[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-nav-reference-en":3,"site-nav-zh":4,"site-nav-zh-all-arts":289,"event-categories-zh":902,"site-settings":1145,"node-zh-arts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-examination-compounds-gongyuan-cells-candidate-experience":1187,"live-course-events":1221},null,{"data":5},{"header":6,"footer":264},[7,51,82,123,161,187,229,260],{"to":8,"label":9,"label_zh":10,"children":11},"\u002Fdao","TAO","道",[12,17,22,26,30,34,39,43,47],{"to":13,"label":14,"label_zh":15,"n":16},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction","Begin with the Tao","道學入門",9,{"to":18,"label":19,"label_zh":20,"n":21},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing","I Ching","易經",7,{"to":23,"label":24,"label_zh":25,"n":16},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing","Tao Te Ching","道德經",{"to":27,"label":28,"label_zh":29,"n":21},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji","Taiji","太極",{"to":31,"label":32,"label_zh":33,"n":21},"\u002Fdao\u002Fzhuang-zi","Zhuangzi","莊子",{"to":35,"label":36,"label_zh":37,"n":38},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics","Classical Library","道家經典文庫",1,{"to":40,"label":41,"label_zh":42},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdaoist-philosophy","Taoist Philosophy","道家哲學",{"to":44,"label":45,"label_zh":46},"\u002Fdao\u002Fwu-wei-natural-living","Wu Wei & Natural Living","無為與自然生活",{"to":48,"label":49,"label_zh":50},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdaoist-view-of-life","A Taoist View of Life","道家人生觀",{"to":52,"label":53,"label_zh":54,"children":55},"\u002Fmartial-arts","Martial Arts","武當武術",[56,61,65,70,74,78],{"to":57,"label":58,"label_zh":59,"n":60},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ffoundations-internal-arts","Foundations of Internal Martial Arts","內家拳基礎",6,{"to":62,"label":63,"label_zh":64,"n":21},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftaijiquan","Taijiquan (Tai Chi)","太極拳",{"to":66,"label":67,"label_zh":68,"n":69},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fbaguazhang","Baguazhang: Circle Walking, Palm Changes and Movement","八卦掌：走圈、換掌與身法變化",5,{"to":71,"label":72,"label_zh":73,"n":69},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fxingyiquan","Xingyiquan: Structure, Intention and Direct Training","形意拳：結構、意念與直接訓練",{"to":75,"label":76,"label_zh":77,"n":21},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fweapons","Wudang Sword and Weapons: History, Practice and Context","武當劍與兵器：歷史、練習與文化語境",{"to":79,"label":80,"label_zh":81,"n":21},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftraining-practice","Training and Practice: Building a Sustainable Wudang Routine","訓練與習練：建立可持續的武當練習",{"to":83,"label":84,"label_zh":85,"children":86},"\u002Fwellness","Wellness","養生",[87,91,95,99,103,107,111,115,119],{"to":88,"label":89,"label_zh":90,"n":21},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fqigong","Qigong","氣功",{"to":92,"label":93,"label_zh":94,"n":60},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fherbal-healing","Chinese Herbal Medicine","中藥與本草",{"to":96,"label":97,"label_zh":98,"n":60},"\u002Fwellness\u002Ftaoist-medicine","Taoist Medicine","道家醫學",{"to":100,"label":101,"label_zh":102,"n":60},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fenergy-sound-healing","Sound & Energy Practices","聲音與能量練習",{"to":104,"label":105,"label_zh":106},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fstanding-practice","Standing Practice","站樁",{"to":108,"label":109,"label_zh":110},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fwudang-internal-cultivation","Wudang Internal Cultivation","武當內修",{"to":112,"label":113,"label_zh":114},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fmoxibustion","Moxibustion","艾灸",{"to":116,"label":117,"label_zh":118},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fbigu","Bigu","辟穀",{"to":120,"label":121,"label_zh":122,"n":38},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fbaduanjin","Baduanjin (Eight Brocades)","八段錦",{"to":124,"label":125,"label_zh":126,"children":127},"\u002Farts","Literati Arts","文人雅藝",[128,133,138,143,148,153,157],{"to":129,"label":130,"label_zh":131,"n":132},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature","Chinese Poetry and Literature: Forms, Contexts and Reading Paths","中國詩詞與文學：體式、語境與閱讀路徑",49,{"to":134,"label":135,"label_zh":136,"n":137},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy","Chinese Calligraphy: Scripts, Materials and Ways of Looking","中國書法：書體、材料與觀賞入門",17,{"to":139,"label":140,"label_zh":141,"n":142},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony","Chinese Tea Culture","中國茶文化",39,{"to":144,"label":145,"label_zh":146,"n":147},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin","Guqin: Sound, History and Ways to Listen","古琴：認識聲音、歷史與聆聽方法",12,{"to":149,"label":150,"label_zh":151,"n":152},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting","Chinese Painting: Materials, Formats and Ways of Looking","中國繪畫：材料、形制與觀看方法",15,{"to":154,"label":155,"label_zh":156,"n":16},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense","Chinese Incense Culture","中國香文化",{"to":158,"label":159,"label_zh":160,"n":21},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement","Chinese Flower Arrangement: History, Materials and Ways of Looking","中國插花：歷史、花材與觀看方法",{"to":162,"label":163,"label_zh":164,"children":165},"\u002Fdaoism","Taoist Culture","道教文化",[166,170,174,178,183],{"to":167,"label":168,"label_zh":169,"n":16},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-deities-pantheon","Taoist Deities and the Chinese Pantheon: A Structural Guide","道教神仙與神明體系：結構與層級指南",{"to":171,"label":172,"label_zh":173,"n":21},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-temples-sacred-mountains","Taoist Temples and Sacred Mountains: A Guide to Places and Architecture","道教名山與宮觀：聖地、建築與制度指南",{"to":175,"label":176,"label_zh":177,"n":21},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-schools-lineages","Taoist Schools and Lineages: Zhengyi, Quanzhen and Historical Traditions","道教流派與傳承：正一、全真及歷史道派",{"to":179,"label":180,"label_zh":181,"n":182},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals","Taoist Festivals and Rituals: Calendars, Offerings and Community Rites","道教節日與科儀：神誕、齋醮與歲時儀式",19,{"to":184,"label":185,"label_zh":186,"n":60},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Feight-immortals","The Eight Immortals: Origins, Symbols and Taoist Legends","八仙：人物、象徵與道教傳說",{"to":188,"label":189,"label_zh":190,"children":191},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics","Chinese Metaphysics","易學與傳統術數",[192,196,200,204,208,213,217,221,225],{"to":193,"label":194,"label_zh":195,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fyin-yang-five-elements","Yin-Yang and the Five Phases in Chinese Thought","陰陽五行：理解關係與變化",{"to":197,"label":198,"label_zh":199,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fganzhi-stems-branches","Chinese Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches (Ganzhi)","天干地支（干支）：中國曆法與術數的六十迴圈",{"to":201,"label":202,"label_zh":203,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Ffeng-shui","Chinese Feng Shui: Landscape, Compass Methods and Responsible Practice","中國風水：形勢、羅盤方法與負責任實踐",{"to":205,"label":206,"label_zh":207,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fbazi-four-pillars","BaZi (Four Pillars of Destiny): How the Eight Characters Work","八字四柱命理：八個字如何構成命盤",{"to":209,"label":210,"label_zh":211,"n":212},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu","Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology): How the Twelve-Palace Chart Works","紫微斗數：十二宮命盤如何運作",8,{"to":214,"label":215,"label_zh":216,"n":212},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdate-selection","Chinese Date Selection: How Auspicious Days Are Chosen","中國擇吉：傳統吉日如何選擇",{"to":218,"label":219,"label_zh":220,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fphysiognomy","Chinese Physiognomy: Face Reading, Palm Reading and Their Limits","中國相術：面相、手相及其侷限",{"to":222,"label":223,"label_zh":224,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdivination-arts","Chinese Divination Arts: Methods, History and Responsible Use","中國占卜術：方法、歷史與負責任使用",{"to":226,"label":227,"label_zh":228,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fluoshu-hetu","The Hetu, Luoshu and Nine Palaces in Chinese Cosmology","河圖、洛書與九宮：中國傳統圖式的歷史與用途",{"to":230,"label":231,"label_zh":232,"children":233},"\u002Fwudang-mountain","Experience Wudang","武當之旅",[234,238,243,248,252,256],{"to":235,"label":236,"label_zh":237,"n":21},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fintroduction","Introduction to Wudang Mountain","初識武當山",{"to":239,"label":240,"label_zh":241,"n":242},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites","Wudang Mountain Temples and Sacred Sites","武當山宮觀與勝蹟",3,{"to":244,"label":245,"label_zh":246,"n":247},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fplanning-a-visit","Planning a Visit to Wudang Mountain","武當山行前規劃指南",4,{"to":249,"label":250,"label_zh":251,"n":242},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fstudying-at-wudang","Studying Martial Arts at Wudang Mountain","在武當山學習武術",{"to":253,"label":254,"label_zh":255,"n":242},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemple-etiquette","Wudang Temple Etiquette: A Visitor’s Guide","武當宮觀參訪禮儀",{"to":257,"label":258,"label_zh":259,"n":69},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fpractical-reference","Wudang Mountain Practical Reference","武當山實用參考資料",{"to":261,"label":262,"label_zh":263},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Feveryday-wudang","Everyday Wudang","武當日常",[265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,277,281,285],{"to":8,"label":9,"label_zh":10},{"to":52,"label":53,"label_zh":54},{"to":83,"label":84,"label_zh":85},{"to":124,"label":125,"label_zh":126},{"to":162,"label":163,"label_zh":164},{"to":188,"label":189,"label_zh":190},{"to":230,"label":231,"label_zh":232},{"to":261,"label":262,"label_zh":263},{"to":274,"label":275,"label_zh":276},"\u002Fabout","About Wudang.Org","關於 Wudang.Org",{"to":278,"label":279,"label_zh":280},"\u002Fstart-here","Start Here","從這裡開始",{"to":282,"label":283,"label_zh":284},"\u002Ffind-a-practice","Find a Practice","找到適合你的修習",{"to":286,"label":287,"label_zh":288},"\u002Fteachers","Our Teachers","授課老師",{"data":290},{"all":291,"header":900,"footer":901},[292],{"to":124,"label":125,"label_zh":126,"children":293},[294,492,562,720,770,832,870],{"to":129,"label":130,"label_zh":131,"children":295},[296,300,304,308,312,316,320,324,328,332,336,340,344,348,352,356,360,364,368,372,376,380,384,388,392,396,400,404,408,412,416,420,424,428,432,436,440,444,448,452,456,460,464,468,472,476,480,484,488],{"to":297,"label":298,"label_zh":299},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Forigins-spirit-of-chinese-poetry","Origins of Chinese Poetry: Song, Text and Interpretation","中國詩歌的源流：歌唱、文本與闡釋",{"to":301,"label":302,"label_zh":303},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fbook-of-songs-classical-foundations","The Book of Songs: Voices, Performance and Interpretation","《詩經》：聲音、禮樂與闡釋",{"to":305,"label":306,"label_zh":307},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Ftang-poetry-golden-age","Tang Poetry: Forms, Voices and a Lasting Canon","唐詩：體式、聲音與經典的形成",{"to":309,"label":310,"label_zh":311},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Ftaoist-landscape-poetry","Daoist Traditions and Landscape Poetry: Place, Reclusion and Interpretation","道家、道教與山水詩：地方、隱逸與解讀",{"to":313,"label":314,"label_zh":315},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fpoetry-as-cultivation","Poetry as Cultivation at Wudang: Reading, Attention and Writing","武當詩文與自我涵養：閱讀、觀察與寫作",{"to":317,"label":318,"label_zh":319},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fkey-poets-further-reading","Chinese Poetry: Poets, Editions and Reading Paths","中國詩詞閱讀：詩人、版本與入門路徑",{"to":321,"label":322,"label_zh":323},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-regulated-verse","How to Read Chinese Regulated Verse: Lines, Rhyme, Tone and Parallelism","怎樣讀中國近體詩：句式、押韻、平仄與對仗",{"to":325,"label":326,"label_zh":327},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-ci-lyrics","How to Read Chinese Ci Lyrics: Tune Patterns, Voice and