes et la vie des temples",{"to":855,"label":856},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fincense-meditation-taoist-practice","Encens, méditation et pratique taoïste",{"to":858,"label":859},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Apprendre la culture chinoise de l’encens : lectures et pratique",{"to":861,"label":862},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-burners","Brûle-parfums chinois : bronze, céramique, formes et contextes",{"to":864,"label":865},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-seals-fragrant-time","Les sceaux d’encens chinois : cendre, motifs et temps parfumé",{"to":867,"label":868},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-sets-burner-box-vase-tools","Ensembles chinois pour l’encens : brûle-parfum, boîte, vase et outils",{"to":123,"label":124,"children":870},[871,874,877,880,883,886,889],{"to":872,"label":873},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Forigins-history-of-floral-art","Histoire de l’art floral chinois : objets, images et voix",{"to":875,"label":876},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fprinciples-of-flower-arrangement","Composition florale chinoise : lignes, équilibre et regard",{"to":878,"label":879},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fvessels-tools-and-composition","Choisir récipients et outils : formes, soutien et entretien",{"to":881,"label":882},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fseasonal-flowers-and-symbolism","Fleurs de saison et symboles : lire le contexte",{"to":884,"label":885},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fflower-arrangement-as-cultivation","L’arrangement floral comme pratique : attention, changement et limites",{"to":887,"label":888},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Pour aller plus loin : sources, musées et premier mois de pratique",{"to":890,"label":891},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fchinese-flower-baskets-weaving-painting-vessels","Les paniers de fleurs chinois : tressage, peinture et récipient",[],[],{"data":895},[896,929,946,964,981,997,1013,1028,1046,1063,1080],{"id":30,"uuid":897,"slug":898,"available_locales":899,"name":903,"description":905,"body":907,"path":909,"images":910,"image_urls":915,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":921,"seo_description":923,"sort_order":924,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":927,"updated_at":928},"f1a30881-20c6-407b-b546-669e839a178a","feng-shui-learning",[900,901,902],"en","zh","fr",{"fr":904},"Étudier le feng shui",{"fr":906},"Comprendre les traditions d’orientation, de formes et d’aménagement dans leur contexte historique, avec les limites des interprétations prédictives.",{"fr":908},"\u003Cp>Le feng shui s’intéresse traditionnellement aux reliefs, à l’eau, aux bâtiments et à leur orientation dans un cadre cosmologique. Ses écoles et ses textes sont variés. Il ne se réduit pas à des règles de décoration et ne constitue pas une méthode prouvée pour garantir richesse, santé ou relations harmonieuses.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Les cours expliquent le vocabulaire, les différences entre écoles et leurs contextes historiques. Ils invitent à examiner avec discernement les usages contemporains. Les décisions immobilières et financières demandent des informations concrètes et, selon leur nature, un conseil professionnel.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Ffeng-shui-learning",[911,912,913,914],"wudang\u002Fevents\u002FYpvXV9T4BG3YVD0NQ150.webp","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FfhZyCVAEQXsL76XmGdVp.webp","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FAt5a8W2EGZ9IhDUbI4f3.avif","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FBKPjfYeMNJ617LWJ7tgv.avif",[916,917,918,919],"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FYpvXV9T4BG3YVD0NQ150.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FfhZyCVAEQXsL76XmGdVp.