[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-nav-reference-en":3,"site-nav-zh":4,"site-nav-zh-all-arts":289,"event-categories-zh":918,"site-settings":1161,"node-zh-arts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-portrait-painting-likeness-role-ancestral-memory":1203,"live-course-events":1235},null,{"data":5},{"header":6,"footer":264},[7,51,82,123,161,187,229,260],{"to":8,"label":9,"label_zh":10,"children":11},"\u002Fdao","TAO","道",[12,17,22,26,30,34,39,43,47],{"to":13,"label":14,"label_zh":15,"n":16},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction","Begin with the Tao","道學入門",9,{"to":18,"label":19,"label_zh":20,"n":21},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing","I Ching","易經",7,{"to":23,"label":24,"label_zh":25,"n":16},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing","Tao Te Ching","道德經",{"to":27,"label":28,"label_zh":29,"n":21},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji","Taiji","太極",{"to":31,"label":32,"label_zh":33,"n":21},"\u002Fdao\u002Fzhuang-zi","Zhuangzi","莊子",{"to":35,"label":36,"label_zh":37,"n":38},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics","Classical Library","道家經典文庫",1,{"to":40,"label":41,"label_zh":42},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdaoist-philosophy","Taoist Philosophy","道家哲學",{"to":44,"label":45,"label_zh":46},"\u002Fdao\u002Fwu-wei-natural-living","Wu Wei & Natural Living","無為與自然生活",{"to":48,"label":49,"label_zh":50},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdaoist-view-of-life","A Taoist View of Life","道家人生觀",{"to":52,"label":53,"label_zh":54,"children":55},"\u002Fmartial-arts","Martial Arts","武當武術",[56,61,65,70,74,78],{"to":57,"label":58,"label_zh":59,"n":60},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ffoundations-internal-arts","Foundations of Internal Martial Arts","內家拳基礎",6,{"to":62,"label":63,"label_zh":64,"n":21},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftaijiquan","Taijiquan (Tai Chi)","太極拳",{"to":66,"label":67,"label_zh":68,"n":69},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fbaguazhang","Baguazhang: Circle Walking, Palm Changes and Movement","八卦掌：走圈、換掌與身法變化",5,{"to":71,"label":72,"label_zh":73,"n":69},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fxingyiquan","Xingyiquan: Structure, Intention and Direct Training","形意拳：結構、意念與直接訓練",{"to":75,"label":76,"label_zh":77,"n":21},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fweapons","Wudang Sword and Weapons: History, Practice and Context","武當劍與兵器：歷史、練習與文化語境",{"to":79,"label":80,"label_zh":81,"n":21},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftraining-practice","Training and Practice: Building a Sustainable Wudang Routine","訓練與習練：建立可持續的武當練習",{"to":83,"label":84,"label_zh":85,"children":86},"\u002Fwellness","Wellness","養生",[87,91,95,99,103,107,111,115,119],{"to":88,"label":89,"label_zh":90,"n":21},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fqigong","Qigong","氣功",{"to":92,"label":93,"label_zh":94,"n":60},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fherbal-healing","Chinese Herbal Medicine","中藥與本草",{"to":96,"label":97,"label_zh":98,"n":60},"\u002Fwellness\u002Ftaoist-medicine","Taoist Medicine","道家醫學",{"to":100,"label":101,"label_zh":102,"n":60},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fenergy-sound-healing","Sound & Energy Practices","聲音與能量練習",{"to":104,"label":105,"label_zh":106},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fstanding-practice","Standing Practice","站樁",{"to":108,"label":109,"label_zh":110},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fwudang-internal-cultivation","Wudang Internal Cultivation","武當內修",{"to":112,"label":113,"label_zh":114},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fmoxibustion","Moxibustion","艾灸",{"to":116,"label":117,"label_zh":118},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fbigu","Bigu","辟穀",{"to":120,"label":121,"label_zh":122,"n":38},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fbaduanjin","Baduanjin (Eight Brocades)","八段錦",{"to":124,"label":125,"label_zh":126,"children":127},"\u002Farts","Literati Arts","文人雅藝",[128,133,138,143,148,153,157],{"to":129,"label":130,"label_zh":131,"n":132},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature","Chinese Poetry and Literature: Forms, Contexts and Reading Paths","中國詩詞與文學：體式、語境與閱讀路徑",53,{"to":134,"label":135,"label_zh":136,"n":137},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy","Chinese Calligraphy: Scripts, Materials and Ways of Looking","中國書法：書體、材料與觀賞入門",17,{"to":139,"label":140,"label_zh":141,"n":142},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony","Chinese Tea Culture","中國茶文化",39,{"to":144,"label":145,"label_zh":146,"n":147},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin","Guqin: Sound, History and Ways to Listen","古琴：認識聲音、歷史與聆聽方法",12,{"to":149,"label":150,"label_zh":151,"n":152},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting","Chinese Painting: Materials, Formats and Ways of Looking","中國繪畫：材料、形制與觀看方法",15,{"to":154,"label":155,"label_zh":156,"n":16},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense","Chinese Incense Culture","中國香文化",{"to":158,"label":159,"label_zh":160,"n":21},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement","Chinese Flower Arrangement: History, Materials and Ways of Looking","中國插花：歷史、花材與觀看方法",{"to":162,"label":163,"label_zh":164,"children":165},"\u002Fdaoism","Taoist Culture","道教文化",[166,170,174,178,183],{"to":167,"label":168,"label_zh":169,"n":16},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-deities-pantheon","Taoist Deities and the Chinese Pantheon: A Structural Guide","道教神仙與神明體系：結構與層級指南",{"to":171,"label":172,"label_zh":173,"n":21},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-temples-sacred-mountains","Taoist Temples and Sacred Mountains: A Guide to Places and Architecture","道教名山與宮觀：聖地、建築與制度指南",{"to":175,"label":176,"label_zh":177,"n":21},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-schools-lineages","Taoist Schools and Lineages: Zhengyi, Quanzhen and Historical Traditions","道教流派與傳承：正一、全真及歷史道派",{"to":179,"label":180,"label_zh":181,"n":182},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals","Taoist Festivals and Rituals: Calendars, Offerings and Community Rites","道教節日與科儀：神誕、齋醮與歲時儀式",19,{"to":184,"label":185,"label_zh":186,"n":60},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Feight-immortals","The Eight Immortals: Origins, Symbols and Taoist Legends","八仙：人物、象徵與道教傳說",{"to":188,"label":189,"label_zh":190,"children":191},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics","Chinese Metaphysics","易學與傳統術數",[192,196,200,204,208,213,217,221,225],{"to":193,"label":194,"label_zh":195,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fyin-yang-five-elements","Yin-Yang and the Five Phases in Chinese Thought","陰陽五行：理解關係與變化",{"to":197,"label":198,"label_zh":199,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fganzhi-stems-branches","Chinese Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches (Ganzhi)","天干地支（干支）：中國曆法與術數的六十循環",{"to":201,"label":202,"label_zh":203,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Ffeng-shui","Chinese Feng Shui: Landscape, Compass Methods and Responsible Practice","中國風水：形勢、羅盤方法與負責任實踐",{"to":205,"label":206,"label_zh":207,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fbazi-four-pillars","BaZi (Four Pillars of Destiny): How the Eight Characters Work","八字四柱命理：八個字如何構成命盤",{"to":209,"label":210,"label_zh":211,"n":212},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu","Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology): How the Twelve-Palace Chart Works","紫微斗數：十二宮命盤如何運作",8,{"to":214,"label":215,"label_zh":216,"n":212},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdate-selection","Chinese Date Selection: How Auspicious Days Are Chosen","中國擇吉：傳統吉日如何選擇",{"to":218,"label":219,"label_zh":220,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fphysiognomy","Chinese Physiognomy: Face Reading, Palm