Transmission","怎樣讀中國詞：詞牌、聲音與文本流傳",{"to":329,"label":330,"label_zh":331},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-anthologies-canon-transmission","How Chinese Poetry Anthologies Shape What We Read","中國詩歌選本怎樣塑造我們的閱讀",{"to":333,"label":334,"label_zh":335},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-thread-bound-books-folding-stitching-reading","Chinese Thread-Bound Books: Folding, Stitching and the Shape of Reading","中國線裝書：摺頁、裝訂與閱讀形態",{"to":337,"label":338,"label_zh":339},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-paired-couplets-parallelism-calligraphy-place","How to Read Chinese Paired Couplets: Parallel Lines, Calligraphy and Place","怎樣讀中國對聯：對仗、書法與空間",{"to":341,"label":342,"label_zh":343},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fpoetry-on-chinese-paintings-inscriptions-colophons","Poetry on Chinese Paintings: How to Read Inscriptions and Colophons","中國畫上的詩：怎樣讀題款與題跋",{"to":345,"label":346,"label_zh":347},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-fu-rhapsody-catalogues-courts-expansive-description","Chinese Fu (Rhapsody): Catalogues, Courts and Expansive Description","中國賦：鋪陳、宮廷與展開描寫的藝術",{"to":349,"label":350,"label_zh":351},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fwenxin-diaolong-liu-xie-writing-reading-literary-thought","Wenxin Diaolong: How Liu Xie Thought About Writing and Reading","《文心雕龍》導讀：劉勰怎樣思考寫作與閱讀",{"to":353,"label":354,"label_zh":355},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-shihua-poetry-talks-notes-anecdotes-criticism","Shihua (Poetry Talks): How Chinese Criticism Speaks in Notes and Anecdotes","中國詩話導讀：批評怎樣寫進筆記、軼事與評語",{"to":357,"label":358,"label_zh":359},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-prefaces-afterwords-xu-ba-books-texts-readers","Chinese Prefaces and Afterwords (Xu and Ba): How Books Frame Texts and Readers","中國序跋導讀：書籍怎樣安排文本、作者與讀者",{"to":361,"label":362,"label_zh":363},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-biji-brush-notes-notebooks-miscellanies","Chinese Biji (Brush Notes): How Fragments Become Knowledge and Literature","中國筆記導讀：零散見聞怎樣成為知識與文學",{"to":365,"label":366,"label_zh":367},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-leishu-classified-books-excerpts-knowledge","Chinese Leishu (Classified Books): How Knowledge Was Excerpted and Ordered","中國類書導讀：知識怎樣被摘錄與分類",{"to":369,"label":370,"label_zh":371},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-dictionaries-rhyme-books-erya-shuowen-qieyun-guangyun","Chinese Dictionaries and Rhyme Books: How Characters, Meanings and Sounds Were Ordered","中國字書與韻書導讀：字形、詞義與語音怎樣被編排",{"to":373,"label":374,"label_zh":375},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-primers-sanzijing-baijiaxing-qianziwen-literacy","Chinese Primers and Elementary Literacy: Reading the Three, Hundred and Thousand","中國傳統蒙學讀物導讀：《三字經》《百家姓》《千字文》怎樣教人識字",{"to":377,"label":378,"label_zh":379},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-texts-punctuation-reading-marks-sentence-division-modern-editions","How Chinese Texts Were Punctuated: Reading Marks, Sentence Division and Modern Editions","中國古籍怎樣斷句：句讀、圈點與現代標點",{"to":381,"label":382,"label_zh":383},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-letters-chidu-writing-address-correspondence-calligraphy","Chinese Letters (Chidu): Writing, Address and the Afterlife of Correspondence","中國尺牘導讀：書信格式、稱謂與墨跡流傳",{"to":385,"label":386,"label_zh":387},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-travel-writing-youji-routes-witness-making-place","Chinese Travel Writing (Youji): Routes, Witness and the Making of Place","中國遊記導讀：路線、見聞與地方書寫",{"to":389,"label":390,"label_zh":391},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-individual-collected-works-bieji-authors-editors-transmission","Chinese Individual Collected Works (Bieji): How an Author’s Writings Become a Book","中國別集導讀：一位作者的詩文怎樣成為一部書",{"to":393,"label":394,"label_zh":395},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-guwen-pianwen-ancient-style-parallel-prose-rhythm-argument","Guwen and Pianwen: Two Ways of Shaping Classical Chinese Prose","古文與駢文導讀：中國古典散文的兩種組織方式",{"to":397,"label":398,"label_zh":399},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-eight-legged-essay-baguwen-examination-classics-composition","The Eight-Legged Essay (Baguwen): How an Examination Form Organized Classical Thought","八股文導讀：科舉文章怎樣組織經典義理",{"to":401,"label":402,"label_zh":403},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-examination-compounds-gongyuan-cells-candidate-experience","Chinese Examination Compounds (Gongyuan): How Architecture Shaped the Candidate Experience","中國貢院導讀：考場空間怎樣塑造士子的應試體驗",{"to":405,"label":406,"label_zh":407},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-academies-shuyuan-books-teaching-ritual-landscape","Chinese Academies (Shuyuan): How Books, Teaching and Ritual Made a Scholarly Place","中國書院導讀：書籍、講學與禮儀怎樣構成學術空間",{"to":409,"label":410,"label_zh":411},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-private-libraries-cangshulou-collectors-catalogues-transmission","Chinese Private Libraries (Cangshulou): How Collectors Built Paths for Books to Survive","中國藏書樓導讀：私人收藏怎樣為典籍延續開闢路徑",{"to":413,"label":414,"label_zh":415},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bookshops-book-markets-publishers-routes-readers","Chinese Bookshops and Book Markets: How Books Became Goods, Routes and Encounters","中國書肆與書市導讀：書籍怎樣成為商品、路線與相遇",{"to":417,"label":418,"label_zh":419},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-illustrated-books-woodblock-images-page-design-reading","Illustrated Chinese Books: How Woodblock Images Shaped the Page","中國古籍插圖導讀：木刻影像怎樣塑造書頁",{"to":421,"label":422,"label_zh":423},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bibliographies-mulu-catalogues-classification-books-knowledge","Chinese Bibliographies (Mulu): How Catalogues Classified Books and Knowledge","中國目錄學導讀：書目怎樣分類書籍與知識",{"to":425,"label":426,"label_zh":427},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-textual-collation-jiaokan-variant-readings-witnesses-editions","Chinese Textual Collation (Jiaokan): How Scholars Read Variant Texts","中國校勘導讀：怎樣閱讀異文與文本傳本",{"to":429,"label":430,"label_zh":431},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-commentaries-subcommentaries-zhu-jian-shu-layered-reading","Chinese Commentaries and Subcommentaries: How Notes Became Part of the Text","中國註疏導讀：注、箋、疏怎樣層層塑造經典閱讀",{"to":433,"label":434,"label_zh":435},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-marginalia-meipi-pangpi-pijiao-reading-history","Marginalia in Chinese Books: How Readers Wrote Back","中國古籍批註導讀：讀者怎樣在書頁上留下閱讀史",{"to":437,"label":438,"label_zh":439},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-ownership-seals-cangshuyin-provenance-impressions","Book-Ownership Seals in China: Reading Provenance in Red","中國古籍藏書印導讀：怎樣從朱印追索遞藏",{"to":441,"label":442,"label_zh":443},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-paper-fibres-sizing-repairs-dating-evidence","Paper in Chinese Books: Fibres, Sizing, Repairs and the Limits of Dating","中國古籍用紙導讀：纖維、施膠、修補與斷代邊界",{"to":445,"label":446,"label_zh":447},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-page-layout-frames-columns-fishtails-centre-fold","Inside the Chinese Book Page: Frames, Columns, Fishtails and the Centre Fold","中國古籍版式導讀：版框、界行、魚尾與版心",{"to":449,"label":450,"label_zh":451},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-printers-marks-paiji-kanji-publishing-claims","Printer’s Marks in Chinese Books: Reading Paiji, Kanji and Publishing Claims","中國古籍牌記與刊記導讀：怎樣辨認刊刻、藏版與書坊資訊",{"to":453,"label":454,"label_zh":455},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-movable-type-printing-clay-wood-metal-reuse","Movable Type in Chinese Book History: Clay, Wood, Metal and Reuse","中國古籍活字印刷導讀：泥活字、木活字、金屬活字與複用",{"to":457,"label":458,"label_zh":459},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-woodblock-printing-workflow-writing-carving-inking-impressions","How Chinese Woodblock Printing Worked: Writing, Carving, Inking and Impressions","中國雕版印刷工藝導讀：寫樣、上版、刻版、刷墨與印紙",{"to":461,"label":462,"label_zh":463},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-woodblock-lifecycle-storage-repair-recutting-later-impressions","After the First Printing: How Chinese Woodblocks Were Stored, Repaired and Reused","初印之後：中國雕版的儲藏、遞修、重刻與後印",{"to":465,"label":466,"label_zh":467},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fwho-paid-chinese-book-printing-patronage-profit-donors-funding","Who Paid to Print? Patronage, Profit and Collective Funding in Chinese Book History","誰出資刻書？中國書籍史中的官刻、私資、坊刻與募資",{"to":469,"label":470,"label_zh":471},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-readers-got-books-imperial-china-buying-borrowing-gifts-copying","How Readers Got Books in Imperial China: Buying, Borrowing, Gifting and Copying","古代中國讀者怎樣獲得書籍？購書、借閱、饋贈與抄寫",{"to":473,"label":474,"label_zh":475},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-classical-chinese-poetry-was-heard-recitation-chanting-historical-sound","How Classical Chinese Poetry Was Heard: Recitation, Chanting and Historical Sound","古典詩歌怎樣被聽見？誦讀、吟詠與歷史聲音",{"to":477,"label":478,"label_zh":479},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-social-exchange-gifts-farewells-replies-rhyme-matching","Poetry as Social Exchange: Gifts, Farewells, Replies and Rhyme-Matching in China","詩歌作為交往：贈答、送別、唱和與次韻",{"to":481,"label":482,"label_zh":483},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-gatherings-themes-rhyme-lots-linked-composition","How Chinese Poetry Gatherings Worked: Themes, Rhyme Lots and Linked Composition","中國古典詩歌雅集怎樣運作：命題、分韻與聯句",{"to":485,"label":486,"label_zh":487},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-revision-drafts-variants-editorial-layers","How Chinese Poems Changed: Drafts, Variants and Editorial Layers","中國古典詩歌怎樣改定與流傳：草稿、異文與編輯層次",{"to":489,"label":490,"label_zh":491},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-attribution-anonymity-disputed-authorship","Who Wrote This Poem? Attribution, Anonymity and Disputed Authorship in Chinese Poetry","這首詩是誰寫的？中國古典詩歌的署名、佚名與作者爭議",{"to":134,"label":135,"label_zh":136,"children":493},[494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530,534,538,542,546,550,554,558],{"to":495,"label":496,"label_zh":497},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Forigins-history-of-calligraphy","Origins and History of Chinese Calligraphy","中國書法的源流與歷史",{"to":499,"label":500,"label_zh":501},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fthe-five-script-styles","The Five Script Styles in Chinese Calligraphy","中國書法的五種主要書體",{"to":503,"label":504,"label_zh":505},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fcalligraphy-as-taoist-cultivation","Calligraphy and Taoist Cultivation: Text, Attention and Practice","書法與道家修養：讀懂文字，專注落筆",{"to":507,"label":508,"label_zh":509},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Ffour-treasures-of-the-study","The Four Treasures of the Study: Choosing and Using Calligraphy Materials","文房四寶：認識、選擇與使用筆墨紙硯",{"to":511,"label":512,"label_zh":513},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fbrush-technique-living-line","Chinese Calligraphy Brushwork: Reading and Practising the Living Line","書法筆法：觀察與練習有生氣的線條",{"to":515,"label":516,"label_zh":517},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fgreat-masters-further-reading","Chinese Calligraphy Masters and Reading Paths","中國書法名家與閱讀路徑",{"to":519,"label":520,"label_zh":521},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-seals-and-seal-carving","Chinese Seals and Seal Carving: Script, Surface and Impression","中國印章與篆刻：文字、印面與鈐印",{"to":523,"label":524,"label_zh":525},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-ink-rubbings","Chinese Ink Rubbings: Stone, Paper and the Life of Calligraphy","中國傳拓：石刻、紙墨與書法的流傳",{"to":527,"label":528,"label_zh":529},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-inkstones","Chinese Inkstones: Stone, Carving and the Scholar’s Desk","中國硯臺：石材、雕刻與文房生活",{"to":531,"label":532,"label_zh":533},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-inksticks","Chinese Inksticks: Soot, Moulds and the Scholar’s Desk","中國墨錠：煙料、墨模與文房生活",{"to":535,"label":536,"label_zh":537},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-calligraphy-paper","Chinese Calligraphy Paper: Xuan, Sizing and the Life of a Sheet","中國書畫紙：宣紙、施膠與紙張的一生",{"to":539,"label":540,"label_zh":541},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-calligraphy-brushes","Chinese