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FAt5a8W2EGZ9IhDUbI4f3.avif","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FBKPjfYeMNJ617LWJ7tgv.avif",null,{"fr":922},"Étudier le feng shui : cours et ateliers",{"fr":906},0,true,"active","2026-07-13T05:17:57.000000Z","2026-09-25T03:51:12.000000Z",{"id":47,"uuid":930,"slug":931,"available_locales":932,"name":933,"description":935,"body":937,"path":939,"images":940,"image_urls":941,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":942,"seo_description":944,"sort_order":924,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":945,"updated_at":928},"c85bf6cc-b84e-4c36-bbd7-9e92b53bbe50","internal-arts-wellness",[900,901,902],{"fr":934},"Arts internes et bien-être",{"fr":936},"Cours, ateliers et séjours de tai-chi, qigong et baduanjin, avec un travail progressif du mouvement et de la respiration.",{"fr":938},"\u003Cp>Découvrez des cours et des ateliers en petit groupe consacrés aux arts internes, aux postures, à la respiration et à leurs fondements culturels.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Chaque programme précise l’enseignant, les dates, le niveau attendu et les modalités d’inscription. Consultez la fiche de l’activité pour choisir un cadre adapté à votre expérience.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Finternal-arts-wellness",[],[],{"fr":943},"Arts internes et bien-être : cours et ateliers",{"fr":936},"2026-08-16T19:23:45.000000Z",{"id":947,"uuid":948,"slug":949,"available_locales":950,"name":951,"description":953,"body":955,"path":957,"images":958,"image_urls":959,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":960,"seo_description":962,"sort_order":924,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":963,"updated_at":928},10,"884ed965-8c72-49e2-acee-0fc2f7aec70a","face-reading-learning",[900,901,902],{"fr":952},"Étudier la lecture du visage",{"fr":954},"Découvrir la lecture chinoise du visage, son cadre classique, son histoire et ses usages, en distinguant tradition et prédiction démontrée.",{"fr":956},"","\u002Fevents\u002Fface-reading-learning",[],[],{"fr":961},"Étudier la lecture du visage : cours et ateliers",{"fr":954},"2026-08-30T17:01:43.000000Z",{"id":965,"uuid":966,"slug":967,"available_locales":968,"name":969,"description":971,"body":973,"path":975,"images":976,"image_urls":977,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":978,"seo_description":980,"sort_order":30,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":927,"updated_at":928},2,"8792a80b-d0c8-4ef9-9634-5cb91827932b","zi-wei-dou-shu-learning",[900,901,902],{"fr":970},"Étudier le Zi Wei Dou Shu",{"fr":972},"Aborder le Zi Wei Dou Shu comme un système traditionnel chinois d’interprétation, avec son vocabulaire, son histoire et ses limites.",{"fr":974},"\u003Cp>Le Zi Wei Dou Shu (紫微斗數) organise les informations de naissance à travers des palais, des étoiles et leurs relations. Il possède un vocabulaire technique étendu et plusieurs traditions d’interprétation. Ses affirmations prédictives ne sont pas établies par les connaissances scientifiques modernes.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Les cours expliquent la structure des thèmes, la lecture des symboles et les différences entre praticiens anciens et contemporains. L’objectif est la compréhension culturelle et une réflexion méthodique, sans certitude sur l’avenir. Une lecture ne remplace aucun avis médical, juridique, financier, professionnel ou psychologique.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu-learning",[],[],{"fr":979},"Étudier le Zi Wei Dou Shu : cours et ateliers",{"fr":972},{"id":191,"uuid":982,"slug":983,"available_locales":984,"name":985,"description":987,"body":989,"path":990,"images":991,"image_urls":992,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":993,"seo_description":995,"sort_order":30,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":996,"updated_at":928},"09958025-4f1d-40e6-ae1c-8b1517ac824e","tea-arts",[900,901,902],{"fr":986},"Arts du thé",{"fr":988},"Cours et ateliers de thé chinois : familles de thé, infusion, gestes d’accueil et attention partagée autour d’une table.",{"fr":956},"\u002Fevents\u002Ftea-arts",[],[],{"fr":994},"Arts du thé : cours et ateliers",{"fr":988},"2026-08-16T17:13:57.000000Z",{"id":187,"uuid":998,"slug":999,"available_locales":1000,"name":1001,"description":1003,"body":1005,"path":1007,"images":1008,"image_urls":1009,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":1010,"seo_description":1012,"sort_order":965,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":927,"updated_at":928},"e52a261e-348a-4b8a-bd51-43f4e6b1d861","ba-zi-learning",[900,901,902],{"fr":1002},"Étudier le Ba Zi",{"fr":1004},"Découvrir les quatre piliers, les troncs célestes, les branches terrestres et les cinq phases, avec leur histoire et leurs limites.",{"fr":1006},"\u003Cp>Le Ba Zi (八字) interprète l’année, le mois, le jour et l’heure à travers les troncs célestes, les branches terrestres, le yin-yang et les cinq phases. Il occupe une place importante dans la métaphysique chinoise ; il ne constitue pas une science empirique.