Reading and Their Limits","中國相術：面相、手相及其侷限",{"to":222,"label":223,"label_zh":224,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdivination-arts","Chinese Divination Arts: Methods, History and Responsible Use","中國占卜術：方法、歷史與負責任使用",{"to":226,"label":227,"label_zh":228,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fluoshu-hetu","The Hetu, Luoshu and Nine Palaces in Chinese Cosmology","河圖、洛書與九宮：中國傳統圖式的歷史與用途",{"to":230,"label":231,"label_zh":232,"children":233},"\u002Fwudang-mountain","Experience Wudang","武當之旅",[234,238,243,248,252,256],{"to":235,"label":236,"label_zh":237,"n":21},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fintroduction","Introduction to Wudang Mountain","初識武當山",{"to":239,"label":240,"label_zh":241,"n":242},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites","Wudang Mountain Temples and Sacred Sites","武當山宮觀與勝蹟",3,{"to":244,"label":245,"label_zh":246,"n":247},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fplanning-a-visit","Planning a Visit to Wudang Mountain","武當山行前規劃指南",4,{"to":249,"label":250,"label_zh":251,"n":242},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fstudying-at-wudang","Studying Martial Arts at Wudang Mountain","在武當山學習武術",{"to":253,"label":254,"label_zh":255,"n":242},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemple-etiquette","Wudang Temple Etiquette: A Visitor’s Guide","武當宮觀參訪禮儀",{"to":257,"label":258,"label_zh":259,"n":69},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fpractical-reference","Wudang Mountain Practical Reference","武當山實用參考資料",{"to":261,"label":262,"label_zh":263},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Feveryday-wudang","Everyday Wudang","武當日常",[265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,277,281,285],{"to":8,"label":9,"label_zh":10},{"to":52,"label":53,"label_zh":54},{"to":83,"label":84,"label_zh":85},{"to":124,"label":125,"label_zh":126},{"to":162,"label":163,"label_zh":164},{"to":188,"label":189,"label_zh":190},{"to":230,"label":231,"label_zh":232},{"to":261,"label":262,"label_zh":263},{"to":274,"label":275,"label_zh":276},"\u002Fabout","About Wudang.Org","關於 Wudang.Org",{"to":278,"label":279,"label_zh":280},"\u002Fstart-here","Start Here","從這裡開始",{"to":282,"label":283,"label_zh":284},"\u002Ffind-a-practice","Find a Practice","找到適合你的修習",{"to":286,"label":287,"label_zh":288},"\u002Fteachers","Our Teachers","授課老師",{"data":290},{"all":291,"header":916,"footer":917},[292],{"to":124,"label":125,"label_zh":126,"children":293},[294,508,578,736,786,848,886],{"to":129,"label":130,"label_zh":131,"children":295},[296,300,304,308,312,316,320,324,328,332,336,340,344,348,352,356,360,364,368,372,376,380,384,388,392,396,400,404,408,412,416,420,424,428,432,436,440,444,448,452,456,460,464,468,472,476,480,484,488,492,496,500,504],{"to":297,"label":298,"label_zh":299},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Forigins-spirit-of-chinese-poetry","Origins of Chinese Poetry: Song, Text and Interpretation","中國詩歌的源流：歌唱、文本與闡釋",{"to":301,"label":302,"label_zh":303},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fbook-of-songs-classical-foundations","The Book of Songs: Voices, Performance and Interpretation","《詩經》：聲音、禮樂與闡釋",{"to":305,"label":306,"label_zh":307},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Ftang-poetry-golden-age","Tang Poetry: Forms, Voices and a Lasting Canon","唐詩：體式、聲音與經典的形成",{"to":309,"label":310,"label_zh":311},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Ftaoist-landscape-poetry","Daoist Traditions and Landscape Poetry: Place, Reclusion and Interpretation","道家、道教與山水詩：地方、隱逸與解讀",{"to":313,"label":314,"label_zh":315},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fpoetry-as-cultivation","Poetry as Cultivation at Wudang: Reading, Attention and Writing","武當詩文與自我涵養：閱讀、觀察與寫作",{"to":317,"label":318,"label_zh":319},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fkey-poets-further-reading","Chinese Poetry: Poets, Editions and Reading Paths","中國詩詞閱讀：詩人、版本與入門路徑",{"to":321,"label":322,"label_zh":323},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-regulated-verse","How to Read Chinese Regulated Verse: Lines, Rhyme, Tone and Parallelism","怎樣讀中國近體詩：句式、押韻、平仄與對仗",{"to":325,"label":326,"label_zh":327},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-ci-lyrics","How to Read Chinese Ci Lyrics: Tune Patterns, Voice and Transmission","怎樣讀中國詞：詞牌、聲音與文本流傳",{"to":329,"label":330,"label_zh":331},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-anthologies-canon-transmission","How Chinese Poetry Anthologies Shape What We Read","中國詩歌選本怎樣塑造我們的閱讀",{"to":333,"label":334,"label_zh":335},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-thread-bound-books-folding-stitching-reading","Chinese Thread-Bound Books: Folding, Stitching and the Shape of Reading","中國線裝書：摺頁、裝訂與閱讀形態",{"to":337,"label":338,"label_zh":339},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-paired-couplets-parallelism-calligraphy-place","How to Read Chinese Paired Couplets: Parallel Lines, Calligraphy and Place","怎樣讀中國對聯：對仗、書法與空間",{"to":341,"label":342,"label_zh":343},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fpoetry-on-chinese-paintings-inscriptions-colophons","Poetry on Chinese Paintings: How to Read Inscriptions and Colophons","中國畫上的詩：怎樣讀題款與題跋",{"to":345,"label":346,"label_zh":347},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-fu-rhapsody-catalogues-courts-expansive-description","Chinese Fu (Rhapsody): Catalogues, Courts and Expansive Description","中國賦：鋪陳、宮廷與展開描寫的藝術",{"to":349,"label":350,"label_zh":351},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fwenxin-diaolong-liu-xie-writing-reading-literary-thought","Wenxin Diaolong: How Liu Xie Thought About Writing and Reading","《文心雕龍》導讀：劉勰怎樣思考寫作與閱讀",{"to":353,"label":354,"label_zh":355},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-shihua-poetry-talks-notes-anecdotes-criticism","Shihua (Poetry Talks): How Chinese Criticism Speaks in Notes and Anecdotes","中國詩話導讀：批評怎樣寫進筆記、軼事與評語",{"to":357,"label":358,"label_zh":359},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-prefaces-afterwords-xu-ba-books-texts-readers","Chinese Prefaces and Afterwords (Xu and Ba): How Books Frame Texts and Readers","中國序跋導讀：書籍怎樣安排文本、作者與讀者",{"to":361,"label":362,"label_zh":363},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-biji-brush-notes-notebooks-miscellanies","Chinese Biji (Brush Notes): How Fragments Become Knowledge and Literature","中國筆記導讀：零散見聞怎樣成為知識與文學",{"to":365,"label":366,"label_zh":367},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-leishu-classified-books-excerpts-knowledge","Chinese Leishu (Classified Books): How Knowledge Was Excerpted and Ordered","中國類書導讀：知識怎樣被摘錄與分類",{"to":369,"label":370,"label_zh":371},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-dictionaries-rhyme-books-erya-shuowen-qieyun-guangyun","Chinese Dictionaries and Rhyme Books: How Characters, Meanings and Sounds Were Ordered","中國字書與韻書導讀：字形、詞義與語音怎樣被編排",{"to":373,"label":374,"label_zh":375},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-primers-sanzijing-baijiaxing-qianziwen-literacy","Chinese Primers and Elementary Literacy: Reading the Three, Hundred and Thousand","中國傳統蒙學讀物導讀：《三字經》《百家姓》《千字文》怎樣教人識字",{"to":377,"label":378,"label_zh":379},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-texts-punctuation-reading-marks-sentence-division-modern-editions","How Chinese Texts Were Punctuated: Reading Marks, Sentence Division and Modern Editions","中國古籍怎樣斷句：句讀、圈點與現代標點",{"to":381,"label":382,"label_zh":383},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-letters-chidu-writing-address-correspondence-calligraphy","Chinese Letters (Chidu): Writing, Address and the Afterlife of Correspondence","中國尺牘導讀：書信格式、稱謂與墨跡流傳",{"to":385,"label":386,"label_zh":387},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-travel-writing-youji-routes-witness-making-place","Chinese Travel Writing (Youji): Routes, Witness and the Making of