Calligraphy Brushes: Hair, Handle and the Working Point","中國毛筆：毫料、筆管與筆鋒",{"to":543,"label":544,"label_zh":545},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-rests","Chinese Brush Rests: Mountains, Materials and the Scholar’s Desk","中國筆架：山形、材質與文人書案",{"to":547,"label":548,"label_zh":549},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-water-droppers-scholars-desk","Chinese Water Droppers: Flow, Form and the Scholar’s Desk","中國水滴：控水、造型與文人書案",{"to":551,"label":552,"label_zh":553},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-pots-materials-scholars-desk","Chinese Brush Pots: Function, Material and the Scholar’s Desk","中國筆筒：收納、材質與文人書案",{"to":555,"label":556,"label_zh":557},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-washers-water-form-scholars-desk","Chinese Brush Washers: Water, Form and the Scholar’s Desk","中國筆洗：洗筆、造型與文人書案",{"to":559,"label":560,"label_zh":561},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-paperweights-form-material-scholars-desk","Chinese Paperweights: Form, Material and the Scholar’s Desk","中國鎮紙：形制、材質與文人書案",{"to":139,"label":140,"label_zh":141,"children":563},[564,568,572,576,580,584,588,592,596,600,604,608,612,616,620,624,628,632,636,640,644,648,652,656,660,664,668,672,676,680,684,688,692,696,700,704,708,712,716],{"to":565,"label":566,"label_zh":567},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-meditation-taoist-practice","Tea, Meditation and Taoist Practice","茶、靜坐與道家修習",{"to":569,"label":570,"label_zh":571},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Forigins-history-of-tea-culture","Origins and History of Chinese Tea Culture","中國茶文化的源流與歷史",{"to":573,"label":574,"label_zh":575},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fthe-way-of-tea","The Way of Tea: Attention, Care and Hospitality","茶道：在一杯茶中練習用心與待客",{"to":577,"label":578,"label_zh":579},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftypes-of-tea-and-character","Six Chinese Tea Families: Processing and Taste","六大茶類：從製法到品飲",{"to":581,"label":582,"label_zh":583},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Futensils-and-gongfu-method","Gongfu Tea: Utensils and a Flexible Method","工夫茶：茶具與靈活沖泡法",{"to":585,"label":586,"label_zh":587},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Learning Chinese Tea: Reading and Practice","學茶入門：閱讀與品飲練習",{"to":589,"label":590,"label_zh":591},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwater-for-chinese-tea","Water for Chinese Tea: Springs, Minerals and a Practical Tasting Method","中國茶用水：山泉、礦物與實用對比方法",{"to":593,"label":594,"label_zh":595},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teaware-clay-glaze-form","Chinese Tea Ware: Clay, Porcelain, Glaze and the Uses of Form","中國茶器：胎土、瓷釉、造型與使用",{"to":597,"label":598,"label_zh":599},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-tea-caddies","Chinese Tea Caddies: Storage, Materials and the Traveling Leaf","中國茶葉罐：貯藏、材質與流動的茶葉",{"to":601,"label":602,"label_zh":603},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fsong-whisked-tea-powder-bowls-foam","Whisked Tea in Song China: Powder, Bowls and Foam","宋代點茶：茶末、茶盞與湯花",{"to":605,"label":606,"label_zh":607},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fyixing-teapots-clay-form-makers-marks","Yixing Teapots: Clay, Form and Reading the Maker’s Mark","宜興紫砂壺：泥料、器形與款識",{"to":609,"label":610,"label_zh":611},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fcompressed-tea-cakes-bricks-trade-storage-object-reading","Compressed Tea in China: Cakes, Bricks and How to Read Them","中國緊壓茶：茶餅、茶磚與辨讀方法",{"to":613,"label":614,"label_zh":615},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-horse-trade-networks-routes-markets-cultural-exchange","Tea–Horse Trade Networks: Routes, Markets and Cultural Exchange","茶馬貿易網路：路線、市場與文化交流",{"to":617,"label":618,"label_zh":619},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-landscapes-china-gardens-forests-terraces-living-knowledge","Tea Landscapes in China: Gardens, Forests, Terraces and Living Knowledge","中國茶景觀：茶園、古茶林、梯田與活態知識",{"to":621,"label":622,"label_zh":623},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fpicking-tea-china-seasons-bud-leaf-standards-skilled-labour","Picking Tea in China: Seasons, Bud-and-Leaf Standards and Skilled Labour","中國採茶：季節、芽葉標準與勞作技藝",{"to":625,"label":626,"label_zh":627},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwithering-tea-leaves-water-loss-time-first-transformation","Withering Tea Leaves: Water Loss, Time and the First Transformation","茶葉萎凋：失水、時間與採後初變",{"to":629,"label":630,"label_zh":631},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffixing-tea-leaves-shaqing-heat-enzymes-turning-point","Fixing Tea Leaves (Shaqing): Heat, Enzymes and a Turning Point in Chinese Tea","茶葉殺青：熱、酶活性與中國製茶的轉折點",{"to":633,"label":634,"label_zh":635},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Frolling-tea-leaves-rounian-pressure-shape-cell-disruption","Rolling Tea Leaves (Rounian): Pressure, Shape and Controlled Cell Disruption","茶葉揉捻：壓力、形態與受控細胞破損",{"to":637,"label":638,"label_zh":639},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdrying-tea-leaves-moisture-heat-stability-finished-tea","Drying Tea Leaves: Moisture, Heat and the Stability of Finished Tea","茶葉乾燥：水分、熱量與成茶穩定",{"to":641,"label":642,"label_zh":643},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fsorting-grading-tea-leaf-size-shape-grade-meaning","Sorting and Grading Tea: Leaf Size, Shape and What a Grade Really Means","茶葉篩分與分級：葉片大小、形態與等級的真正含義",{"to":645,"label":646,"label_zh":647},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-blending-batch-construction-consistency-style-transparency","Tea Blending and Batch Construction: Consistency, Style and Transparent Labels","茶葉拼配與批次構建：穩定、風格與透明標示",{"to":649,"label":650,"label_zh":651},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-oxidation-post-fermentation-enzymes-microbes-terms","Oxidation and Post-Fermentation in Tea: Enzymes, Microbes and Misleading Labels","茶葉氧化與後發酵：酶、微生物與容易混淆的標籤",{"to":653,"label":654,"label_zh":655},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fyellow-tea-menhuang-moist-heat-time-tea-family","Yellow Tea and Menhuang: Moist Heat, Time and the Making of a Tea Family","黃茶與悶黃：溼熱、時間與一類茶的形成",{"to":657,"label":658,"label_zh":659},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Frefiring-roasting-tea-later-heat-aroma-finished-leaf","Re-Firing and Roasting Tea: Later Heat, Aroma and the Difference from Drying","茶葉復火與焙火：後段加熱、香氣及其與乾燥的區別",{"to":661,"label":662,"label_zh":663},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fjasmine-tea-scenting-flowers-repeated-rounds-aroma-transfer","Jasmine Tea and Scenting: Flowers, Repeated Rounds and How Aroma Enters Tea","茉莉花茶與窨制：鮮花、多次窨香與茶葉如何吸收香氣",{"to":665,"label":666,"label_zh":667},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-sensory-evaluation-appearance-aroma-taste-score-limits","Tea Sensory Evaluation: Appearance, Aroma, Taste and the Limits of a Score","茶葉感官審評：外形、香氣、滋味與分數的邊界",{"to":669,"label":670,"label_zh":671},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdoucha-song-tea-contests-whisked-tea-jian-bowls-modern-judging","Doucha: Tea Contests in Song China and the Limits of Modern Re-Creation","鬥茶：宋代茶事競賽與現代重現的邊界",{"to":673,"label":674,"label_zh":675},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fbeiyuan-tribute-tea-song-court-labour-imperial-label","Beiyuan Tribute Tea: Song Court Taste, Skilled Labour and the Limits of ‘Imperial Tea’","北苑貢茶：宋代宮廷品味、製茶勞作與“御茶”標籤的邊界",{"to":677,"label":678,"label_zh":679},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Freading-chinese-tea-classics-authorship-editions-recipe-limits","Reading Chinese Tea Classics: Authorship, Editions and the Limits of a ‘Recipe’","如何閱讀中國茶書：作者、版本與“配方”式解讀的邊界",{"to":681,"label":682,"label_zh":683},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-poetry-social-worlds-metaphor-historical-evidence","Tea in Chinese Poetry: Social Worlds, Metaphor and the Limits of Literary Evidence","中國詩歌中的茶：社會交往、詩意表達與文學證據的邊界",{"to":685,"label":686,"label_zh":687},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teahouses-commerce-conversation-performance-urban-publics","Chinese Teahouses: Commerce, Conversation, Performance and Changing Urban Publics","中國茶館：商業、交往、表演與變動中的城市公共生活",{"to":689,"label":690,"label_zh":691},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-painting-objects-social-worlds-visual-evidence","Tea in Chinese Painting: Objects, Social Worlds and the Limits of Visual Evidence","中國繪畫中的茶：器物、社會空間與視覺證據的邊界",{"to":693,"label":694,"label_zh":695},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-dream-of-the-red-chamber-hospitality-rank-labour-fiction","Tea in Dream of the Red Chamber: Hospitality, Rank, Labour and Fiction","《紅樓夢》中的茶：待客、等級、勞動與小說敘事",{"to":697,"label":698,"label_zh":699},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-travel-writing-roads-hospitality-regional-evidence","Tea in Chinese Travel Writing: Roads, Hospitality and the Limits of an Itinerary","中國遊記中的茶：道路、待客與行程證據的邊界",{"to":701,"label":702,"label_zh":703},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-letters-gifts-visits-friendship-private-writing","Tea in Chinese Letters: Gifts, Visits, Friendship and the Limits of ‘Private’ Writing","中國書信中的茶：饋贈、訪友、人情與“私語”證據的邊界",{"to":705,"label":706,"label_zh":707},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-tax-monopoly-imperial-china-fiscal-records-daily-life","Tea, Tax and Monopoly in Imperial China: Reading Fiscal Records Without Mistaking Revenue for Daily Life","中國曆代茶稅與專賣：財政記錄能告訴我們什麼，又不能告訴我們什麼",{"to":709,"label":710,"label_zh":711},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-local-gazetteers-place-production-local-knowledge","Tea in Chinese Local Gazetteers: Place, Production and the Limits of Local Knowledge","中國地方誌中的茶：產地、生產與地方知識的邊界",{"to":713,"label":714,"label_zh":715},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-materia-medica-names-preparations-medical-claims","Tea in Chinese Materia Medica: Names, Preparations and the Limits of Medical Claims","中國本草中的茶：名稱、製法與醫藥記載的邊界",{"to":717,"label":718,"label_zh":719},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-buddhist-monastic-rules-ceremony-office-origin-stories","Tea in Chinese Buddhist Monastic Rules: Ceremony, Office and the Limits of Origin Stories","中國佛教清規中的茶：禮儀、職事與起源故事的邊界",{"to":144,"label":145,"label_zh":146,"children":721},[722,726,730,734,738,742,746,750,754,758,762,766],{"to":723,"label":724,"label_zh":725},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Forigins-history-of-the-guqin","A History of the Guqin: Objects, Texts and Living Music","古琴的歷史：實物、文獻與傳習",{"to":727,"label":728,"label_zh":729},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fanatomy-of-the-guqin","How the Guqin Works: Strings, Body and Sound","古琴如何發聲：琴絃、琴身與結構",{"to":731,"label":732,"label_zh":733},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fplaying-technique-and-notation","Playing the Guqin: Gesture, Notation and Interpretation","古琴怎樣彈、怎樣讀譜：指法、減字譜與詮釋",{"to":735,"label":736,"label_zh":737},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Ffamous-melodies-and-stories","Guqin Melodies: Stories, Versions and Ways to Listen","聽懂古琴名曲：故事、版本與聆聽線索",{"to":739,"label":740,"label_zh":741},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-as-taoist-cultivation","Guqin and Daoist Cultivation: Listening, Practice and Limits","古琴與道家修養：聆聽、練習與邊界",{"to":743,"label":744,"label_zh":745},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Ffurther-listening-and-study","Learning the Guqin: Listening, Sources and Finding a Teacher","怎樣學古琴：聆聽、資料與擇師",{"to":747,"label":748,"label_zh":749},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-tables-playing-spaces","Guqin Tables and Playing Spaces: Support, Posture and Listening","古琴桌與彈琴空間：承托、坐姿與聆聽",{"to":751,"label":752,"label_zh":753},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fhow-to-read-guqin-handbook-tablature-editions-dapu","How to Read a Guqin Handbook: Tablature, Editions and Dapu","如何讀古琴譜：減字譜、版本與打譜",{"to":755,"label":756,"label_zh":757},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Freading-guqin-lacquer-layers-crack-patterns-repair","Reading Guqin Lacquer: Layers, Crack Patterns and Repair","讀懂古琴漆面：漆層、斷紋與修繕",{"to":759,"label":760,"label_zh":761},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Freading-guqin-inscriptions-seals-names-dates-provenance","Reading