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Les cours présentent la structure des thèmes, le vocabulaire et différentes traditions de lecture. Ils distinguent les interprétations héritées de la tradition des connaissances étayées par des preuves. Une lecture peut nourrir la réflexion, mais ne garantit pas un résultat, ne pose aucun diagnostic et ne remplace pas un avis professionnel.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fba-zi-learning",[],[],{"fr":1011},"Étudier le Ba Zi : cours et ateliers",{"fr":1004},{"id":54,"uuid":1014,"slug":1015,"available_locales":1016,"name":1017,"description":1019,"body":1021,"path":1022,"images":1023,"image_urls":1024,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":1025,"seo_description":1027,"sort_order":965,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":996,"updated_at":928},"76718b8e-3137-42fc-a257-c9e318b3e364","incense-culture",[900,901,902],{"fr":1018},"Culture de l’encens",{"fr":1020},"Découvrir les matières parfumées, la fabrication traditionnelle et l’art d’apprécier l’encens dans une attention calme.",{"fr":956},"\u002Fevents\u002Fincense-culture",[],[],{"fr":1026},"Culture de l’encens : cours et ateliers",{"fr":1020},{"id":1029,"uuid":1030,"slug":1031,"available_locales":1032,"name":1033,"description":1035,"body":1037,"path":1039,"images":1040,"image_urls":1041,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":1042,"seo_description":1044,"sort_order":965,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":1045,"updated_at":928},11,"c39cc557-40eb-4266-9736-7fb84891d407","i-ching-learning",[900,901,902],{"fr":1034},"Étudier le Yi Jing",{"fr":1036},"Explorer les hexagrammes, les méthodes traditionnelles d’interprétation et l’histoire du Yi Jing, avec un cadre et des limites explicites.",{"fr":1038},"\u003Cp>Le Yi Jing (易经), ou Livre des mutations, est un classique chinois organisé autour de soixante-quatre hexagrammes et d’une longue tradition de commentaires et de divination. Il a marqué la philosophie et la cosmologie chinoises. Ses affirmations divinatoires ne sont pas établies par les sciences empiriques modernes.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Les cours présentent les structures, les termes et des méthodes traditionnelles comme le Liu Yao. Ils distinguent l’étude culturelle des connaissances fondées sur des preuves. Les interprétations peuvent servir à réfléchir ; elles ne sont ni des garanties, ni des diagnostics, ni des substituts à un avis professionnel.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fi-ching-learning",[],[],{"fr":1043},"Étudier le Yi Jing : cours et ateliers",{"fr":1036},"2026-09-08T00:15:35.000000Z",{"id":17,"uuid":1047,"slug":1048,"available_locales":1049,"name":1050,"description":1052,"body":1054,"path":1056,"images":1057,"image_urls":1058,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":1059,"seo_description":1061,"sort_order":187,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":1062,"updated_at":928},"ee2330c6-5a3e-4ac2-a2d1-1a0dc110c58c","traditional-arts-crafts",[900,901,902],{"fr":1051},"Arts et artisanat traditionnels",{"fr":1053},"Des ateliers pratiques pour découvrir les techniques décoratives chinoises et leur contexte culturel en réalisant un objet.",{"fr":1055},"\u003Cp>Découvrez les arts décoratifs et les traditions artisanales chinoises par la pratique. Selon les ateliers, les projets peuvent faire appel à la feuille d’or, à l’émail cloisonné, à la nacre ou au brocart Song.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Ces séances accessibles présentent les matériaux, les gestes et leur contexte culturel. Chaque participant est accompagné dans la réalisation de sa propre pièce.