Place","中國遊記導讀：路線、見聞與地方書寫",{"to":389,"label":390,"label_zh":391},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-individual-collected-works-bieji-authors-editors-transmission","Chinese Individual Collected Works (Bieji): How an Author’s Writings Become a Book","中國別集導讀：一位作者的詩文怎樣成為一部書",{"to":393,"label":394,"label_zh":395},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-guwen-pianwen-ancient-style-parallel-prose-rhythm-argument","Guwen and Pianwen: Two Ways of Shaping Classical Chinese Prose","古文與駢文導讀：中國古典散文的兩種組織方式",{"to":397,"label":398,"label_zh":399},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-eight-legged-essay-baguwen-examination-classics-composition","The Eight-Legged Essay (Baguwen): How an Examination Form Organized Classical Thought","八股文導讀：科舉文章怎樣組織經典義理",{"to":401,"label":402,"label_zh":403},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-examination-compounds-gongyuan-cells-candidate-experience","Chinese Examination Compounds (Gongyuan): How Architecture Shaped the Candidate Experience","中國貢院導讀：考場空間怎樣塑造士子的應試體驗",{"to":405,"label":406,"label_zh":407},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-academies-shuyuan-books-teaching-ritual-landscape","Chinese Academies (Shuyuan): How Books, Teaching and Ritual Made a Scholarly Place","中國書院導讀：書籍、講學與禮儀怎樣構成學術空間",{"to":409,"label":410,"label_zh":411},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-private-libraries-cangshulou-collectors-catalogues-transmission","Chinese Private Libraries (Cangshulou): How Collectors Built Paths for Books to Survive","中國藏書樓導讀：私人收藏怎樣為典籍延續開闢路徑",{"to":413,"label":414,"label_zh":415},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bookshops-book-markets-publishers-routes-readers","Chinese Bookshops and Book Markets: How Books Became Goods, Routes and Encounters","中國書肆與書市導讀：書籍怎樣成為商品、路線與相遇",{"to":417,"label":418,"label_zh":419},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-illustrated-books-woodblock-images-page-design-reading","Illustrated Chinese Books: How Woodblock Images Shaped the Page","中國古籍插圖導讀：木刻影像怎樣塑造書頁",{"to":421,"label":422,"label_zh":423},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bibliographies-mulu-catalogues-classification-books-knowledge","Chinese Bibliographies (Mulu): How Catalogues Classified Books and Knowledge","中國目錄學導讀：書目怎樣分類書籍與知識",{"to":425,"label":426,"label_zh":427},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-textual-collation-jiaokan-variant-readings-witnesses-editions","Chinese Textual Collation (Jiaokan): How Scholars Read Variant Texts","中國校勘導讀：怎樣閱讀異文與文本傳本",{"to":429,"label":430,"label_zh":431},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-commentaries-subcommentaries-zhu-jian-shu-layered-reading","Chinese Commentaries and Subcommentaries: How Notes Became Part of the Text","中國註疏導讀：注、箋、疏怎樣層層塑造經典閱讀",{"to":433,"label":434,"label_zh":435},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-marginalia-meipi-pangpi-pijiao-reading-history","Marginalia in Chinese Books: How Readers Wrote Back","中國古籍批註導讀：讀者怎樣在書頁上留下閱讀史",{"to":437,"label":438,"label_zh":439},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-ownership-seals-cangshuyin-provenance-impressions","Book-Ownership Seals in China: Reading Provenance in Red","中國古籍藏書印導讀：怎樣從朱印追索遞藏",{"to":441,"label":442,"label_zh":443},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-paper-fibres-sizing-repairs-dating-evidence","Paper in Chinese Books: Fibres, Sizing, Repairs and the Limits of Dating","中國古籍用紙導讀：纖維、施膠、修補與斷代邊界",{"to":445,"label":446,"label_zh":447},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-page-layout-frames-columns-fishtails-centre-fold","Inside the Chinese Book Page: Frames, Columns, Fishtails and the Centre Fold","中國古籍版式導讀：版框、界行、魚尾與版心",{"to":449,"label":450,"label_zh":451},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-printers-marks-paiji-kanji-publishing-claims","Printer’s Marks in Chinese Books: Reading Paiji, Kanji and Publishing Claims","中國古籍牌記與刊記導讀：怎樣辨認刊刻、藏版與書坊資訊",{"to":453,"label":454,"label_zh":455},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-movable-type-printing-clay-wood-metal-reuse","Movable Type in Chinese Book History: Clay, Wood, Metal and Reuse","中國古籍活字印刷導讀：泥活字、木活字、金屬活字與複用",{"to":457,"label":458,"label_zh":459},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-woodblock-printing-workflow-writing-carving-inking-impressions","How Chinese Woodblock Printing Worked: Writing, Carving, Inking and Impressions","中國雕版印刷工藝導讀：寫樣、上版、刻版、刷墨與印紙",{"to":461,"label":462,"label_zh":463},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-woodblock-lifecycle-storage-repair-recutting-later-impressions","After the First Printing: How Chinese Woodblocks Were Stored, Repaired and Reused","初印之後：中國雕版的儲藏、遞修、重刻與後印",{"to":465,"label":466,"label_zh":467},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fwho-paid-chinese-book-printing-patronage-profit-donors-funding","Who Paid to Print? Patronage, Profit and Collective Funding in Chinese Book History","誰出資刻書？中國書籍史中的官刻、私資、坊刻與募資",{"to":469,"label":470,"label_zh":471},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-readers-got-books-imperial-china-buying-borrowing-gifts-copying","How Readers Got Books in Imperial China: Buying, Borrowing, Gifting and Copying","古代中國讀者怎樣獲得書籍？購書、借閱、饋贈與抄寫",{"to":473,"label":474,"label_zh":475},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-classical-chinese-poetry-was-heard-recitation-chanting-historical-sound","How Classical Chinese Poetry Was Heard: Recitation, Chanting and Historical Sound","古典詩歌怎樣被聽見？誦讀、吟詠與歷史聲音",{"to":477,"label":478,"label_zh":479},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-social-exchange-gifts-farewells-replies-rhyme-matching","Poetry as Social Exchange: Gifts, Farewells, Replies and Rhyme-Matching in China","詩歌作為交往：贈答、送別、唱和與次韻",{"to":481,"label":482,"label_zh":483},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-gatherings-themes-rhyme-lots-linked-composition","How Chinese Poetry Gatherings Worked: Themes, Rhyme Lots and Linked Composition","中國古典詩歌雅集怎樣運作：命題、分韻與聯句",{"to":485,"label":486,"label_zh":487},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-revision-drafts-variants-editorial-layers","How Chinese Poems Changed: Drafts, Variants and Editorial Layers","中國古典詩歌怎樣改定與流傳：草稿、異文與編輯層次",{"to":489,"label":490,"label_zh":491},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-attribution-anonymity-disputed-authorship","Who Wrote This Poem? Attribution, Anonymity and Disputed Authorship in Chinese Poetry","這首詩是誰寫的？中國古典詩歌的署名、佚名與作者爭議",{"to":493,"label":494,"label_zh":495},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-quotation-excerpts-fragments-lost-context","Poems in Pieces: How Quotation and Excerpt Preserved Chinese Poetry","詩句怎樣在引用中流傳？摘引、輯佚與失落語境",{"to":497,"label":498,"label_zh":499},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-wall-poetry-tibishi-public-writing-place-transmission","Poems on the Wall: Public Writing, Place and Survival in China","牆上的詩怎樣流傳？中國題壁詩的公共書寫、地點與傳承",{"to":501,"label":502,"label_zh":503},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-imperial-examination-poetry-shitie-shi-fu-changing-tests","Poetry in the Examination Hall: What Chinese Candidates Were Asked to Compose","科場裡的詩：古代中國考生何時、怎樣作詩",{"to":505,"label":506,"label_zh":507},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-seasons-calendar-festivals-phenology-literary-time","Reading Seasons in Chinese Poetry: Calendars, Festivals and Literary Time","怎樣讀懂中國詩歌裡的季節？