Guqin Inscriptions and Seals: Names, Dates and Provenance","讀懂古琴銘款與印章：琴名、年代與流傳",{"to":763,"label":764,"label_zh":765},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-forms-zhongni-banana-leaf-shapes","Guqin Forms: Reading Zhongni, Banana-Leaf and Other Shapes","古琴式樣：讀懂仲尼式、蕉葉式與其他琴式",{"to":767,"label":768,"label_zh":769},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-strings-silk-modern-composites-playing","Guqin Strings: Silk, Modern Composites and How Material Changes Playing","古琴琴絃：絲絃、現代複合弦與材質如何改變演奏",{"to":149,"label":150,"label_zh":151,"children":771},[772,776,780,784,788,792,796,800,804,808,812,816,820,824,828],{"to":773,"label":774,"label_zh":775},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Forigins-history-of-chinese-painting","Origins and History of Chinese Painting: Objects, Courts and Communities","中國繪畫的源流與歷史：作品、宮廷與社會",{"to":777,"label":778,"label_zh":779},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fart-of-ink-and-brush","Ink and Brush in Chinese Painting: Materials, Water and Marks","中國畫的筆墨：材料、水分與筆痕",{"to":781,"label":782,"label_zh":783},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Flandscape-painting-shanshui","Shanshui: How to Read Chinese Landscape Painting","山水畫：怎樣讀懂中國山水",{"to":785,"label":786,"label_zh":787},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fbirds-flowers-four-gentlemen","Birds, Flowers and the Four Gentlemen in Chinese Painting","中國畫中的花鳥與四君子",{"to":789,"label":790,"label_zh":791},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fpainting-as-taoist-cultivation","Painting and Taoist Cultivation: Images, Ideas and Practice","繪畫與道家修養：影像、觀念與實踐",{"to":793,"label":794,"label_zh":795},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fgreat-masters-further-study","Chinese Painting Masters: A Guided Path","中國畫名家與進階研習",{"to":797,"label":798,"label_zh":799},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-handscroll","How to Read a Chinese Handscroll: Sequence, Colophons and Seals","怎樣觀看中國手卷：展開順序、題跋與印章",{"to":801,"label":802,"label_zh":803},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-fan-painting","Chinese Fan Painting: Shape, Brushwork and the Art of the Small Format","中國扇面書畫：形制、筆墨與方寸之美",{"to":805,"label":806,"label_zh":807},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-painting-album","How to Read a Chinese Painting Album: Leaves, Sequence and Intimate Viewing","如何閱讀中國畫冊頁：開頁、次序與案頭觀看",{"to":809,"label":810,"label_zh":811},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-scholars-rocks","Chinese Scholars’ Rocks: Stone, Display and Imagined Landscapes","中國文人賞石：石質、陳設與想像山水",{"to":813,"label":814,"label_zh":815},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-hanging-scroll","How to Read a Chinese Hanging Scroll: Vertical Space, Mounting and Display","如何閱讀中國立軸：縱向空間、裝裱與陳設",{"to":817,"label":818,"label_zh":819},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-screens-space-painting","Chinese Screens: Space, Painting and the Art of the Fold","中國屏風：空間、影像與開合之藝",{"to":821,"label":822,"label_zh":823},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fmounting-chinese-painting","Mounting Chinese Painting: Silk Borders, Backing Papers and the Life of a Scroll","中國畫裝裱：綾邊、托紙與卷軸的生命",{"to":825,"label":826,"label_zh":827},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-portrait-painting-likeness-role-ancestral-memory","Chinese Portrait Painting: Likeness, Role and Ancestral Memory","中國肖像畫：形神、身份與祖先記憶",{"to":829,"label":830,"label_zh":831},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fthree-distances-chinese-landscape-painting","The Three Distances in Chinese Landscape Painting: High, Deep and Level Space","中國山水畫的“三遠”：高遠、深遠與平遠",{"to":154,"label":155,"label_zh":156,"children":833},[834,838,842,846,850,854,858,862,866],{"to":835,"label":836,"label_zh":837},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Forigins-history-of-incense-culture","Origins and History of Chinese Incense Culture","中國香文化的源流與歷史",{"to":839,"label":840,"label_zh":841},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Faromatic-materials-fragrant-woods","Aromatic Materials: Woods, Resins and Responsible Sourcing","香材指南：香木、樹脂與負責任的來源",{"to":843,"label":844,"label_zh":845},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fforms-and-art-of-appreciation","Incense Forms and the Art of Appreciation","香的形態與品香方法",{"to":847,"label":848,"label_zh":849},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fincense-in-ritual-and-temple-life","Incense in Daoist Ritual and Temple Life","香在道教科儀與宮觀生活中",{"to":851,"label":852,"label_zh":853},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fincense-meditation-taoist-practice","Incense, Meditation and Taoist Practice","香、靜坐與道家修習",{"to":855,"label":856,"label_zh":857},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Learning Chinese Incense: Reading and Practice","學習中國香文化：閱讀與實踐",{"to":859,"label":860,"label_zh":861},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-burners","Chinese Incense Burners: Bronze, Ceramic, Form and Context","中國香爐：青銅、陶瓷、形制與使用語境",{"to":863,"label":864,"label_zh":865},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-seals-fragrant-time","Chinese Incense Seals: Ash, Patterns and Fragrant Time","中國香篆：香灰、篆紋與芬芳計時",{"to":867,"label":868,"label_zh":869},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-sets-burner-box-vase-tools","Chinese Incense Sets: Burner, Box, Vase and Tools","中國香具三式：爐、盒、瓶與匙箸",{"to":158,"label":159,"label_zh":160,"children":871},[872,876,880,884,888,892,896],{"to":873,"label":874,"label_zh":875},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Forigins-history-of-floral-art","A History of Chinese Flower Arrangement: Vessels, Pictures and Voices","中國插花史：器物、影像與文字中的花事",{"to":877,"label":878,"label_zh":879},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fprinciples-of-flower-arrangement","Chinese Flower Arrangement: Line, Balance and Ways of Looking","中國插花構圖：線條、平衡與觀看方法",{"to":881,"label":882,"label_zh":883},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fvessels-tools-and-composition","Choosing Flower Vessels and Tools: Form, Support and Care","選擇花器與工具：形制、支撐和養護",{"to":885,"label":886,"label_zh":887},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fseasonal-flowers-and-symbolism","Seasonal Flowers and Symbolism: How to Read Context","時令花材與象徵：怎樣結合語境來讀",{"to":889,"label":890,"label_zh":891},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fflower-arrangement-as-cultivation","Flower Arrangement as Cultivation: Attention, Change and Limits","插花與修養：專注、變化與界限",{"to":893,"label":894,"label_zh":895},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Further Reading and Practice: Sources, Museums and a First Month","延伸閱讀與練習：史料、博物館與第一個月",{"to":897,"label":898,"label_zh":899},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fchinese-flower-baskets-weaving-painting-vessels","Chinese Flower Baskets: Weaving, Painting and the Vessel","中國花籃：編織、繪畫與器物",[],[],{"data":903},[904,940,963,982,1003,1022,1042,1060,1081,1104,1126],{"id":38,"uuid":905,"slug":906,"available_locales":907,"name":911,"description":914,"body":916,"path":919,"images":920,"image_urls":925,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":930,"seo_description":933,"sort_order":935,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":938,"updated_at":939},"f1a30881-20c6-407b-b546-669e839a178a","feng-shui-learning",[908,909,910],"en","zh","fr",{"en":912,"zh":913},"Feng Shui Learning","風水課程",{"en":915,"zh":3},"Study feng shui as a historical Chinese tradition of interpreting orientation, form and environment—with clear limits on predictive claims.",{"en":917,"zh":918},"\u003Ch2>\u003Cem>Feng shui 風水 developed through multiple schools, texts and professional traditions. It brings together observations of landform, orientation, water, buildings and correlative cosmology. It should not be reduced to decorative rules, nor presented as a scientifically proven way to guarantee health, wealth or relationships.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>\u003Cem>Classes introduce core vocabulary, the distinction between major approaches and the cultural contexts in which feng shui has been practised. Contemporary applications are discussed critically. Students remain responsible for property, financial and personal decisions and should seek qualified professional advice where those decisions carry material consequences.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>風水形成於不同的流派、典籍與專業傳統，綜合觀察地形、方位、水勢、建築以及陰陽五行等關聯性宇宙觀。它不應被簡化為裝飾規則，也不能被宣傳為保證健康、財富或關係結果的科學方法。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程介紹基本術語、主要方法的差別，以及風水在歷史社會中的實踐語境，並以批判態度討論當代應用。涉及房產、財務或其他重大決定時，學員仍應根據事實判斷，並諮詢具備資質的相關專業人士。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Ffeng-shui-learning",[921,922,923,924],"wudang\u002Fevents\u002FYpvXV9T4BG3YVD0NQ150.webp","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FfhZyCVAEQXsL76XmGdVp.webp","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FAt5a8W2EGZ9IhDUbI4f3.avif","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FBKPjfYeMNJ617LWJ7tgv.avif",[926,927,928,929],"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FYpvXV9T4BG3YVD0NQ150.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FfhZyCVAEQXsL76XmGdVp.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FAt5a8W2EGZ9IhDUbI4f3.avif","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FBKPjfYeMNJ617LWJ7tgv.avif",{"en":931,"zh":932},"Feng Shui Classes and Courses","風水課程：方位、形勢與空間觀念入門",{"en":915,"zh":934},"從歷史、環境與文化語境學習風水，理解方位、形勢與空間觀念，同時明確傳統解釋與科學證據的界限。",0,true,"active","2026-07-13T05:17:57.000000Z","2026-09-25T03:51:12.000000Z",{"id":60,"uuid":941,"slug":942,"available_locales":943,"name":944,"description":947,"body":950,"path":953,"images":954,"image_urls":955,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":956,"seo_description":959,"sort_order":935,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":962,"updated_at":939},"c85bf6cc-b84e-4c36-bbd7-9e92b53bbe50","internal-arts-wellness",[908,909,910],{"en":945,"zh":946},"Internal Arts & Wellness","內家功法與養生",{"en":948,"zh":949},"Classes, workshops and retreats in Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong and traditional practices for movement, breathing and mindful cultivation.","彙集八段錦、太極拳、氣功及傳統身心修習的課程、工作坊與靜修活動。",{"en":951,"zh":952},"\u003Cp>Explore small-group classes, workshops and retreats introducing Wudang internal arts and traditional wellness practices. Programmes may include Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong, standing practice, breathing and their cultural foundations.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Each listing provides its teacher, schedule, experience level and registration arrangements.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>本類別彙集武當內家功法與傳統養生修習的小班課程、工作坊及靜修活動，內容可涵蓋八段錦、太極拳、氣功、站樁、呼吸練習及相關文化基礎。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>每項活動都會註明導師、日期、適合程度與報名方式，方便參加者選擇合適的學習體驗。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Finternal-arts-wellness",[],[],{"en":957,"zh":958},"Internal Arts & Wellness Events","內家功法與養生活動",{"en":960,"zh":961},"Explore Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong and traditional wellness classes, workshops and retreats listed by Wudang.Org.","探索八段錦、太極拳、氣功與傳統養生課程、工作坊及靜修活動。","2026-08-16T19:23:45.000000Z",{"id":964,"uuid":965,"slug":966,"available_locales":967,"name":968,"description":971,"body":972,"path":973,"images":974,"image_urls":975,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":976,"seo_description":978,"sort_order":935,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":981,"updated_at":939},10,"884ed965-8c72-49e2-acee-0fc2f7aec70a","face-reading-learning",[908,909,910],{"en":969,"zh":970},"Face Reading Learning","面相課程",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fface-reading-learning",[],[],{"en":977},"Chinese Face Reading Classes and Workshops",{"en":979,"zh":980},"Learn Chinese face reading (面相) as a cultural tradition: its classical framework, history and uses, taught with clear limits on predictive claims.","把面相作為中國傳統文化來學習：認識其經典框架、歷史與用法，並清楚說明傳統詮釋的邊界。","2026-08-30T17:01:43.000000Z",{"id":983,"uuid":984,"slug":985,"available_locales":986,"name":987,"description":990,"body":992,"path":995,"images":996,"image_urls":997,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":998,"seo_description":1001,"sort_order":38,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":938,"updated_at":939},2,"8792a80b-d0c8-4ef9-9634-5cb91827932b","zi-wei-dou-shu-learning",[908,909,910],{"en":988,"zh":989},"Zi Wei Dou Shu Learning","紫微斗數課程",{"en":991,"zh":3},"Explore Purple Star Astrology as a traditional Chinese interpretive system, approached as cultural knowledge rather than scientific prediction.",{"en":993,"zh":994},"\u003Cp>Zi Wei Dou Shu 紫微鬥數 organises birth information through palaces, stars and patterned relationships. The system has a substantial technical vocabulary and several interpretive traditions, but its predictive claims are not established by modern scientific evidence.