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Ftraditional-arts-crafts",[],[],{"fr":1060},"Arts et artisanat traditionnels : cours et ateliers",{"fr":1053},"2026-08-16T19:24:04.000000Z",{"id":164,"uuid":1064,"slug":1065,"available_locales":1066,"name":1067,"description":1069,"body":1071,"path":1073,"images":1074,"image_urls":1075,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":1076,"seo_description":1078,"sort_order":191,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":1079,"updated_at":928},"824f78c1-1181-4983-bae5-77e7cdbbbc1d","wudang-community",[900,901,902],{"fr":1068},"Rencontres autour de Wudang",{"fr":1070},"Conférences, diffusions et rencontres pour partager la culture de Wudang, ses savoirs et ses pratiques vivantes.",{"fr":1072},"\u003Cp>Cette rubrique réunit des conférences publiques, des diffusions en direct, des rencontres et des activités culturelles liées à Wudang.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Ces programmes permettent de rencontrer des pratiquants, d’échanger des idées et de prendre part à une communauté d’apprentissage et de pratique.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-community",[],[],{"fr":1077},"Rencontres autour de Wudang : cours et ateliers",{"fr":1070},"2026-08-16T19:24:18.000000Z",{"id":13,"uuid":1081,"slug":1082,"available_locales":1083,"name":1084,"description":1086,"body":1088,"path":1089,"images":1090,"image_urls":1091,"hero_image":920,"hero_image_url":920,"seo_title":1092,"seo_description":1094,"sort_order":54,"is_active":925,"status":926,"created_at":1095,"updated_at":928},"25641c0b-8e5a-46d7-9b18-95c344015f97","wudang-journeys-retreats",[900,901,902],{"fr":1085},"Voyages et séjours à Wudang",{"fr":1087},"Des séjours guidés à Wudang associant pratique, visites de temples et découverte culturelle, avec un itinéraire et des attentes clairement présentés.",{"fr":956},"\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-journeys-retreats",[],[],{"fr":1093},"Voyages et séjours à Wudang : cours et ateliers",{"fr":1087},"2026-08-18T11:09:38.000000Z",{"data":1097},{"hero_type":1098,"hero_image":1099,"hero_image_alt":1100,"hero_youtube_id":1101,"hero_content_on":925,"hero_heading":1102,"hero_subheading":1103,"hero_text":1104,"hero_subheading_zh":1105,"hero_text_zh":1106,"hero_buttons":1107,"home_seo":1113,"page_layout":1119,"shop_enabled":1120,"contact":1121,"journey":1137},"image","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fsite\u002Fwudanghomepagehero.webp","Wudang mountain temple in mist","VgirFbjpiy4","武当文化，道在日常\nWudang Culture, Practised with Purpose","A place for learning. A home for living culture.","Explore Taoist thought, internal arts, literati traditions and Wudang Mountain through grounded learning in Singapore and beyond.","这里既是学习之地，也是让文化融入日常的所在。","从道家思想、内家武术、文人雅艺与武当山出发，以清晰、踏实的方式，在新加坡及世界各地认识和体验武当文化。",[1108,1110],{"label":1109,"link":217},"Start Your Wudang Journey",{"label":1111,"link":1112},"View Events & Courses","\u002Fevents",{"title":1114,"description":1116},{"en":1115,"zh":920},"Wudang Mountain: Tai Chi, Qigong & Taoist Culture",{"en":1117,"zh":1118},"Explore Wudang Mountain through Tai Chi, Qigong, Daoist philosophy, martial arts, traditional arts, wellness, culture and everyday life in Wudang.","从太极、气功、道家思想、武术、传统雅艺与养生文化认识武当山，探索武当文化及武当山的日常生活。","sidebar",false,{"methods":1122,"has_any":925,"text":1130},{"email":1123,"whatsapp":1124,"wechat_id":1125,"wechat_qr_url":1126,"instagram":1127,"instagram_handle":1128,"facebook":1129,"facebook_handle":1128},"hello@wudang.org","+6588169599","Cldjcll0305","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fcontact\u002Fkcs9Z5IEY7CugW2mEYA8.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fleewudang.sg","@leewudang.sg","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fleewudang.sg\u002F",{"china_heading_en":1131,"china_heading_zh":1132,"china_company_en":1133,"china_company_zh":1134,"china_address_en":1135,"china_address_zh":1136},"China Operations","中国运营","Xunwei Wudang Co., Ltd.","寻味武当有限公司","No. 72 Jianhe 2nd Road, Wangjiayuan, Wudang