曆法、節日與文學時間",{"to":134,"label":135,"label_zh":136,"children":509},[510,514,518,522,526,530,534,538,542,546,550,554,558,562,566,570,574],{"to":511,"label":512,"label_zh":513},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Forigins-history-of-calligraphy","Origins and History of Chinese Calligraphy","中國書法的源流與歷史",{"to":515,"label":516,"label_zh":517},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fthe-five-script-styles","The Five Script Styles in Chinese Calligraphy","中國書法的五種主要書體",{"to":519,"label":520,"label_zh":521},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fcalligraphy-as-taoist-cultivation","Calligraphy and Taoist Cultivation: Text, Attention and Practice","書法與道家修養：讀懂文字，專注落筆",{"to":523,"label":524,"label_zh":525},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Ffour-treasures-of-the-study","The Four Treasures of the Study: Choosing and Using Calligraphy Materials","文房四寶：認識、選擇與使用筆墨紙硯",{"to":527,"label":528,"label_zh":529},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fbrush-technique-living-line","Chinese Calligraphy Brushwork: Reading and Practising the Living Line","書法筆法：觀察與練習有生氣的線條",{"to":531,"label":532,"label_zh":533},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fgreat-masters-further-reading","Chinese Calligraphy Masters and Reading Paths","中國書法名家與閱讀路徑",{"to":535,"label":536,"label_zh":537},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-seals-and-seal-carving","Chinese Seals and Seal Carving: Script, Surface and Impression","中國印章與篆刻：文字、印面與鈐印",{"to":539,"label":540,"label_zh":541},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-ink-rubbings","Chinese Ink Rubbings: Stone, Paper and the Life of Calligraphy","中國傳拓：石刻、紙墨與書法的流傳",{"to":543,"label":544,"label_zh":545},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-inkstones","Chinese Inkstones: Stone, Carving and the Scholar’s Desk","中國硯臺：石材、雕刻與文房生活",{"to":547,"label":548,"label_zh":549},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-inksticks","Chinese Inksticks: Soot, Moulds and the Scholar’s Desk","中國墨錠：煙料、墨模與文房生活",{"to":551,"label":552,"label_zh":553},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-calligraphy-paper","Chinese Calligraphy Paper: Xuan, Sizing and the Life of a Sheet","中國書畫紙：宣紙、施膠與紙張的一生",{"to":555,"label":556,"label_zh":557},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-calligraphy-brushes","Chinese Calligraphy Brushes: Hair, Handle and the Working Point","中國毛筆：毫料、筆管與筆鋒",{"to":559,"label":560,"label_zh":561},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-rests","Chinese Brush Rests: Mountains, Materials and the Scholar’s Desk","中國筆架：山形、材質與文人書案",{"to":563,"label":564,"label_zh":565},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-water-droppers-scholars-desk","Chinese Water Droppers: Flow, Form and the Scholar’s Desk","中國水滴：控水、造型與文人書案",{"to":567,"label":568,"label_zh":569},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-pots-materials-scholars-desk","Chinese Brush Pots: Function, Material and the Scholar’s Desk","中國筆筒：收納、材質與文人書案",{"to":571,"label":572,"label_zh":573},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-washers-water-form-scholars-desk","Chinese Brush Washers: Water, Form and the Scholar’s Desk","中國筆洗：洗筆、造型與文人書案",{"to":575,"label":576,"label_zh":577},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-paperweights-form-material-scholars-desk","Chinese Paperweights: Form, Material and the Scholar’s Desk","中國鎮紙：形制、材質與文人書案",{"to":139,"label":140,"label_zh":141,"children":579},[580,584,588,592,596,600,604,608,612,616,620,624,628,632,636,640,644,648,652,656,660,664,668,672,676,680,684,688,692,696,700,704,708,712,716,720,724,728,732],{"to":581,"label":582,"label_zh":583},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-meditation-taoist-practice","Tea, Meditation and Taoist Practice","茶、靜坐與道家修習",{"to":585,"label":586,"label_zh":587},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Forigins-history-of-tea-culture","Origins and History of Chinese Tea Culture","中國茶文化的源流與歷史",{"to":589,"label":590,"label_zh":591},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fthe-way-of-tea","The Way of Tea: Attention, Care and Hospitality","茶道：在一杯茶中練習用心與待客",{"to":593,"label":594,"label_zh":595},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftypes-of-tea-and-character","Six Chinese Tea Families: Processing and Taste","六大茶類：從製法到品飲",{"to":597,"label":598,"label_zh":599},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Futensils-and-gongfu-method","Gongfu Tea: Utensils and a Flexible Method","工夫茶：茶具與靈活沖泡法",{"to":601,"label":602,"label_zh":603},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Learning Chinese Tea: Reading and Practice","學茶入門：閱讀與品飲練習",{"to":605,"label":606,"label_zh":607},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwater-for-chinese-tea","Water for Chinese Tea: Springs, Minerals and a Practical Tasting Method","中國茶用水：山泉、礦物與實用對比方法",{"to":609,"label":610,"label_zh":611},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teaware-clay-glaze-form","Chinese Tea Ware: Clay, Porcelain, Glaze and the Uses of Form","中國茶器：胎土、瓷釉、造型與使用",{"to":613,"label":614,"label_zh":615},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-tea-caddies","Chinese Tea Caddies: Storage, Materials and the Traveling Leaf","中國茶葉罐：貯藏、材質與流動的茶葉",{"to":617,"label":618,"label_zh":619},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fsong-whisked-tea-powder-bowls-foam","Whisked Tea in Song China: Powder, Bowls and Foam","宋代點茶：茶末、茶盞與湯花",{"to":621,"label":622,"label_zh":623},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fyixing-teapots-clay-form-makers-marks","Yixing Teapots: Clay, Form and Reading the Maker’s Mark","宜興紫砂壺：泥料、器形與款識",{"to":625,"label":626,"label_zh":627},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fcompressed-tea-cakes-bricks-trade-storage-object-reading","Compressed Tea in China: Cakes, Bricks and How to Read Them","中國緊壓茶：茶餅、茶磚與辨讀方法",{"to":629,"label":630,"label_zh":631},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-horse-trade-networks-routes-markets-cultural-exchange","Tea–Horse Trade Networks: Routes, Markets and Cultural Exchange","茶馬貿易網路：路線、市場與文化交流",{"to":633,"label":634,"label_zh":635},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-landscapes-china-gardens-forests-terraces-living-knowledge","Tea Landscapes in China: Gardens, Forests, Terraces and Living Knowledge","中國茶景觀：茶園、古茶林、梯田與活態知識",{"to":637,"label":638,"label_zh":639},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fpicking-tea-china-seasons-bud-leaf-standards-skilled-labour","Picking Tea in China: Seasons, Bud-and-Leaf Standards and Skilled Labour","中國採茶：季節、芽葉標準與勞作技藝",{"to":641,"label":642,"label_zh":643},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwithering-tea-leaves-water-loss-time-first-transformation","Withering Tea Leaves: Water Loss, Time and the First Transformation","茶葉萎凋：失水、時間與採後初變",{"to":645,"label":646,"label_zh":647},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffixing-tea-leaves-shaqing-heat-enzymes-turning-point","Fixing Tea Leaves (Shaqing): Heat, Enzymes and a Turning Point in Chinese Tea","茶葉殺青：熱、酶活性與中國製茶的轉折點",{"to":649,"label":650,"label_zh":651},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Frolling-tea-leaves-rounian-pressure-shape-cell-disruption","Rolling Tea Leaves (Rounian): Pressure, Shape and Controlled Cell Disruption","茶葉揉捻：壓力、形態與受控細胞破損",{"to":653,"label":654,"label_zh":655},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdrying-tea-leaves-moisture-heat-stability-finished-tea","Drying Tea Leaves: Moisture, Heat and the Stability of Finished Tea","茶葉乾燥：水分、熱量與成茶穩定",{"to":657,"label":658,"label_zh":659},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fsorting-grading-tea-leaf-size-shape-grade-meaning","Sorting and Grading Tea: Leaf Size, Shape and What a Grade Really Means","茶葉篩分與分級：葉片大小、形態與等級的真正含義",{"to":661,"label":662,"label_zh":663},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-blending-batch-construction-consistency-style-transparency","Tea Blending and Batch Construction: Consistency, Style and Transparent Labels","茶葉拼配與批次構建：穩定、風格與透明標示",{"to":665,"label":666,"label_zh":667},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-oxidation-post-fermentation-enzymes-microbes-terms","Oxidation and Post-Fermentation in Tea: Enzymes, Microbes and Misleading Labels","茶葉氧化與後發酵：酶、微生物與容易混淆的標籤",{"to":669,"label":670,"label_zh":671},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fyellow-tea-menhuang-moist-heat-time-tea-family","Yellow Tea and Menhuang: Moist