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Courses explain how charts are structured, how symbols are read and how historical and contemporary practitioners differ. The aim is cultural literacy and disciplined reflection—not certainty about the future. Readings do not replace medical, legal, financial, employment or psychological expertise.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>紫微斗數依據出生資訊，以宮位、星曜和彼此關係組織命盤。它具有複雜的術語與多種解釋傳統，但其預測主張並未得到現代科學證據的確立。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程說明命盤結構、符號閱讀方法，以及歷史與當代實踐者之間的差異。學習目的在於文化理解與有紀律的自我反思，而不是獲得關於未來的確定答案。相關解讀不能代替醫療、法律、財務、就業或心理專業意見。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu-learning",[],[],{"en":999,"zh":1000},"Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology) Classes","紫微斗數課程：命盤、宮位與星曜入門",{"en":991,"zh":1002},"把紫微斗數作為中國傳統詮釋體系來學習，認識命盤、宮位與星曜，不把它包裝成科學預測。",{"id":247,"uuid":1004,"slug":1005,"available_locales":1006,"name":1007,"description":1010,"body":1011,"path":1012,"images":1013,"image_urls":1014,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1015,"seo_description":1018,"sort_order":38,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":1021,"updated_at":939},"09958025-4f1d-40e6-ae1c-8b1517ac824e","tea-arts",[908,909,910],{"en":1008,"zh":1009},"Tea Arts","茶藝",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Ftea-arts",[],[],{"en":1016,"zh":1017},"Chinese Tea Art Classes and Workshops","茶藝課程與工作坊",{"en":1019,"zh":1020},"Chinese tea art (茶藝) classes and workshops: tea types, brewing methods, tea-table etiquette and the quiet attention of sharing tea.","茶藝課程與工作坊：認識茶類、泡茶方法與茶席禮儀，在一席茶中體會從容與專注。","2026-08-16T17:13:57.000000Z",{"id":242,"uuid":1023,"slug":1024,"available_locales":1025,"name":1026,"description":1029,"body":1031,"path":1034,"images":1035,"image_urls":1036,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1037,"seo_description":1040,"sort_order":983,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":938,"updated_at":939},"e52a261e-348a-4b8a-bd51-43f4e6b1d861","ba-zi-learning",[908,909,910],{"en":1027,"zh":1028},"Ba Zi Learning","八字課程",{"en":1030,"zh":3},"Study the Four Pillars as a traditional system of stems, branches and five-phase correspondence, with history and limitations made explicit.",{"en":1032,"zh":1033},"\u003Cp>Ba Zi 八字 interprets year, month, day and hour through the heavenly stems, earthly branches, yin-yang and five-phase relationships. It is an influential part of Chinese metaphysical culture, not an observational science in the modern empirical sense.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Classes introduce chart structure, terminology and common interpretive methods while distinguishing tradition from evidence. Students are encouraged to treat readings as prompts for reflection and never as guarantees, diagnoses or substitutes for professional advice.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>八字以年、月、日、時四柱為框架，通過天干、地支、陰陽與五行關係進行解釋。它是中國術數文化中影響深遠的傳統體系，並非現代經驗科學。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程介紹命盤結構、基本術語和常見詮釋方法，同時說明傳統觀點與科學證據的差別。學員可把解讀作為反思的線索，但不應把它當作保證、診斷，或任何專業意見的替代品。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fba-zi-learning",[],[],{"en":1038,"zh":1039},"BaZi (Four Pillars) Classes and Courses","八字課程：四柱、天干地支與五行入門",{"en":1030,"zh":1041},"學習四柱中的天干、地支與五行關係，理解其歷史與方法，也清楚區分傳統詮釋和現代實證知識。",{"id":69,"uuid":1043,"slug":1044,"available_locales":1045,"name":1046,"description":1049,"body":1050,"path":1051,"images":1052,"image_urls":1053,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1054,"seo_description":1057,"sort_order":983,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":1021,"updated_at":939},"76718b8e-3137-42fc-a257-c9e318b3e364","incense-culture",[908,909,910],{"en":1047,"zh":1048},"Incense Culture","香文化",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fincense-culture",[],[],{"en":1055,"zh":1056},"Chinese Incense Culture Workshops","香文化活動與工作坊",{"en":1058,"zh":1059},"Workshops on Chinese incense culture (香文化): aromatic materials, traditional ways of preparing and appreciating incense, and incense as calm attention.","香文化活動與工作坊：認識香材、傳統制香與品香方式，在一爐香中練習安靜與專注。",{"id":1061,"uuid":1062,"slug":1063,"available_locales":1064,"name":1065,"description":1068,"body":1071,"path":1074,"images":1075,"image_urls":1076,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1077,"seo_description":1079,"sort_order":983,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":1080,"updated_at":939},11,"c39cc557-40eb-4266-9736-7fb84891d407","i-ching-learning",[908,909,910],{"en":1066,"zh":1067},"I Ching Learning","易經課程",{"en":1069,"zh":1070},"Explore the I Ching through its hexagrams, traditional interpretive methods and historical context, with scope and limitations made explicit.","通過卦象、傳統解讀方法與歷史語境認識《易經》，並清楚說明其適用範圍與侷限。",{"en":1072,"zh":1073},"\u003Cp>The I Ching 易經 is a classical Chinese text centred on sixty-four hexagrams and a long history of commentary and divination. It has shaped Chinese philosophy, cosmology and metaphysical practice, but its divinatory claims are not established as modern empirical science.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Classes introduce structures, terminology and traditional methods such as Liu Yao while distinguishing cultural study from evidence. Readings should be treated as prompts for reflection, not guarantees, diagnoses or substitutes for professional advice.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>《易經》是一部以六十四卦為核心的中國經典，形成了悠久的註疏與占筮傳統，並深刻影響中國哲學、宇宙觀與術數文化；其占筮主張並非現代經驗科學所證實。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程介紹基本結構、術語和六爻等傳統方法，同時區分文化學習與科學證據。解讀宜作為反思線索，不應視為保證、診斷或任何專業意見的替代品。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fi-ching-learning",[],[],{"en":1078,"zh":1067},"I Ching Classes and Courses",{"en":1069,"zh":1070},"2026-09-08T00:15:35.000000Z",{"id":21,"uuid":1082,"slug":1083,"available_locales":1084,"name":1085,"description":1088,"body":1091,"path":1094,"images":1095,"image_urls":1096,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1097,"seo_description":1100,"sort_order":242,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":1103,"updated_at":939},"ee2330c6-5a3e-4ac2-a2d1-1a0dc110c58c","traditional-arts-crafts",[908,909,910],{"en":1086,"zh":1087},"Traditional Arts & Crafts","傳統藝術與手作",{"en":1089,"zh":1090},"Hands-on workshops exploring Chinese handicrafts and decorative arts through guided making and cultural appreciation.","通過親手製作與文化欣賞，體驗中國傳統手作及裝飾藝術。",{"en":1092,"zh":1093},"\u003Cp>Discover practical workshops in Chinese decorative arts and handcraft traditions. Activities may include gold-leaf painting, cloisonné enamel, mother-of-pearl work, Song brocade and other guided projects.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>These welcoming sessions introduce materials, techniques and cultural context while allowing participants to complete a piece of their own.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>本類別彙集中國傳統裝飾藝術與手作體驗，內容可涵蓋金箔畫、掐絲琺琅、螺鈿工藝、宋錦及其他創作專案。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程以輕鬆易懂的方式介紹材料、技法與文化背景，讓參加者在導師帶領下完成屬於自己的作品。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Ftraditional-arts-crafts",[],[],{"en":1098,"zh":1099},"Traditional Arts & Crafts Events","傳統藝術與手作活動",{"en":1101,"zh":1102},"Explore Chinese handicraft and decorative arts workshops, including gold-leaf, cloisonné, mother-of-pearl and brocade.","探索金箔畫、掐絲琺琅、螺鈿、宋錦等中國傳統手作及裝飾藝術體驗。","2026-08-16T19:24:04.000000Z",{"id":212,"uuid":1105,"slug":1106,"available_locales":1107,"name":1108,"description":1111,"body":1114,"path":1117,"images":1118,"image_urls":1119,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1120,"seo_description":1122,"sort_order":247,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":1125,"updated_at":939},"824f78c1-1181-4983-bae5-77e7cdbbbc1d","wudang-community",[908,909,910],{"en":1109,"zh":1110},"Wudang Community","武當社群活動",{"en":1112,"zh":1113},"Talks, broadcasts and community gatherings connecting people with Wudang culture, learning and living practice.","通過講座、直播與社群聚會，連線武當文化、學習與日常實踐。",{"en":1115,"zh":1116},"\u003Cp>Wudang Community brings together public talks, livestreams, gatherings and shared cultural activities connected with Wudang.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>These programmes create welcoming ways to meet practitioners, explore ideas and participate in a growing community of learning and practice.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>武當社群活動彙集與武當文化相關的公開講座、直播、聚會及共享文化體驗。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>這些活動以友善開放的方式連線練習者與學習者，讓大家交流心得、認識傳統，並共同參與持續發展的文化社群。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-community",[],[],{"en":1121,"zh":1110},"Wudang Community Events",{"en":1123,"zh":1124},"Discover Wudang community talks, broadcasts and gatherings connecting people with culture, learning and living practice.","探索連線武當文化、學習與日常實踐的講座、直播及社群聚會。","2026-08-16T19:24:18.000000Z",{"id":16,"uuid":1127,"slug":1128,"available_locales":1129,"name":1130,"description":1133,"body":1134,"path":1135,"images":1136,"image_urls":1137,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1138,"seo_description":1141,"sort_order":69,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":1144,"updated_at":939},"25641c0b-8e5a-46d7-9b18-95c344015f97","wudang-journeys-retreats",[908,909,910],{"en":1131,"zh":1132},"Wudang Journeys & Retreats","武當旅修與行程",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-journeys-retreats",[],[],{"en":1139,"zh":1140},"Wudang Mountain Retreats and Guided Journeys","武當山旅修與靜修行程",{"en":1142,"zh":1143},"Guided journeys and retreats to Wudang Mountain that combine practice, temple visits and cultural learning, with itineraries and expectations set out clearly.","前往武當山的旅修與靜修：結合修習、宮觀參訪與文化學習，提前說明行程安排與參加須知。","2026-08-18T11:09:38.000000Z",{"data":1146},{"hero_type":1147,"hero_image":1148,"hero_image_alt":1149,"hero_youtube_id":1150,"hero_content_on":936,"hero_heading":1151,"hero_subheading":1152,"hero_text":1153,"hero_subheading_zh":1154,"hero_text_zh":1155,"hero_buttons":1156,"home_seo":1162,"page_layout":1168,"shop_enabled":1169,"contact":1170,"journey":1186},"image","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fsite\u002Fwudanghomepagehero.webp","Wudang mountain temple in mist","VgirFbjpiy4","武當文化，道在日常\nWudang Culture, Practised with Purpose","A place for learning. A home for living culture.","Explore Taoist thought, internal arts, literati traditions and Wudang Mountain through grounded learning in Singapore and beyond.","這裡既是學習之地，也是讓文化融入日常的所在。","從道家思想、內家武術、文人雅藝與武當山出發，以清晰、踏實的方式，在新加坡及世界各地認識和體驗武當文化。",[1157,1159],{"label":1158,"link":278},"Start Your Wudang Journey",{"label":1160,"link":1161},"View Events & Courses","\u002Fevents",{"title":1163,"description":1165},{"en":1164,"zh":3},"Wudang Mountain: Tai Chi, Qigong & Taoist Culture",{"en":1166,"zh":1167},"Explore Wudang Mountain through Tai Chi, Qigong, Daoist philosophy, martial arts, traditional arts, wellness, culture and everyday life in Wudang.","從太極、氣功、道家思想、武術、傳統雅藝與養生文化認識武當山，探索武當文化及武當山的日常生活。","sidebar",false,{"methods":1171,"has_any":936,"text":1179},{"email":1172,"whatsapp":1173,"wechat_id":1174,"wechat_qr_url":1175,"instagram":1176,"instagram_handle":1177,"facebook":1178,"facebook_handle":1177},"hello@wudang.org","+6588169599","Cldjcll0305","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fcontact\u002Fkcs9Z5IEY7CugW2mEYA8.