Mountain, Shiyan, Hubei, China","湖北省十堰市武当山王家园剑河二路72号",{"title_en":920,"title_zh":920,"intro_en":920,"intro_zh":920,"enabled":925},{"data":1139},{"to":566,"type":1140,"available_locales":1141,"is_content_page":925,"title":1142,"subtitle":1143,"body":1145,"hero_image_url":1147,"hero_width":1148,"hero_height":1149,"hero_image_alt":1150,"hero_image_decorative":1120,"hero_credit":1152,"hero_alt":1159,"hero_style":1160,"card_layout":1161,"link_type":920,"link_ref":920,"seo_title":1162,"seo_description":1164,"children":1166},"page",[900,901,902],{"fr":567},{"fr":1144},"Un guide documenté de l’achat, du don, des bibliothèques gardées, de l’emprunt, de la copie et des indices qui permettent de reconstruire l’accès.",{"fr":1146},"\u003Ch2>L’accès comptait autant que la propriété\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Lire un texte n’impliquait pas de le posséder\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>En Chine impériale, l’achat n’était qu’une voie parmi d’autres. Un texte pouvait être offert, emprunté, copié à la main, consulté dans une académie ou un dépôt officiel, ou circuler dans un cercle de collectionneurs. L’introduction de \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F10.1525\u002Fj.ctt1ppz91\">Printing and Book Culture in Late Imperial China\u003C\u002Fa> souligne que la possession — ou du moins l’accès — était indispensable à la réussite savante. Un exemplaire portant un sceau documente une propriété, non tous ses lecteurs antérieurs.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Époque, région et position sociale modifiaient les possibilités\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Ce guide privilégie des pratiques attestées des Song aux Qing, surtout dans l’expansion tardive de l’imprimé. Il ne transforme ni le règlement d’une bibliothèque ni le marché d’une ville en norme chinoise universelle. Fortune, voyage, examens, réseaux familiaux, affiliation institutionnelle et proximité d’un centre éditorial déterminaient ce que l’on pouvait trouver. Le guide de \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fwho-paid-chinese-book-printing-patronage-profit-donors-funding\">ceux qui finançaient l’impression\u003C\u002Fa> explique la production ; celui-ci suit les livres devenus accessibles.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>L’achat reliait les lecteurs aux circuits commerciaux\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Libraires, colporteurs et vendeurs itinérants élargissaient le choix\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>L’essor commercial rendit l’achat plus important sans rendre tous les titres bon marché ni présents partout. Boutiques, marchés, colporteurs et marchands mobiles reliaient centres d’édition et lecteurs locaux ; neuf et occasion suivaient des voies distinctes. Le chapitre de Joseph McDermott sur \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fhong-kong-scholarship-online\u002Fbook\u002F29114\u002Fchapter-abstract\u002F242130093\">la distribution et la culture lettrée\u003C\u002Fa> traite don et achat comme deux solutions majeures du collectionneur, du Song au Ming tardif. Voir aussi le guide des \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bookshops-book-markets-publishers-routes-readers\">librairies et marchés du livre\u003C\u002Fa>.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Le prix ne suffit pas à mesurer l’accessibilité\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Format, papier, gravure, illustration, nombre de fascicules, état, distance et rareté modifiaient le coût. Un imprimé peu cher pouvait rester inutile ; une édition célèbre, introuvable. L’offre variait encore quand les planches s’usaient ou qu’un commerce fermait. Sans compte, tarif, lettre ou vente conservée, mieux vaut dire qu’un livre circulait commercialement que prétendre ce qu’un lecteur précis pouvait payer.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Les dons faisaient circuler les livres dans les relations\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Un don comblait une lacune et créait un lien\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>La cour offrait des livres aux institutions ; auteurs et éditeurs envoyaient des exemplaires ; fonctionnaires, parents, amis et collectionneurs échangeaient des textes. Le don était transfert matériel et acte social. McDermott le place à côté de l’achat, tandis que l’histoire éditoriale montre comment les exemplaires de présentation construisaient une réputation. Les \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-prefaces-afterwords-xu-ba-books-texts-readers\">préfaces et postfaces\u003C\u002Fa> peuvent conserver remerciement, dédicace ou récit d’entrée dans une collection.