Heat, Time and the Making of a Tea Family","黃茶與悶黃：溼熱、時間與一類茶的形成",{"to":673,"label":674,"label_zh":675},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Frefiring-roasting-tea-later-heat-aroma-finished-leaf","Re-Firing and Roasting Tea: Later Heat, Aroma and the Difference from Drying","茶葉復火與焙火：後段加熱、香氣及其與乾燥的區別",{"to":677,"label":678,"label_zh":679},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fjasmine-tea-scenting-flowers-repeated-rounds-aroma-transfer","Jasmine Tea and Scenting: Flowers, Repeated Rounds and How Aroma Enters Tea","茉莉花茶與窨制：鮮花、多次窨香與茶葉如何吸收香氣",{"to":681,"label":682,"label_zh":683},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-sensory-evaluation-appearance-aroma-taste-score-limits","Tea Sensory Evaluation: Appearance, Aroma, Taste and the Limits of a Score","茶葉感官審評：外形、香氣、滋味與分數的邊界",{"to":685,"label":686,"label_zh":687},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdoucha-song-tea-contests-whisked-tea-jian-bowls-modern-judging","Doucha: Tea Contests in Song China and the Limits of Modern Re-Creation","鬥茶：宋代茶事競賽與現代重現的邊界",{"to":689,"label":690,"label_zh":691},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fbeiyuan-tribute-tea-song-court-labour-imperial-label","Beiyuan Tribute Tea: Song Court Taste, Skilled Labour and the Limits of ‘Imperial Tea’","北苑貢茶：宋代宮廷品味、製茶勞作與“御茶”標籤的邊界",{"to":693,"label":694,"label_zh":695},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Freading-chinese-tea-classics-authorship-editions-recipe-limits","Reading Chinese Tea Classics: Authorship, Editions and the Limits of a ‘Recipe’","如何閱讀中國茶書：作者、版本與“配方”式解讀的邊界",{"to":697,"label":698,"label_zh":699},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-poetry-social-worlds-metaphor-historical-evidence","Tea in Chinese Poetry: Social Worlds, Metaphor and the Limits of Literary Evidence","中國詩歌中的茶：社會交往、詩意表達與文學證據的邊界",{"to":701,"label":702,"label_zh":703},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teahouses-commerce-conversation-performance-urban-publics","Chinese Teahouses: Commerce, Conversation, Performance and Changing Urban Publics","中國茶館：商業、交往、表演與變動中的城市公共生活",{"to":705,"label":706,"label_zh":707},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-painting-objects-social-worlds-visual-evidence","Tea in Chinese Painting: Objects, Social Worlds and the Limits of Visual Evidence","中國繪畫中的茶：器物、社會空間與視覺證據的邊界",{"to":709,"label":710,"label_zh":711},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-dream-of-the-red-chamber-hospitality-rank-labour-fiction","Tea in Dream of the Red Chamber: Hospitality, Rank, Labour and Fiction","《紅樓夢》中的茶：待客、等級、勞動與小說敘事",{"to":713,"label":714,"label_zh":715},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-travel-writing-roads-hospitality-regional-evidence","Tea in Chinese Travel Writing: Roads, Hospitality and the Limits of an Itinerary","中國遊記中的茶：道路、待客與行程證據的邊界",{"to":717,"label":718,"label_zh":719},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-letters-gifts-visits-friendship-private-writing","Tea in Chinese Letters: Gifts, Visits, Friendship and the Limits of ‘Private’ Writing","中國書信中的茶：饋贈、訪友、人情與“私語”證據的邊界",{"to":721,"label":722,"label_zh":723},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-tax-monopoly-imperial-china-fiscal-records-daily-life","Tea, Tax and Monopoly in Imperial China: Reading Fiscal Records Without Mistaking Revenue for Daily Life","中國曆代茶稅與專賣：財政記錄能告訴我們什麼，又不能告訴我們什麼",{"to":725,"label":726,"label_zh":727},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-local-gazetteers-place-production-local-knowledge","Tea in Chinese Local Gazetteers: Place, Production and the Limits of Local Knowledge","中國地方誌中的茶：產地、生產與地方知識的邊界",{"to":729,"label":730,"label_zh":731},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-materia-medica-names-preparations-medical-claims","Tea in Chinese Materia Medica: Names, Preparations and the Limits of Medical Claims","中國本草中的茶：名稱、製法與醫藥記載的邊界",{"to":733,"label":734,"label_zh":735},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-buddhist-monastic-rules-ceremony-office-origin-stories","Tea in Chinese Buddhist Monastic Rules: Ceremony, Office and the Limits of Origin Stories","中國佛教清規中的茶：禮儀、職事與起源故事的邊界",{"to":144,"label":145,"label_zh":146,"children":737},[738,742,746,750,754,758,762,766,770,774,778,782],{"to":739,"label":740,"label_zh":741},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Forigins-history-of-the-guqin","A History of the Guqin: Objects, Texts and Living Music","古琴的歷史：實物、文獻與傳習",{"to":743,"label":744,"label_zh":745},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fanatomy-of-the-guqin","How the Guqin Works: Strings, Body and Sound","古琴如何發聲：琴絃、琴身與結構",{"to":747,"label":748,"label_zh":749},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fplaying-technique-and-notation","Playing the Guqin: Gesture, Notation and Interpretation","古琴怎樣彈、怎樣讀譜：指法、減字譜與詮釋",{"to":751,"label":752,"label_zh":753},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Ffamous-melodies-and-stories","Guqin Melodies: Stories, Versions and Ways to Listen","聽懂古琴名曲：故事、版本與聆聽線索",{"to":755,"label":756,"label_zh":757},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-as-taoist-cultivation","Guqin and Daoist Cultivation: Listening, Practice and Limits","古琴與道家修養：聆聽、練習與邊界",{"to":759,"label":760,"label_zh":761},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Ffurther-listening-and-study","Learning the Guqin: Listening, Sources and Finding a Teacher","怎樣學古琴：聆聽、資料與擇師",{"to":763,"label":764,"label_zh":765},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-tables-playing-spaces","Guqin Tables and Playing Spaces: Support, Posture and Listening","古琴桌與彈琴空間：承托、坐姿與聆聽",{"to":767,"label":768,"label_zh":769},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fhow-to-read-guqin-handbook-tablature-editions-dapu","How to Read a Guqin Handbook: Tablature, Editions and Dapu","如何讀古琴譜：減字譜、版本與打譜",{"to":771,"label":772,"label_zh":773},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Freading-guqin-lacquer-layers-crack-patterns-repair","Reading Guqin Lacquer: Layers, Crack Patterns and Repair","讀懂古琴漆面：漆層、斷紋與修繕",{"to":775,"label":776,"label_zh":777},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Freading-guqin-inscriptions-seals-names-dates-provenance","Reading Guqin Inscriptions and Seals: Names, Dates and Provenance","讀懂古琴銘款與印章：琴名、年代與流傳",{"to":779,"label":780,"label_zh":781},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-forms-zhongni-banana-leaf-shapes","Guqin Forms: Reading Zhongni, Banana-Leaf and Other 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Painting","山水畫：怎樣讀懂中國山水",{"to":801,"label":802,"label_zh":803},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fbirds-flowers-four-gentlemen","Birds, Flowers and the Four Gentlemen in Chinese Painting","中國畫中的花鳥與四君子",{"to":805,"label":806,"label_zh":807},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fpainting-as-taoist-cultivation","Painting and Taoist Cultivation: Images, Ideas and Practice","繪畫與道家修養：影像、觀念與實踐",{"to":809,"label":810,"label_zh":811},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fgreat-masters-further-study","Chinese Painting Masters: A Guided Path","中國畫名家與進階研習",{"to":813,"label":814,"label_zh":815},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-handscroll","How to Read a Chinese Handscroll: Sequence, Colophons and Seals","怎樣觀看中國手卷：展開順序、題跋與印章",{"to":817,"label":818,"label_zh":819},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-fan-painting","Chinese Fan Painting: Shape, Brushwork and the Art of the Small Format","中國扇面書畫：形制、筆墨與方寸之美",{"to":821,"label":822,"label_zh":823},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-painting-album","How to Read a Chinese Painting Album: Leaves, Sequence and Intimate Viewing","如何閱讀中國畫冊頁：開頁、次序與案頭觀看",{"to":825,"label":826,"label_zh":827},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-scholars-rocks","Chinese Scholars’ Rocks: Stone, Display and Imagined