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fleewudang.sg","@leewudang.sg","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fleewudang.sg\u002F",{"china_heading_en":1180,"china_heading_zh":1181,"china_company_en":1182,"china_company_zh":1183,"china_address_en":1184,"china_address_zh":1185},"China Operations","中國運營","Xunwei Wudang Co., Ltd.","尋味武當有限公司","No. 72 Jianhe 2nd Road, Wangjiayuan, Wudang Mountain, Shiyan, Hubei, China","湖北省十堰市武當山王家園劍河二路72號",{"title_en":3,"title_zh":3,"intro_en":3,"intro_zh":3,"enabled":936},{"data":1188},{"to":401,"type":1189,"available_locales":1190,"is_content_page":936,"title":1191,"subtitle":1192,"body":1195,"hero_image_url":1198,"hero_width":1199,"hero_height":1200,"hero_image_alt":1201,"hero_image_decorative":1169,"hero_credit":1204,"hero_alt":1211,"hero_style":1212,"card_layout":1213,"link_type":3,"link_ref":3,"seo_title":1214,"seo_description":1217,"children":1220},"page",[908,909,910],{"en":402,"zh":403},{"en":1193,"zh":1194},"Gates, numbered cells, surveillance, paper routes and daily infrastructure reveal how examination procedure became built space.","從門禁、號舍、監臨、試卷流轉到日常設施，理解科舉程式怎樣落實為空間。",{"en":1196,"zh":1197},"\u003Ch2>A \u003Cem>gongyuan\u003C\u002Fem> was a testing institution made into space\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>Dedicated compounds developed through a long history\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>貢院\u002F貢院 (\u003Cem>gòngyuàn\u003C\u002Fem>) names a compound used to administer civil examinations, not one building copied unchanged across China. A Sichuan University study of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournal.scu.edu.cn\u002Finfo\u002F1109\u002F28955.htm\">Song records concerning the construction of gongyuan\u003C\u002Fa> notes that the central government ordered local construction by the late Northern Song and identifies thirty-one surviving building records, all from the Southern Song. Later Ming and Qing sites could become far larger, but early records already connect examination procedure, urban place and architectural patronage.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>Architecture is one layer of examination culture\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Benjamin Elman’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhistory.princeton.edu\u002Fabout\u002Fpublications\u002Fcultural-history-civil-examinations-late-imperial-china\">cultural history of the civil examinations\u003C\u002Fa> uses examination records to study political, social and religious dimensions as well as written performance. This guide asks a narrower question: how gates, walls, cells, lanes and administrative zones shaped what candidates and officials could do. For the essay composed within that system, read our guide to the \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-eight-legged-essay-baguwen-examination-classics-composition\">eight-legged essay\u003C\u002Fa>; the building should not be reduced to that single form.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>The threshold changed an applicant into a numbered candidate\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>Entry was a controlled sequence, not a casual arrival\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Late-imperial accounts describe registration, identity checks, searches and the inspection of supplies before candidates reached their assigned places. Elman’s detailed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.princeton.edu\u002F~elman\u002Fdocuments\u002FElman%2CA%20Cultural%20History%20of%20Civil%20Examinations%20in%20Late%20Imperial%20China.pdf\">study of examination compounds\u003C\u002Fa> treats barriers and procedures together: the perimeter restricted communication while successive gates separated public city space from the temporary world of the examination. A gate therefore performed an administrative act, not merely a symbolic one.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>Closure applied to staff as well as examinees\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Officials, clerks, copyists and markers also worked inside restricted zones. At the Jiangnan compound, the Nanjing museum’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.njiemuseum.com\u002Fxuetang_1\u002F14.html\">institutional history of the site\u003C\u002Fa> describes distinct “outer curtain” and “inner curtain” areas divided by controlled thresholds. That was a local, evolving arrangement, not proof that every compound had an identical plan. Its purpose is clearer than its universality: separate candidate supervision, paper handling and final judgment.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>The grid translated a crowd into locations\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>Rows and cells made thousands of bodies addressable\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Large provincial compounds arranged narrow examination cells in repeated lanes branching from a central route. An assigned cell fixed each candidate at one visible, locatable station, while row signs helped people navigate the grid. At Nanjing, characters drawn from the \u003Cem>Thousand Character Classic\u003C\u002Fem> identified sections, according to the site museum. Our guide to \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-primers-sanzijing-baijiaxing-qianziwen-literacy\">traditional primers\u003C\u002Fa> explains that text’s wider pedagogical life; here its characters also served spatial indexing.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>Repetition supported both isolation and comparison\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Every cell separated one writer from the next, yet repeated dimensions and sightlines made candidates look administratively equivalent. The grid did not erase differences in education, health or resources before entry. It created a common testing surface on which those unequal preparations were displayed. This is why a plan is more than background scenery: it helped turn individual compositions into a ranked mass of comparable papers.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>A cell had to serve as desk, seat and sleeping place\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>Movable boards changed function over the day\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>An illustrated Qing source presented by the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmuseum.sinica.edu.tw\u002Fen\u002Fexhibition\u002F132\u002Fitem\u002F1084\u002F\">Museum of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica\u003C\u002Fa> shows a three-walled cell for one candidate. Bricks projecting from the side walls supported boards that could become writing surface, seat or bed; a recess held a lamp and belongings. The source gives precise dimensions for that documented model, but readers should not assume every site and century used exactly the same measure.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>The body was part of the writing apparatus\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Writing took place through posture, fatigue, light, temperature and the repeated rearrangement of a very small space. Those conditions did not determine the intellectual quality of an answer, but they shaped how knowledge could be performed under time pressure. Compare our guide to \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-guwen-pianwen-ancient-style-parallel-prose-rhythm-argument\">\u003Cem>guwen\u003C\u002Fem> and \u003Cem>pianwen\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fa>: literary cadence belongs to sentences, while the compound reminds us that every sentence also had a material setting.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002Fhg6XJLQQo3Epzsrpd0MD.webp\" alt=\"A warm contemporary design maquette with clay side walls and removable oak boards arranged as writing surface and seat.\" loading=\"lazy\">\u003Cfigcaption>AI-generated contemporary conceptual photograph. The invented maquette suggests adaptable surfaces in a confined space; it is not a historical cell, artifact or measured reconstruction.\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\u003Ch2>Visibility and separation organized supervision\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>Straight lanes produced long sightlines\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Rows facing narrow alleys allowed guards to move through the field and look into open-fronted cells. At Nanjing, the elevated Mingyuan Tower occupied a central supervisory position; the museum account describes it as a place for signals and oversight. Such features turned visibility into procedure. Yet the surviving Jiangnan layout is a case study, and the prominence or form of towers varied between sites and rebuilding phases.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>Paper followed a different route from the candidate\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Once submitted, scripts moved through sealing, copying, checking and distribution procedures intended to distance a named writer from evaluation. Architecture supported that chain by keeping candidate lanes, outer offices and inner marking quarters apart. The process did not eliminate malpractice, as surviving disciplinary records make plain, but it established accountable stages. Modern editors add another layer; our guide to \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-texts-punctuation-reading-marks-sentence-division-modern-editions\">punctuation and sentence division\u003C\u002Fa> explains how a transmitted script can later acquire new visual boundaries.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>A self-contained compound depended on ordinary infrastructure\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>Water, food, light and waste could not be treated as details\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>When a gate closed for an examination session, candidates and staff still needed water, provisions, lamps, kitchens, storage and latrines. Elman’s account shows how these practical systems sat beside anti-fraud rules. Their distribution affected comfort and exposure within the grid. A monumental plan may foreground halls and axes, but the experience of a cell depended just as much on where water was collected, waste removed and night light permitted.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>Intermittent use made maintenance a recurring problem\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Provincial compounds were vast facilities used intensively at intervals rather than as continuously occupied neighborhoods. Repairs, vegetation, fire risk and weather therefore mattered. Building records praised construction and renewal partly because a compound had to be made ready for another crowded session. The point is not that every gongyuan was uniformly ruinous; it is that administrative ideals depended on vulnerable roofs, walls, drains, boards and labor.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>The compound also changed the city around it\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>Examination time created movement beyond the walls\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Candidates traveled with attendants, supplies and hopes; lodging, transport, bookselling and food provision gathered around examination schedules. The walls isolated the act of testing without isolating the institution from urban life. Elman’s cultural history follows these wider social worlds, while Hilde De Weerdt’s research on examination preparation shows how \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-anthologies-canon-transmission\">printed model collections\u003C\u002Fa> and teaching networks shaped candidates before they ever reached a cell.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>Jiangnan Gongyuan is important precisely because it is specific\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Nanjing’s compound grew beside the Qinhuai district and became an exceptionally large examination site. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hpcbristol.sjtu.edu.cn\u002Fvisual\u002Foh03-016\">University of Bristol historical photograph record\u003C\u002Fa> identifies surviving rows of cells, while Catherine Stuer’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fread.dukeupress.edu\u002Farchives-of-asian-art\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F73\u002F2\u002F145\u002F385671\u002FOpening-UpPhotography-and-the-City-in-Nineteenth\">study of nineteenth-century urban photography\u003C\u002Fa> places such images within the remaking of how Chinese cities were seen. Neither a huge Nanjing number nor one photograph should be used as the universal scale of a gongyuan.