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>L’héritage conservait une bibliothèque ou la dispersait\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Les livres passaient dans une famille, mais partage entre héritiers, vente, incendie, guerre ou changement d’intérêt fragmentaient les fonds. Un sceau tardif ne prouve pas un achat ; un lien familial ne prouve pas un héritage. Le guide des \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-ownership-seals-cangshuyin-provenance-impressions\">sceaux de possession\u003C\u002Fa> aide à ordonner les gardes avant de distinguer don documenté, legs, achat et transfert incertain.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>L’emprunt dépendait de la confiance et de règles\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Les grandes collections privées étaient précieuses mais difficiles d’accès\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Elles conservaient des textes rares tout en sélectionnant leurs visiteurs. Perte, dommage, annotation, humidité et non-retour inquiétaient les propriétaires ; les éditions anciennes étaient souvent les plus protégées. L’étude de McDermott sur \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fhong-kong-scholarship-online\u002Fbook\u002F29114\u002Fchapter-abstract\u002F242130301\">l’accès dans le monde savant chinois\u003C\u002Fa> décrit les problèmes des dépôts officiels et les politiques restrictives de lecture ou de prêt des grands fonds privés. Le guide des \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-private-libraries-cangshulou-collectors-catalogues-transmission\">bibliothèques privées chinoises\u003C\u002Fa> expose la tension entre conservation et circulation.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Emprunter était une négociation, non une carte de bibliothèque moderne\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>L’autorisation pouvait dépendre de la parenté, de l’amitié, de la réputation savante, d’un garant, d’une promesse de retour ou d’une permission de copier sur place plutôt que d’emporter l’original. Les plaintes sur les livres non rendus prouvent que les prêts existaient, non que l’accès était ouvert. Lettres, billets d’emprunt, copies et témoignages doivent confirmer l’application réelle d’un règlement.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Copier transformait un accès temporaire en texte utilisable\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>La culture manuscrite survécut à l’expansion de l’imprimé\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Un lecteur pouvant emprunter sans acheter copiait lui-même ou engageait un scribe. La transcription servait aussi l’étude ; une copie soigneusement collationnée pouvait rivaliser avec un imprimé. L’exposition de la University of Hong Kong Libraries sur \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpaper-and-ink.hku.hk\u002Fcopy-of-introduction\">manuscrits, transcriptions et copies corrigées\u003C\u002Fa> documente la copie comme métier et apprentissage, sa persistance après la xylographie et la commande de fac-similés manuscrits d’éditions rares.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Une copie n’était jamais un double transparent\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Le copiste pouvait omettre, corriger, réordonner ou introduire une faute ; un propriétaire ultérieur ajoutait collation et annotations. Le modèle lui-même différait peut-être d’une autre édition. Papier, main, colophon et corrections doivent être lus ensemble, puis comparés au guide des \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-marginalia-meipi-pangpi-pijiao-reading-history\">marginalia et marques de lecture\u003C\u002Fa>. « Copié d’après » reste une affirmation à vérifier.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FsbgL8j3xCsCdmM5X8IB6.webp\" alt=\"Nature morte conceptuelle vue du dessus avec fac-similé vierge relié en indigo, billet vierge, jeton de bois sans inscription, pinceau et papier réglé\" loading=\"lazy\">\u003Cfigcaption>Nature morte conceptuelle générée par IA sur l’emprunt et la copie ; elle ne documente aucun livre, registre de prêt, fonds, institution, lieu ou dispositif historique réel.