Landscapes","中國文人賞石：石質、陳設與想像山水",{"to":829,"label":830,"label_zh":831},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-hanging-scroll","How to Read a Chinese Hanging Scroll: Vertical Space, Mounting and Display","如何閱讀中國立軸：縱向空間、裝裱與陳設",{"to":833,"label":834,"label_zh":835},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-screens-space-painting","Chinese Screens: Space, Painting and the Art of the Fold","中國屏風：空間、影像與開合之藝",{"to":837,"label":838,"label_zh":839},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fmounting-chinese-painting","Mounting Chinese Painting: Silk Borders, Backing Papers and the Life of a Scroll","中國畫裝裱：綾邊、托紙與卷軸的生命",{"to":841,"label":842,"label_zh":843},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-portrait-painting-likeness-role-ancestral-memory","Chinese Portrait Painting: Likeness, Role and Ancestral Memory","中國肖像畫：形神、身份與祖先記憶",{"to":845,"label":846,"label_zh":847},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fthree-distances-chinese-landscape-painting","The Three Distances in Chinese Landscape Painting: High, Deep and Level Space","中國山水畫的“三遠”：高遠、深遠與平遠",{"to":154,"label":155,"label_zh":156,"children":849},[850,854,858,862,866,870,874,878,882],{"to":851,"label":852,"label_zh":853},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Forigins-history-of-incense-culture","Origins and History of Chinese Incense Culture","中國香文化的源流與歷史",{"to":855,"label":856,"label_zh":857},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Faromatic-materials-fragrant-woods","Aromatic Materials: Woods, Resins and Responsible Sourcing","香材指南：香木、樹脂與負責任的來源",{"to":859,"label":860,"label_zh":861},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fforms-and-art-of-appreciation","Incense Forms and the Art of Appreciation","香的形態與品香方法",{"to":863,"label":864,"label_zh":865},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fincense-in-ritual-and-temple-life","Incense in Daoist Ritual and Temple Life","香在道教科儀與宮觀生活中",{"to":867,"label":868,"label_zh":869},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fincense-meditation-taoist-practice","Incense, Meditation and Taoist Practice","香、靜坐與道家修習",{"to":871,"label":872,"label_zh":873},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Learning Chinese Incense: Reading and Practice","學習中國香文化：閱讀與實踐",{"to":875,"label":876,"label_zh":877},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-burners","Chinese Incense Burners: Bronze, Ceramic, Form and Context","中國香爐：青銅、陶瓷、形制與使用語境",{"to":879,"label":880,"label_zh":881},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-seals-fragrant-time","Chinese Incense Seals: Ash, Patterns and Fragrant Time","中國香篆：香灰、篆紋與芬芳計時",{"to":883,"label":884,"label_zh":885},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-sets-burner-box-vase-tools","Chinese Incense Sets: Burner, Box, Vase and Tools","中國香具三式：爐、盒、瓶與匙箸",{"to":158,"label":159,"label_zh":160,"children":887},[888,892,896,900,904,908,912],{"to":889,"label":890,"label_zh":891},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Forigins-history-of-floral-art","A History of Chinese Flower Arrangement: Vessels, Pictures and Voices","中國插花史：器物、影像與文字中的花事",{"to":893,"label":894,"label_zh":895},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fprinciples-of-flower-arrangement","Chinese Flower Arrangement: Line, Balance and Ways of Looking","中國插花構圖：線條、平衡與觀看方法",{"to":897,"label":898,"label_zh":899},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fvessels-tools-and-composition","Choosing Flower Vessels and Tools: Form, Support and Care","選擇花器與工具：形制、支撐和養護",{"to":901,"label":902,"label_zh":903},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fseasonal-flowers-and-symbolism","Seasonal Flowers and Symbolism: How to Read Context","時令花材與象徵：怎樣結合語境來讀",{"to":905,"label":906,"label_zh":907},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fflower-arrangement-as-cultivation","Flower Arrangement as Cultivation: Attention, Change and Limits","插花與修養：專注、變化與界限",{"to":909,"label":910,"label_zh":911},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Further Reading and Practice: Sources, Museums and a First Month","延伸閱讀與練習：史料、博物館與第一個月",{"to":913,"label":914,"label_zh":915},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fchinese-flower-baskets-weaving-painting-vessels","Chinese Flower Baskets: Weaving, Painting and the 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It brings together observations of landform, orientation, water, buildings and correlative cosmology. It should not be reduced to decorative rules, nor presented as a scientifically proven way to guarantee health, wealth or relationships.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>\u003Cem>Classes introduce core vocabulary, the distinction between major approaches and the cultural contexts in which feng shui has been practised. Contemporary applications are discussed critically. Students remain responsible for property, financial and personal decisions and should seek qualified professional advice where those decisions carry material consequences.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>風水形成於不同的流派、典籍與專業傳統，綜合觀察地形、方位、水勢、建築以及陰陽五行等關聯性宇宙觀。它不應被簡化為裝飾規則，也不能被宣傳為保證健康、財富或關係結果的科學方法。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程介紹基本術語、主要方法的差別，以及風水在歷史社會中的實踐語境，並以批判態度討論當代應用。涉及房產、財務或其他重大決定時，學員仍應根據事實判斷，並諮詢具備資質的相關專業人士。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Ffeng-shui-learning",[937,938,939,940],"wudang\u002Fevents\u002FYpvXV9T4BG3YVD0NQ150.webp","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FfhZyCVAEQXsL76XmGdVp.webp","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FAt5a8W2EGZ9IhDUbI4f3.avif","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FBKPjfYeMNJ617LWJ7tgv.avif",[942,943,944,945],"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FYpvXV9T4BG3YVD0NQ150.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FfhZyCVAEQXsL76XmGdVp.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FAt5a8W2EGZ9IhDUbI4f3.avif","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FBKPjfYeMNJ617LWJ7tgv.avif",{"en":947,"zh":948},"Feng Shui Classes and Courses","風水課程：方位、形勢與空間觀念入門",{"en":931,"zh":950},"從歷史、環境與文化語境學習風水，理解方位、形勢與空間觀念，同時明確傳統解釋與科學證據的界限。",0,true,"active","2026-07-13T05:17:57.000000Z","2026-09-25T03:51:12.000000Z",{"id":60,"uuid":957,"slug":958,"available_locales":959,"name":960,"description":963,"body":966,"path":969,"images":970,"image_urls":971,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":972,"seo_description":975,"sort_order":951,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":978,"updated_at":955},"c85bf6cc-b84e-4c36-bbd7-9e92b53bbe50","internal-arts-wellness",[924,925,926],{"en":961,"zh":962},"Internal Arts & Wellness","內家功法與養生",{"en":964,"zh":965},"Classes, workshops and retreats in Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong and traditional practices for movement, breathing and mindful cultivation.","彙集八段錦、太極拳、氣功及傳統身心修習的課程、工作坊與靜修活動。",{"en":967,"zh":968},"\u003Cp>Explore small-group classes, workshops and retreats introducing Wudang internal arts and traditional wellness practices. Programmes may include Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong, standing practice, breathing and their cultural foundations.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Each listing provides its teacher, schedule, experience level and registration arrangements.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>本類別彙集武當內家功法與傳統養生修習的小班課程、工作坊及靜修活動，內容可涵蓋八段錦、太極拳、氣功、站樁、呼吸練習及相關文化基礎。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>每項活動都會註明導師、日期、適合程度與報名方式，方便參加者選擇合適的學習體驗。