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>Survival and reconstruction require a second kind of reading\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>A plan, photograph and museum each select differently\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Architectural plans can abbreviate repeated cells; photographs crop a moment; museums preserve fragments while rebuilding an intelligible route for visitors. A recent scholarly study of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F02560046.2024.2325637\">Nanjing Imperial Examination Museum\u003C\u002Fa> explicitly examines curation on the remnants of Jiangnan Gongyuan. The present complex therefore provides evidence about several times at once: imperial fabric, later demolition and preservation, and contemporary interpretation.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>Eight questions keep space and evidence together\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Ask: (1) which examination level used the site? (2) in what period and rebuilding phase? (3) how did a candidate enter and find a cell? (4) which zones could staff cross? (5) where did water, food, light and waste move? (6) how did papers travel after submission? (7) what source—record, plan, photograph or ruin—supports the reconstruction? (8) what has a museum added? Compare our guides to \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-temples-sacred-mountains\u002Ftemple-architecture-sacred-geometry\">reading sacred architecture\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Flayout-and-architecture\">Wudang layout\u003C\u002Fa> for other ways institutions make ideas spatial, without confusing temples with examination compounds.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Ch2>貢院是把考試製度落實為空間的專門場所\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>專門考場經歷了漫長的發展過程\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>“貢院”是舉行科舉考試的專門院落，並不是全國照搬、千年不變的一種建築。四川大學關於\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournal.scu.edu.cn\u002Finfo\u002F1109\u002F28955.htm\">宋人貢院記的研究\u003C\u002Fa>指出，北宋末年朝廷已明令各地建造貢院，現存三十一篇相關建造記全部出自南宋。明清的大型貢院後來可以擴充套件到更大規模，但早期文獻已把考試程式、城市地點與建造活動聯絡起來。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>建築只是科舉文化的一層\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Elman 的\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fhistory.princeton.edu\u002Fabout\u002Fpublications\u002Fcultural-history-civil-examinations-late-imperial-china\">明清科舉文化史\u003C\u002Fa>利用大量考卷與制度材料，同時討論政治、社會、宗教和書寫活動。本文只追問其中一個問題：門、牆、號舍、巷道和辦公分割槽怎樣限定考生與官員的行動。若要理解在其中完成的文章，可另讀本站\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-eight-legged-essay-baguwen-examination-classics-composition\">八股文導讀\u003C\u002Fa>；貢院不能被縮減為一種作文格式的外殼。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>穿過門禁，報名者變成了有編號的考生\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>入場是一連串受控制的程式\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>明清材料記載了登記、驗明身份、搜檢以及檢查隨身物品等環節，考生通過後才進入指定位置。Elman 對\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.princeton.edu\u002F~elman\u002Fdocuments\u002FElman%2CA%20Cultural%20History%20of%20Civil%20Examinations%20in%20Late%20Imperial%20China.pdf\">貢院制度與空間的詳細研究\u003C\u002Fa>把圍牆、門禁和程式放在一起理解：外牆限制內外聯絡，多重門道把開放的城市空間同臨時封閉的考場世界分開。因此，門不只是象徵，也執行具體行政動作。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>封閉不只針對考生\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>監考官、書吏、謄錄人員和閱卷官也在限制區域內工作。南京科舉博物館的\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fen.njiemuseum.com\u002Fxuetang_1\u002F14.html\">江南貢院沿革說明\u003C\u002Fa>介紹了外簾、內簾及其間的關隔。這是一個不斷變化的地方個案，不能證明所有貢院平面完全相同；它所呈現的功能卻很清楚：把監場、試卷處理與最後評閱分隔開來。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>格網把擁擠人群轉換成可管理的位置\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>號巷與號舍使成千上萬人可以被準確定位\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>大型鄉試貢院常讓狹窄號舍沿巷道反覆排列，再由巷道連線中央通路。分配號舍以後，每位考生被固定在一個可見、可查的位置；巷口字號幫助人們尋找方向。南京個案使用《千字文》字樣編列部分號區。本站\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-primers-sanzijing-baijiaxing-qianziwen-literacy\">傳統蒙學讀物導讀\u003C\u002Fa>說明《千字文》的識字用途，而在貢院中，它的字還可以成為空間索引。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>重複同時製造隔離與可比性\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>每間號舍把一名寫作者同旁人分開，重複尺寸與視線又讓考生在行政上顯得彼此等同。格網不會消除入場前在教育、健康和家庭資源上的差異；它只是提供共同測試介面，讓不均等的準備在同一制度中接受排序。平面佈局因此不是背景，而是把個別文章變成可比較試卷群的一部分。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>一間號舍要兼作書桌、座位和睡臥之處\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>活動木板隨時改變用途\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>中央研究院歷史語言研究所歷史文物陳列館展示的\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmuseum.sinica.edu.tw\u002Fen\u002Fexhibition\u002F132\u002Fitem\u002F1084\u002F\">清代貢院號舍透檢視\u003C\u002Fa>，描繪了供一人使用的三面圍合號舍。兩側牆上的磚托承放木板，木板可調整成桌、凳或床；後壁小龕則放油燈與隨身物品。該館給出了這份影像所記錄模型的尺寸，卻不能據此假定各地各時代都採用完全相同的度量。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>身體也是寫作裝置的一部分\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>書寫要經過坐姿、疲勞、光線、溫度，以及在狹小空間內反覆調整木板。環境不能決定文章思想水平，卻會塑造知識怎樣在限時壓力下被寫出來。可對照本站\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-guwen-pianwen-ancient-style-parallel-prose-rhythm-argument\">古文與駢文導讀\u003C\u002Fa>：節奏屬於句子，而貢院提醒我們，每個句子也總有具體的身體與物質條件。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002Fhg6XJLQQo3Epzsrpd0MD.webp\" alt=\"暖光中的當代設計模型：兩面陶土側牆之間，活動橡木板被安排成寫字檯與座面。\" loading=\"lazy\">\u003Cfigcaption>AI生成的當代概念照片。虛構模型用來提示狹小空間中的可變表面；它不是歷史號舍、文物或按比例復原。\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\n\u003Ch2>可見與隔離共同組織監場\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>筆直號巷形成很長的觀察線\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>相對而列的號舍朝向狹長巷道，使巡查人員能夠在格網中行走，並看見敞口號舍內部。南京明遠樓位於重要的監臨位置，博物館材料說明它承擔號令與瞭望。空間把“可見”變成考試程式。不過江南貢院仍只是個案，不同地區與重建時期的樓臺位置、形態和重要性會有差異。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>試卷走的是另一條路線\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>交卷以後，試卷經過彌封、謄錄、對讀和分送等環節，目的是把有姓名的作者同評閱過程拉開距離。建築分割槽讓考生號區、外簾辦公與內簾閱卷各有界線。制度並未徹底消滅舞弊，存世處分檔案正說明問題持續存在；但它建立了可追查的步驟。現代版本又增加一次視覺處理，本站\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-texts-punctuation-reading-marks-sentence-division-modern-editions\">句讀與標點導讀\u003C\u002Fa>說明傳世試卷後來怎樣出現新的分句邊界。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>封閉貢院依賴日常基礎設施\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>水、食物、燈火與汙物都不是小事\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>考期閉門以後，考生與工作人員仍要飲水、進食、照明，廚房、庫房與廁所在制度內同樣必要。Elman 的研究把這些實際系統同防弊規定並置，說明它們在號區中的位置會影響舒適與暴露。宏大平面容易突出廳堂和中軸，號舍體驗卻同樣取決於水從哪裡取、汙物怎樣處理、夜間允許怎樣用燈。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>間歇使用使維修不斷重來\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>大型鄉試貢院並非日常持續居住的街坊，而是隔一段時間集中高強度使用的設施。屋瓦、牆體、排水、木板、雜草、火患與維修勞力都會影響開考準備。建造記之所以讚頌新建與修葺，也因為每次擁擠考期前都要讓建築重新可用。這裡不是斷言所有貢院一概破敗，而是指出制度理想依賴脆弱的材料與維護。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>貢院也改變了牆外的城市\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>考期使人、物與期待匯向一處\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>考生攜帶用品遠行，隨行人員、住宿、交通、書籍和飲食供應都圍繞考期聚集。高牆隔開考試行為，卻沒有把科舉制度同城市生活切斷。Elman 的文化史追蹤這些社會世界；De Weerdt 關於備考的研究則說明\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-anthologies-canon-transmission\">商業範文選本\u003C\u002Fa>和教學網路怎樣在考生進入號舍以前就塑造他們。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>江南貢院之所以重要，正因為它是特殊個案\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>南京貢院在秦淮地區發展，後來成為規模格外龐大的考試場所。\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hpcbristol.sjtu.edu.cn\u002Fvisual\u002Foh03-016\">布里斯托大學歷史照片資料庫\u003C\u002Fa>著錄了江南貢院號舍影像；Catherine Stuer 的\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fread.dukeupress.edu\u002Farchives-of-asian-art\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F73\u002F2\u002F145\u002F385671\u002FOpening-UpPhotography-and-the-City-in-Nineteenth\">十九世紀城市攝影研究\u003C\u002Fa>又把這類照片放進城市視覺變化中理解。南京的巨大數量和一張照片，都不能直接充當全國貢院的統一尺度。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>遺存與復原需要第二層閱讀\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>平面、照片與博物館各自進行選擇\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>建築圖可能省略重複號舍，照片只擷取一個視角，博物館則在儲存殘片的同時，為參觀者重建一條可理解的路線。近期關於\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F02560046.2024.2325637\">南京中國科舉博物館\u003C\u002Fa>的學術研究，正是從江南貢院遺址討論當代策展。因此今日場所同時儲存幾種時間：帝制建築、後來的拆毀與保護，以及現在的解釋方式。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch3>八個問題把空間與證據連在一起\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>閱讀貢院時可問：（1）這裡舉行哪一級考試？（2）材料屬於哪個時代與重建階段？（3）考生怎樣入場並找到號舍？（4）哪些分割槽允許哪些人員通過？（5）水、食物、燈火與汙物怎樣流動？（6）交卷後試卷怎樣移動？（7）復原依據是建造記、平面、照片還是遺址？（8）博物館新增了什麼？還可比較本站\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-temples-sacred-mountains\u002Ftemple-architecture-sacred-geometry\">道教宮觀空間導讀\u003C\u002Fa>與\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites\u002Flayout-and-architecture\">武當山建築佈局\u003C\u002Fa>，觀察不同制度怎樣把觀念變成空間，同時避免把宮觀與貢院混為一談。\u003C\u002Fp>","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002Fj591Fi9IgCtnHeDzbpwB.webp",1536,1024,{"en":1202,"zh":1203},"An anonymous contemporary visitor crosses an abstract gateway toward repeated pale stone bays in a rain-wet blue-hour installation.","一位不具名的當代參觀者穿過抽象門框，走向雨後藍調時刻中反覆排列的淺色石質隔間。",{"caption":1205,"creator":1206,"source_url":1207,"license_label":1208,"license_url":1209,"changes":1210},"AI生成的當代概念裝置；並非歷史貢院、考古復原、真實人物或事件記錄。","OpenAI","https:\u002F\u002Fopenai.com\u002F","AI-generated image","https:\u002F\u002Fopenai.com\u002Fpolicies\u002Fterms-of-use\u002F","為本文獨立生成；僅轉換為 WebP，未合成其他影像。",{"en":1202,"zh":1203},"banner","list",{"en":1215,"zh":1216},"Chinese Gongyuan: Examination Compounds and Candidate Life","中國貢院導讀：號舍、監場與考生生活",{"en":1218,"zh":1219},"Explore how Chinese examination compounds organized entry, numbered cells, surveillance, writing, daily infrastructure and the movement of papers.","瞭解中國貢院怎樣組織入場、號舍、監場、書寫、日常設施與試卷流轉。",[],{"data":1222},[1223,1299,1400,1491],{"id":1224,"slug":1225,"available_locales":1226,"path":1227,"title":1228,"venue":1231,"hero_image_url":3,"card_image_url":1234,"card_landscape_url":1235,"lifecycle":1236,"session_mode":1237,"sessions":1238,"next_session":1298},15601,"liu-yao-beginner-course",[908,909,910],"\u002Fevents\u002Fi-ching-learning\u002Fliu-yao-beginner-course",{"en":1229,"zh":1230},"Liu Yao Beginner 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2026","2026年11月1日","Nov","November",2026,"Sun",{"status":1240,"date_slug":1259,"time_label":1242,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1260,"date_label_fr":1261,"date_short_fr":1262,"date_only_fr":1263,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1248,"date_label_zh":1264,"date_short":1265,"date_short_zh":1266,"date_only":1267,"date_only_zh":1268,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":1269,"month_short":1254,"month_long":1255,"month_num":1061,"year":1256,"weekday_short":1270,"weekday_index":60},"2026-11-21","Saturday, 21 November 2026","samedi 21 novembre 2026","sam. 21 nov.","21 nov. 2026","2026年11月21日 星期六","Sat 21 Nov","11月21日 週六","21 Nov 2026","2026年11月21日",21,"Sat",{"status":1240,"date_slug":1272,"time_label":1242,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1273,"date_label_fr":1274,"date_short_fr":1275,"date_only_fr":1276,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1248,"date_label_zh":1277,"date_short":1278,"date_short_zh":1279,"date_only":1280,"date_only_zh":1281,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":147,"month_short":1282,"month_long":1283,"month_num":147,"year":1256,"weekday_short":1270,"weekday_index":60},"2026-12-12","Saturday, 12 December 2026","samedi 12 décembre 2026","sam. 12 déc.","12 déc. 2026","2026年12月12日 星期六","Sat 12 Dec","12月12日 週六","12 Dec 2026","2026年12月12日","Dec","December",{"status":1240,"date_slug":1285,"time_label":1242,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1286,"date_label_fr":1287,"date_short_fr":1288,"date_only_fr":1289,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1248,"date_label_zh":1290,"date_short":1291,"date_short_zh":1292,"date_only":1293,"date_only_zh":1294,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":137,"month_short":1295,"month_long":1296,"month_num":38,"year":1297,"weekday_short":1257,"weekday_index":935},"2027-01-17","Sunday, 17 January 2027","dimanche 17 janvier 2027","dim. 17 janv.","17 janv. 2027","2027年1月17日 星期日","Sun 17 Jan","1月17日 週日","17 Jan 