\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\u003Ch2>Les institutions produisaient des accès inégaux\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Les collections d’académie appartenaient à une communauté d’enseignement\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Dons, aide officielle, achats et impression propre alimentaient les académies ; leurs livres servaient enseignants et élèves plutôt qu’un public abstrait. La présentation des \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fchiculture.org.hk\u002Fen\u002Fchina-five-thousand-years\u002F3002\">bibliothecas et bibliothèques\u003C\u002Fa> par l’Academy of Chinese Studies distingue fonds académiques, privés et officiels, et précise que les étudiants utilisaient ceux des académies. Le guide des \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-academies-shuyuan-books-teaching-ritual-landscape\">académies chinoises\u003C\u002Fa> les replace dans l’enseignement, le rituel et le patronage local.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Un dépôt officiel n’était pas une bibliothèque publique moderne\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Palais, administrations centrales et dépôts locaux avaient des utilisateurs et des fonctions différents. Règlements, personnel, catalogage et priorités politiques limitaient la consultation malgré l’ampleur des fonds. L’accès pouvait être réservé aux fonctionnaires ou aux savants chargés d’un projet. Dire qu’un texte se trouvait dans un dépôt officiel ne dit donc pas qui pouvait le lire ou l’emprunter.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Le partage suscita réseaux et services\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Des collectionneurs échangeaient catalogues et copies\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Un catalogue pouvait cartographier les possessions d’autrui. L’étude des \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbrill.com\u002Fedcollchap-oa\u002Fbook\u002F9789004542969\u002FBP000026.pdf\">catalogues de bibliothèques tardifs\u003C\u002Fa> décrit la proposition de Cao Rong : comparer les listes, repérer les manques, faire transcrire puis échanger les copies. McDermott suit également de petits cercles de partage dans son chapitre sur \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fhong-kong-scholarship-online\u002Fbook\u002F29114\u002Fchapter-abstract\u002F242130525\">la communauté du savoir\u003C\u002Fa>. Cette coopération restait sélective : appartenance et confiance comptaient.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Services de prêt et de location existaient, mais leur documentation varie\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Le chapitre sur la distribution range colporteurs, bibliothèques de prêt et librairies parmi les canaux du texte. Certains lecteurs payaient un accès temporaire, notamment dans des marchés vernaculaires en expansion. Pourtant noms, modèles économiques et archives diffèrent selon lieu et période. Un cas ne doit pas devenir un « système national de location » intemporel : précisons toujours lieu, date, genre et source.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Reconstruire l’accès exige plusieurs types d’indices\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Catalogues, marques et annotations répondent à des questions différentes\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Le catalogue décrit un fonds ou un plan intellectuel ; le sceau suggère une garde ; la préface nomme parfois un donateur ; le billet constate une transaction ; le colophon d’une copie désigne un modèle ; l’annotation révèle un usage. Aucun ne suffit seul. Le guide des \u003Ca href=\"\u002Ffr\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bibliographies-mulu-catalogues-classification-books-knowledge\">bibliographies chinoises\u003C\u002Fa> explique les listes, tandis que sceaux, préfaces et marginalia testent mouvement et lecture.