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Finternal-arts-wellness",[],[],{"en":973,"zh":974},"Internal Arts & Wellness Events","內家功法與養生活動",{"en":976,"zh":977},"Explore Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong and traditional wellness classes, workshops and retreats listed by Wudang.Org.","探索八段錦、太極拳、氣功與傳統養生課程、工作坊及靜修活動。","2026-08-16T19:23:45.000000Z",{"id":980,"uuid":981,"slug":982,"available_locales":983,"name":984,"description":987,"body":988,"path":989,"images":990,"image_urls":991,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":992,"seo_description":994,"sort_order":951,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":997,"updated_at":955},10,"884ed965-8c72-49e2-acee-0fc2f7aec70a","face-reading-learning",[924,925,926],{"en":985,"zh":986},"Face Reading Learning","面相課程",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fface-reading-learning",[],[],{"en":993},"Chinese Face Reading Classes and Workshops",{"en":995,"zh":996},"Learn Chinese face reading (面相) as a cultural tradition: its classical framework, history and uses, taught with clear limits on predictive claims.","把面相作為中國傳統文化來學習：認識其經典框架、歷史與用法，並清楚說明傳統詮釋的邊界。","2026-08-30T17:01:43.000000Z",{"id":999,"uuid":1000,"slug":1001,"available_locales":1002,"name":1003,"description":1006,"body":1008,"path":1011,"images":1012,"image_urls":1013,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1014,"seo_description":1017,"sort_order":38,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":954,"updated_at":955},2,"8792a80b-d0c8-4ef9-9634-5cb91827932b","zi-wei-dou-shu-learning",[924,925,926],{"en":1004,"zh":1005},"Zi Wei Dou Shu Learning","紫微斗數課程",{"en":1007,"zh":3},"Explore Purple Star Astrology as a traditional Chinese interpretive system, approached as cultural knowledge rather than scientific prediction.",{"en":1009,"zh":1010},"\u003Cp>Zi Wei Dou Shu 紫微鬥數 organises birth information through palaces, stars and patterned relationships. The system has a substantial technical vocabulary and several interpretive traditions, but its predictive claims are not established by modern scientific evidence.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Courses explain how charts are structured, how symbols are read and how historical and contemporary practitioners differ. The aim is cultural literacy and disciplined reflection—not certainty about the future. Readings do not replace medical, legal, financial, employment or psychological expertise.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>紫微斗數依據出生資訊，以宮位、星曜和彼此關係組織命盤。它具有複雜的術語與多種解釋傳統，但其預測主張並未得到現代科學證據的確立。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程說明命盤結構、符號閱讀方法，以及歷史與當代實踐者之間的差異。學習目的在於文化理解與有紀律的自我反思，而不是獲得關於未來的確定答案。相關解讀不能代替醫療、法律、財務、就業或心理專業意見。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu-learning",[],[],{"en":1015,"zh":1016},"Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology) Classes","紫微斗數課程：命盤、宮位與星曜入門",{"en":1007,"zh":1018},"把紫微斗數作為中國傳統詮釋體系來學習，認識命盤、宮位與星曜，不把它包裝成科學預測。",{"id":247,"uuid":1020,"slug":1021,"available_locales":1022,"name":1023,"description":1026,"body":1027,"path":1028,"images":1029,"image_urls":1030,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1031,"seo_description":1034,"sort_order":38,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":1037,"updated_at":955},"09958025-4f1d-40e6-ae1c-8b1517ac824e","tea-arts",[924,925,926],{"en":1024,"zh":1025},"Tea Arts","茶藝",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Ftea-arts",[],[],{"en":1032,"zh":1033},"Chinese Tea Art Classes and Workshops","茶藝課程與工作坊",{"en":1035,"zh":1036},"Chinese tea art (茶藝) classes and workshops: tea types, brewing methods, tea-table etiquette and the quiet attention of sharing tea.","茶藝課程與工作坊：認識茶類、泡茶方法與茶席禮儀，在一席茶中體會從容與專注。","2026-08-16T17:13:57.000000Z",{"id":242,"uuid":1039,"slug":1040,"available_locales":1041,"name":1042,"description":1045,"body":1047,"path":1050,"images":1051,"image_urls":1052,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1053,"seo_description":1056,"sort_order":999,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":954,"updated_at":955},"e52a261e-348a-4b8a-bd51-43f4e6b1d861","ba-zi-learning",[924,925,926],{"en":1043,"zh":1044},"Ba Zi Learning","八字課程",{"en":1046,"zh":3},"Study the Four Pillars as a traditional system of stems, branches and five-phase correspondence, with history and limitations made explicit.",{"en":1048,"zh":1049},"\u003Cp>Ba Zi 八字 interprets year, month, day and hour through the heavenly stems, earthly branches, yin-yang and five-phase relationships. It is an influential part of Chinese metaphysical culture, not an observational science in the modern empirical sense.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Classes introduce chart structure, terminology and common interpretive methods while distinguishing tradition from evidence. Students are encouraged to treat readings as prompts for reflection and never as guarantees, diagnoses or substitutes for professional advice.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>八字以年、月、日、時四柱為框架，通過天干、地支、陰陽與五行關係進行解釋。它是中國術數文化中影響深遠的傳統體系，並非現代經驗科學。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程介紹命盤結構、基本術語和常見詮釋方法，同時說明傳統觀點與科學證據的差別。學員可把解讀作為反思的線索，但不應把它當作保證、診斷，或任何專業意見的替代品。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fba-zi-learning",[],[],{"en":1054,"zh":1055},"BaZi (Four Pillars) Classes and Courses","八字課程：四柱、天干地支與五行入門",{"en":1046,"zh":1057},"學習四柱中的天干、地支與五行關係，理解其歷史與方法，也清楚區分傳統詮釋和現代實證知識。",{"id":69,"uuid":1059,"slug":1060,"available_locales":1061,"name":1062,"description":1065,"body":1066,"path":1067,"images":1068,"image_urls":1069,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1070,"seo_description":1073,"sort_order":999,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":1037,"updated_at":955},"76718b8e-3137-42fc-a257-c9e318b3e364","incense-culture",[924,925,926],{"en":1063,"zh":1064},"Incense Culture","香文化",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fincense-culture",[],[],{"en":1071,"zh":1072},"Chinese Incense Culture Workshops","香文化活動與工作坊",{"en":1074,"zh":1075},"Workshops on Chinese incense culture (香文化): aromatic materials, traditional ways of preparing and appreciating incense, and incense as calm attention.","香文化活動與工作坊：認識香材、傳統制香與品香方式，在一爐香中練習安靜與專注。",{"id":1077,"uuid":1078,"slug":1079,"available_locales":1080,"name":1081,"description":1084,"body":1087,"path":1090,"images":1091,"image_urls":1092,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1093,"seo_description":1095,"sort_order":999,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":1096,"updated_at":955},11,"c39cc557-40eb-4266-9736-7fb84891d407","i-ching-learning",[924,925,926],{"en":1082,"zh":1083},"I Ching Learning","易經課程",{"en":1085,"zh":1086},"Explore the I Ching through its hexagrams, traditional interpretive methods and historical context, with scope and limitations made explicit.","通過卦象、傳統解讀方法與歷史語境認識《易經》，並清楚說明其適用範圍與侷限。",{"en":1088,"zh":1089},"\u003Cp>The I Ching 易經 is a classical Chinese text centred on sixty-four hexagrams and a long history of commentary and divination. It has shaped Chinese philosophy, cosmology and metaphysical practice, but its divinatory claims are not established as modern empirical science.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Classes introduce structures, terminology and traditional methods such as Liu Yao while distinguishing cultural study from evidence. Readings should be treated as prompts for reflection, not guarantees, diagnoses or substitutes for professional advice.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>《易經》是一部以六十四卦為核心的中國經典，形成了悠久的註疏與占筮傳統，並深刻影響中國哲學、宇宙觀與術數文化；其占筮主張並非現代經驗科學所證實。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程介紹基本結構、術語和六爻等傳統方法，同時區分文化學習與科學證據。解讀宜作為反思線索，不應視為保證、診斷或任何專業意見的替代品。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fi-ching-learning",[],[],{"en":1094,"zh":1083},"I Ching Classes and Courses",{"en":1085,"zh":1086},"2026-09-08T00:15:35.000000Z",{"id":21,"uuid":1098,"slug":1099,"available_locales":1100,"name":1101,"description":1104,"body":1107,"path":1110,"images":1111,"image_urls":1112,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1113,"seo_description":1116,"sort_order":242,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":1119,"updated_at":955},"ee2330c6-5a3e-4ac2-a2d1-1a0dc110c58c","traditional-arts-crafts",[924,925,926],{"en":1102,"zh":1103},"Traditional Arts & Crafts","傳統藝術與手作",{"en":1105,"zh":1106},"Hands-on workshops exploring Chinese handicrafts and decorative arts through guided making and cultural appreciation.","通過親手製作與文化欣賞，體驗中國傳統手作及裝飾藝術。",{"en":1108,"zh":1109},"\u003Cp>Discover practical workshops in Chinese decorative arts and handcraft traditions. Activities may include gold-leaf painting, cloisonné enamel, mother-of-pearl work, Song brocade and other guided projects.