2027","2027年1月17日","Jan","January",2027,{"status":1240,"date_slug":1241,"time_label":1242,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1244,"date_label_fr":1245,"date_short_fr":1246,"date_only_fr":1247,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1248,"date_label_zh":1249,"date_short":1250,"date_short_zh":1251,"date_only":1252,"date_only_zh":1253,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":38,"month_short":1254,"month_long":1255,"month_num":1061,"year":1256,"weekday_short":1257,"weekday_index":935},{"id":1300,"slug":1301,"available_locales":1302,"path":1303,"title":1304,"venue":1307,"hero_image_url":1308,"card_image_url":1308,"card_landscape_url":1309,"lifecycle":1236,"session_mode":1237,"sessions":1310,"next_session":1399},78700,"baduanjin-workshop-september",[908,909,910],"\u002Fevents\u002Finternal-arts-wellness\u002Fbaduanjin-workshop-september",{"en":1305,"zh":1306},"Baduanjin Workshop — November 2026 Sessions","古法八段錦 · 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2026","2026年9月13日",13,"Sep","September",{"status":1312,"date_slug":1329,"time_label":1314,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1330,"date_label_fr":1331,"date_short_fr":1332,"date_only_fr":1333,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1319,"date_label_zh":1334,"date_short":1335,"date_short_zh":1336,"date_only":1337,"date_only_zh":1338,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":1339,"month_short":1326,"month_long":1327,"month_num":16,"year":1256,"weekday_short":1257,"weekday_index":935},"2026-09-27","Sunday, 27 September 2026","dimanche 27 septembre 2026","dim. 27 sept.","27 sept. 2026","2026年9月27日 星期日","Sun 27 Sep","9月27日 週日","27 Sep 2026","2026年9月27日",27,{"status":1312,"date_slug":1341,"time_label":1314,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1342,"date_label_fr":1343,"date_short_fr":1344,"date_only_fr":1345,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1319,"date_label_zh":1346,"date_short":1347,"date_short_zh":1348,"date_only":1349,"date_only_zh":1350,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":247,"month_short":1351,"month_long":1352,"month_num":964,"year":1256,"weekday_short":1257,"weekday_index":935},"2026-10-04","Sunday, 4 October 2026","dimanche 4 octobre 2026","dim. 4 oct.","4 oct. 2026","2026年10月4日 星期日","Sun 4 Oct","10月4日 週日","4 Oct 2026","2026年10月4日","Oct","October",{"status":1312,"date_slug":1354,"time_label":1314,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1355,"date_label_fr":1356,"date_short_fr":1357,"date_only_fr":1358,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1319,"date_label_zh":1359,"date_short":1360,"date_short_zh":1361,"date_only":1362,"date_only_zh":1363,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":1061,"month_short":1351,"month_long":1352,"month_num":964,"year":1256,"weekday_short":1257,"weekday_index":935},"2026-10-11","Sunday, 11 October 2026","dimanche 11 octobre 2026","dim. 11 oct.","11 oct. 2026","2026年10月11日 星期日","Sun 11 Oct","10月11日 週日","11 Oct 2026","2026年10月11日",{"status":1240,"date_slug":1241,"time_label":1314,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1244,"date_label_fr":1245,"date_short_fr":1246,"date_only_fr":1247,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1319,"date_label_zh":1249,"date_short":1250,"date_short_zh":1251,"date_only":1252,"date_only_zh":1253,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":38,"month_short":1254,"month_long":1255,"month_num":1061,"year":1256,"weekday_short":1257,"weekday_index":935},{"status":1240,"date_slug":1366,"time_label":1314,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1367,"date_label_fr":1368,"date_short_fr":1369,"date_only_fr":1370,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1319,"date_label_zh":1371,"date_short":1372,"date_short_zh":1373,"date_only":1374,"date_only_zh":1375,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":212,"month_short":1254,"month_long":1255,"month_num":1061,"year":1256,"weekday_short":1257,"weekday_index":935},"2026-11-08","Sunday, 8 November 2026","dimanche 8 novembre 2026","dim. 8 nov.","8 nov. 2026","2026年11月8日 星期日","Sun 8 Nov","11月8日 週日","8 Nov 2026","2026年11月8日",{"status":1240,"date_slug":1377,"time_label":1314,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1378,"date_label_fr":1379,"date_short_fr":1380,"date_only_fr":1381,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1319,"date_label_zh":1382,"date_short":1383,"date_short_zh":1384,"date_only":1385,"date_only_zh":1386,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":152,"month_short":1254,"month_long":1255,"month_num":1061,"year":1256,"weekday_short":1257,"weekday_index":935},"2026-11-15","Sunday, 15 November 2026","dimanche 15 novembre 2026","dim. 15 nov.","15 nov. 2026","2026年11月15日 星期日","Sun 15 Nov","11月15日 週日","15 Nov 2026","2026年11月15日",{"status":1240,"date_slug":1388,"time_label":1314,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1389,"date_label_fr":1390,"date_short_fr":1391,"date_only_fr":1392,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1319,"date_label_zh":1393,"date_short":1394,"date_short_zh":1395,"date_only":1396,"date_only_zh":1397,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":1398,"month_short":1254,"month_long":1255,"month_num":1061,"year":1256,"weekday_short":1257,"weekday_index":935},"2026-11-22","Sunday, 22 November 2026","dimanche 22 novembre 2026","dim. 22 nov.","22 nov. 2026","2026年11月22日 星期日","Sun 22 Nov","11月22日 週日","22 Nov 2026","2026年11月22日",22,{"status":1240,"date_slug":1241,"time_label":1314,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1244,"date_label_fr":1245,"date_short_fr":1246,"date_only_fr":1247,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1319,"date_label_zh":1249,"date_short":1250,"date_short_zh":1251,"date_only":1252,"date_only_zh":1253,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":38,"month_short":1254,"month_long":1255,"month_num":1061,"year":1256,"weekday_short":1257,"weekday_index":935},{"id":1401,"slug":1402,"available_locales":1403,"path":1404,"title":1405,"venue":1408,"hero_image_url":3,"card_image_url":1409,"card_landscape_url":1410,"lifecycle":1236,"session_mode":1237,"sessions":1411,"next_session":1490},11823,"i-ching-beginner-course-singapore",[908,909],"\u002Fevents\u002Fi-ching-learning\u002Fi-ching-beginner-course-singapore",{"en":1406,"zh":1407},"I Ching Beginner Course in 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2026","2026年10月19日","19–24 Oct 2026","2026年10月19日–24日","Mon",{"status":1240,"date_slug":1430,"time_label":1414,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1431,"date_label_fr":1432,"date_short_fr":1433,"date_only_fr":1434,"date_range_label_fr":1435,"time_label_fr":1420,"date_label_zh":1436,"date_short":1437,"date_short_zh":1438,"date_only":1439,"date_only_zh":1440,"is_multi_day":936,"date_range_label":1441,"date_range_label_zh":1442,"day_of_month":1443,"month_short":1254,"month_long":1255,"month_num":1061,"year":1256,"weekday_short":1428,"weekday_index":38},"2026-11-16","Monday, 16 November 2026","lundi 16 novembre 2026","lun. 16 nov.","16 nov. 2026","16 nov. 2026 – 21 nov. 2026","2026年11月16日 星期一","Mon 16 Nov","11月16日 週一","16 Nov 2026","2026年11月16日","16–21 Nov 2026","2026年11月16日–21日",16,{"status":1240,"date_slug":1445,"time_label":1414,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1446,"date_label_fr":1447,"date_short_fr":1448,"date_only_fr":1449,"date_range_label_fr":1450,"time_label_fr":1420,"date_label_zh":1451,"date_short":1452,"date_short_zh":1453,"date_only":1454,"date_only_zh":1455,"is_multi_day":936,"date_range_label":1456,"date_range_label_zh":1457,"day_of_month":1458,"month_short":1282,"month_long":1283,"month_num":147,"year":1256,"weekday_short":1428,"weekday_index":38},"2026-12-14","Monday, 14 December 2026","lundi 14 décembre 2026","lun. 14 déc.","14 déc. 2026","14 déc. 2026 – 19 déc. 2026","2026年12月14日 星期一","Mon 14 Dec","12月14日 週一","14 Dec 2026","2026年12月14日","14–19 Dec 2026","2026年12月14日–19日",14,{"status":1240,"date_slug":1460,"time_label":1414,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1461,"date_label_fr":1462,"date_short_fr":1463,"date_only_fr":1464,"date_range_label_fr":1465,"time_label_fr":1420,"date_label_zh":1466,"date_short":1467,"date_short_zh":1468,"date_only":1469,"date_only_zh":1470,"is_multi_day":936,"date_range_label":1471,"date_range_label_zh":1472,"day_of_month":1473,"month_short":1295,"month_long":1296,"month_num":38,"year":1297,"weekday_short":1428,"weekday_index":38},"2027-01-18","Monday, 18 January 2027","lundi 18 janvier 2027","lun. 18 janv.","18 janv. 2027","18 janv. 2027 – 23 janv. 2027","2027年1月18日 星期一","Mon 18 Jan","1月18日 週一","18 Jan 2027","2027年1月18日","18–23 Jan 2027","2027年1月18日–23日",18,{"status":1240,"date_slug":1475,"time_label":1414,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1476,"date_label_fr":1477,"date_short_fr":1478,"date_only_fr":1479,"date_range_label_fr":1480,"time_label_fr":1420,"date_label_zh":1481,"date_short":1482,"date_short_zh":1483,"date_only":1484,"date_only_zh":1485,"is_multi_day":936,"date_range_label":1486,"date_range_label_zh":1487,"day_of_month":152,"month_short":1488,"month_long":1489,"month_num":983,"year":1297,"weekday_short":1428,"weekday_index":38},"2027-02-15","Monday, 15 February 2027","lundi 15 février 2027","lun. 15 févr.","15 févr. 2027","15 févr. 2027 – 20 févr. 2027","2027年2月15日 星期一","Mon 15 Feb","2月15日 週一","15 Feb 2027","2027年2月15日","15–20 Feb 2027","2027年2月15日–20日","Feb","February",{"status":1240,"date_slug":1430,"time_label":1414,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1431,"date_label_fr":1432,"date_short_fr":1433,"date_only_fr":1434,"date_range_label_fr":1435,"time_label_fr":1420,"date_label_zh":1436,"date_short":1437,"date_short_zh":1438,"date_only":1439,"date_only_zh":1440,"is_multi_day":936,"date_range_label":1441,"date_range_label_zh":1442,"day_of_month":1443,"month_short":1254,"month_long":1255,"month_num":1061,"year":1256,"weekday_short":1428,"weekday_index":38},{"id":1492,"slug":1493,"available_locales":1494,"path":1495,"title":1496,"venue":1499,"hero_image_url":1502,"card_image_url":1502,"card_landscape_url":1503,"lifecycle":1236,"session_mode":1237,"sessions":1504,"next_session":1552},68445,"tai-chi-retreat-camp-singapore",[908,909,910],"\u002Fevents\u002Finternal-arts-wellness\u002Ftai-chi-retreat-camp-singapore",{"en":1497,"zh":1498},"Tai Chi Retreat Camp in Singapore | Lee Wudang 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星期五","Fri 27 Nov","11月27日 週五","27 Nov 2026","2026年11月27日","27–29 Nov 2026","2026年11月27日–29日","Fri",{"status":1240,"date_slug":1523,"time_label":1507,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1524,"date_label_fr":1525,"date_short_fr":1526,"date_only_fr":1527,"date_range_label_fr":1528,"time_label_fr":1513,"date_label_zh":1529,"date_short":1530,"date_short_zh":1531,"date_only":1532,"date_only_zh":1533,"is_multi_day":936,"date_range_label":1534,"date_range_label_zh":1535,"day_of_month":1536,"month_short":1282,"month_long":1283,"month_num":147,"year":1256,"weekday_short":1521,"weekday_index":69},"2026-12-25","Friday, 25 December 2026","vendredi 25 décembre 2026","ven. 25 déc.","25 déc. 2026","25 déc. 2026 – 27 déc. 2026","2026年12月25日 星期五","Fri 25 Dec","12月25日 週五","25 Dec 2026","2026年12月25日","25–27 Dec 2026","2026年12月25日–27日",25,{"status":1240,"date_slug":1538,"time_label":1507,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1539,"date_label_fr":1540,"date_short_fr":1541,"date_only_fr":1542,"date_range_label_fr":1543,"time_label_fr":1513,"date_label_zh":1544,"date_short":1545,"date_short_zh":1546,"date_only":1547,"date_only_zh":1548,"is_multi_day":936,"date_range_label":1549,"date_range_label_zh":1550,"day_of_month":1551,"month_short":1295,"month_long":1296,"month_num":38,"year":1297,"weekday_short":1521,"weekday_index":69},"2027-01-29","Friday, 29 January 2027","vendredi 29 janvier 2027","ven. 29 janv.","29 janv. 2027","29 janv. 2027 – 31 janv. 2027","2027年1月29日 星期五","Fri 29 Jan","1月29日 週五","29 Jan 2027","2027年1月29日","29–31 Jan 2027","2027年1月29日–31日",29,{"status":1240,"date_slug":1506,"time_label":1507,"timezone_abbr":1243,"date_label":1508,"date_label_fr":1509,"date_short_fr":1510,"date_only_fr":1511,"date_range_label_fr":1512,"time_label_fr":1513,"date_label_zh":1514,"date_short":1515,"date_short_zh":1516,"date_only":1517,"date_only_zh":1518,"is_multi_day":936,"date_range_label":1519,"date_range_label_zh":1520,"day_of_month":1339,"month_short":1254,"month_long":1255,"month_num":1061,"year":1256,"weekday_short":1521,"weekday_index":69}]