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Conclure par un itinéraire qualifié, non par une belle histoire\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Demandons pour chaque proposition : quel exemplaire, quel lecteur, quelle date, quelle institution, quelle forme d’accès et quelle preuve directe ? Distinguons propriété et consultation, don et héritage supposé, prêt et permission de copier, présence institutionnelle et disponibilité réelle. Les lacunes sont normales. « Probablement copié dans un réseau de collectionneurs », avec ses raisons, vaut mieux qu’un voyage inventé de la boutique au cabinet.\u003C\u002Fp>","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FBHo5rQHiWh8zbl5qS6av.webp",1672,941,{"fr":1151},"Photographie contemporaine conceptuelle d’une personne anonyme chargée d’une collection présentant un fac-similé vierge emballé à une lectrice anonyme dans une salle fictive",{"caption":1153,"creator":1154,"source_url":1155,"license_label":1156,"license_url":1157,"changes":1158},"Scène conceptuelle de salle de lecture générée par IA ; ce n’est ni une personne, un livre, une bibliothèque, une institution, un lieu ou un événement historique réels.","OpenAI","https:\u002F\u002Fopenai.com\u002F","AI-generated image","https:\u002F\u002Fopenai.com\u002Fpolicies\u002Fterms-of-use\u002F","Générée indépendamment pour cet article puis convertie en WebP, sans photomontage.",{"fr":1151},"banner","list",{"fr":1163},"Comment les lecteurs obtenaient des livres en Chine impériale",{"fr":1165},"Comment les lecteurs de Chine impériale achetaient, empruntaient, recevaient et copiaient les livres, et comment les indices révèlent l’accès.",[],{"data":1168},[1169,1245,1346,1437],{"id":1170,"slug":1171,"available_locales":1172,"path":1173,"title":1174,"venue":1177,"hero_image_url":920,"card_image_url":1180,"card_landscape_url":1181,"lifecycle":1182,"session_mode":1183,"sessions":1184,"next_session":1244},15601,"liu-yao-beginner-course",[900,901,902],"\u002Fevents\u002Fi-ching-learning\u002Fliu-yao-beginner-course",{"en":1175,"zh":1176},"Liu Yao Beginner Course","六爻初级课",{"en":1178,"zh":1179},"Singapore","新加坡","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FQzqp0uXPJyVi3CvdDM1S.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002Fvariants\u002FQzqp0uXPJyVi3CvdDM1S-16x9.webp","upcoming","choose_one",[1185,1204,1217,1230],{"status":1186,"date_slug":1187,"time_label":1188,"timezone_abbr":1189,"date_label":1190,"date_label_fr":1191,"date_short_fr":1192,"date_only_fr":1193,"date_range_label_fr":920,"time_label_fr":1194,"date_label_zh":1195,"date_short":1196,"date_short_zh":1197,"date_only":1198,"date_only_zh":1199,"is_multi_day":1120,"date_range_label":920,"date_range_label_zh":920,"day_of_month":30,"month_short":1200,"month_long":1201,"month_num":1029,"year":1202,"weekday_short":1203,"weekday_index":924},"scheduled","2026-11-01","9:00am–5:00pm","SGT","Sunday, 1 November 2026","dimanche 1 novembre 2026","dim. 1 nov.","1 nov. 2026","09:00–17:00","2026年11月1日 星期日","Sun 1 Nov","11月1日 周日","1 Nov 2026","2026年11月1日","Nov","November",2026,"Sun",{"status":1186,"date_slug":1205,"time_label":1188,"timezone_abbr":1189,"date_label":1206,"date_label_fr":1207,"date_short_fr":1208,"date_only_fr":1209,"date_range_label_fr":920,"time_label_fr":1194,"date_label_zh":1210,"date_short":1211,"date_short_zh":1212,"date_only":1213,"date_only_zh":1214,"is_multi_day":1120,"date_range_label":920,"date_range_label_zh":920,"day_of_month":1215,"month_short":1200,"month_long":1201,"month_num":1029,"year":1202,"weekday_short":1216,"weekday_index":47},"2026-11-21","Saturday, 21 November 2026","samedi 21 novembre 2026","sam. 21 nov.","21 nov. 2026","2026年11月21日 星期六","Sat 21 Nov","11月21日 周六","21 Nov 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2026","2026年12月12日","Dec","December",{"status":1186,"date_slug":1231,"time_label":1188,"timezone_abbr":1189,"date_label":1232,"date_label_fr":1233,"date_short_fr":1234,"date_only_fr":1235,"date_range_label_fr":920,"time_label_fr":1194,"date_label_zh":1236,"date_short":1237,"date_short_zh":1238,"date_only":1239,"date_only_zh":1240,"is_multi_day":1120,"date_range_label":920,"date_range_label_zh":920,"day_of_month":106,"month_short":1241,"month_long":1242,"month_num":30,"year":1243,"weekday_short":1203,"weekday_index":924},"2027-01-17","Sunday, 17 January 2027","dimanche 17 janvier 2027","dim. 17 janv.","17 janv. 2027","2027年1月17日 星期日","Sun 17 Jan","1月17日 周日","17 Jan 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