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>These welcoming sessions introduce materials, techniques and cultural context while allowing participants to complete a piece of their own.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>本類別彙集中國傳統裝飾藝術與手作體驗，內容可涵蓋金箔畫、掐絲琺琅、螺鈿工藝、宋錦及其他創作專案。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程以輕鬆易懂的方式介紹材料、技法與文化背景，讓參加者在導師帶領下完成屬於自己的作品。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Ftraditional-arts-crafts",[],[],{"en":1114,"zh":1115},"Traditional Arts & Crafts Events","傳統藝術與手作活動",{"en":1117,"zh":1118},"Explore Chinese handicraft and decorative arts workshops, including gold-leaf, cloisonné, mother-of-pearl and brocade.","探索金箔畫、掐絲琺琅、螺鈿、宋錦等中國傳統手作及裝飾藝術體驗。","2026-08-16T19:24:04.000000Z",{"id":212,"uuid":1121,"slug":1122,"available_locales":1123,"name":1124,"description":1127,"body":1130,"path":1133,"images":1134,"image_urls":1135,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1136,"seo_description":1138,"sort_order":247,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":1141,"updated_at":955},"824f78c1-1181-4983-bae5-77e7cdbbbc1d","wudang-community",[924,925,926],{"en":1125,"zh":1126},"Wudang Community","武當社群活動",{"en":1128,"zh":1129},"Talks, broadcasts and community gatherings connecting people with Wudang culture, learning and living practice.","通過講座、直播與社群聚會，連線武當文化、學習與日常實踐。",{"en":1131,"zh":1132},"\u003Cp>Wudang Community brings together public talks, livestreams, gatherings and shared cultural activities connected with Wudang.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>These programmes create welcoming ways to meet practitioners, explore ideas and participate in a growing community of learning and practice.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>武當社群活動彙集與武當文化相關的公開講座、直播、聚會及共享文化體驗。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>這些活動以友善開放的方式連線練習者與學習者，讓大家交流心得、認識傳統，並共同參與持續發展的文化社群。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-community",[],[],{"en":1137,"zh":1126},"Wudang Community Events",{"en":1139,"zh":1140},"Discover Wudang community talks, broadcasts and gatherings connecting people with culture, learning and living practice.","探索連線武當文化、學習與日常實踐的講座、直播及社群聚會。","2026-08-16T19:24:18.000000Z",{"id":16,"uuid":1143,"slug":1144,"available_locales":1145,"name":1146,"description":1149,"body":1150,"path":1151,"images":1152,"image_urls":1153,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1154,"seo_description":1157,"sort_order":69,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":1160,"updated_at":955},"25641c0b-8e5a-46d7-9b18-95c344015f97","wudang-journeys-retreats",[924,925,926],{"en":1147,"zh":1148},"Wudang Journeys & Retreats","武當旅修與行程",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-journeys-retreats",[],[],{"en":1155,"zh":1156},"Wudang Mountain Retreats and Guided Journeys","武當山旅修與靜修行程",{"en":1158,"zh":1159},"Guided journeys and retreats to Wudang Mountain that combine practice, temple visits and cultural learning, with itineraries and expectations set out clearly.","前往武當山的旅修與靜修：結合修習、宮觀參訪與文化學習，提前說明行程安排與參加須知。","2026-08-18T11:09:38.000000Z",{"data":1162},{"hero_type":1163,"hero_image":1164,"hero_image_alt":1165,"hero_youtube_id":1166,"hero_content_on":952,"hero_heading":1167,"hero_subheading":1168,"hero_text":1169,"hero_subheading_zh":1170,"hero_text_zh":1171,"hero_buttons":1172,"home_seo":1178,"page_layout":1184,"shop_enabled":1185,"contact":1186,"journey":1202},"image","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fsite\u002Fwudanghomepagehero.webp","Wudang mountain temple in mist","VgirFbjpiy4","武當文化，道在日常\nWudang Culture, Practised with Purpose","A place for learning. A home for living culture.","Explore Taoist thought, internal arts, literati traditions and Wudang Mountain through grounded learning in Singapore and beyond.","這裡既是學習之地，也是讓文化融入日常的所在。","從道家思想、內家武術、文人雅藝與武當山出發，以清晰、踏實的方式，在新加坡及世界各地認識和體驗武當文化。",[1173,1175],{"label":1174,"link":278},"Start Your Wudang Journey",{"label":1176,"link":1177},"View Events & Courses","\u002Fevents",{"title":1179,"description":1181},{"en":1180,"zh":3},"Wudang Mountain: Tai Chi, Qigong & Taoist Culture",{"en":1182,"zh":1183},"Explore Wudang Mountain through Tai Chi, Qigong, Daoist philosophy, martial arts, traditional arts, wellness, culture and everyday life in Wudang.","從太極、氣功、道家思想、武術、傳統雅藝與養生文化認識武當山，探索武當文化及武當山的日常生活。","sidebar",false,{"methods":1187,"has_any":952,"text":1195},{"email":1188,"whatsapp":1189,"wechat_id":1190,"wechat_qr_url":1191,"instagram":1192,"instagram_handle":1193,"facebook":1194,"facebook_handle":1193},"hello@wudang.org","+6588169599","Cldjcll0305","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fcontact\u002Fkcs9Z5IEY7CugW2mEYA8.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fleewudang.sg","@leewudang.sg","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fleewudang.sg\u002F",{"china_heading_en":1196,"china_heading_zh":1197,"china_company_en":1198,"china_company_zh":1199,"china_address_en":1200,"china_address_zh":1201},"China Operations","中國運營","Xunwei Wudang Co., Ltd.","尋味武當有限公司","No. 72 Jianhe 2nd Road, Wangjiayuan, Wudang Mountain, Shiyan, Hubei, China","湖北省十堰市武當山王家園劍河二路72號",{"title_en":3,"title_zh":3,"intro_en":3,"intro_zh":3,"enabled":952},{"data":1204},{"to":841,"type":1205,"available_locales":1206,"is_content_page":952,"title":1207,"subtitle":1208,"body":1211,"hero_image_url":1214,"hero_width":1215,"hero_height":1216,"hero_image_alt":1217,"hero_image_decorative":1185,"hero_credit":1220,"hero_alt":1225,"hero_style":1226,"card_layout":1227,"link_type":3,"link_ref":3,"seo_title":1228,"seo_description":1231,"children":1234},"page",[924,925,926],{"en":842,"zh":843},{"en":1209,"zh":1210},"How faces, poses, clothing, furniture, mounting and ritual use shape the meanings of a portrait","從面容、姿態、服飾、傢俱、裝裱與儀式用途，理解肖像如何承載意義",{"en":1212,"zh":1213},"\u003Cp>Chinese portrait painting is not one fixed genre. An imperial image, a scholar’s informal likeness, a family group and a portrait used to honour an ancestor could ask different things of a painter and a viewer. Some were made from life; others were completed after death, copied for later generations or reconstructed in a workshop. A careful reading therefore begins with function, material and provenance before it turns clothing or expression into a story.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>This guide builds on \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\">Chinese Painting: Materials, Formats and Ways of Looking\u003C\u002Fa>. It focuses on questions a museum visitor can actually test: what kind of object is present, how the sitter is posed, which details are individualized, what the costume and furniture may communicate, and what the record says about making, display and later repair.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>Portraiture had more than one job\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>Likeness, status and memory could work together\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>A portrait may preserve recognizable features, present a social role, commemorate a life or make a person present within a family practice. These purposes are not mutually exclusive. The National Museum of China’s survey of Ming- and Qing-dynasty portraits includes imperial relatives, officials, scholars, literati gatherings and women in different settings. That range warns against using the seated ancestral portrait as a template for all Chinese portraiture. It also shows why portrait paintings can be evidence for dress, furnishings and social ideals as well as faces.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The old critical language of transmitting both outer form and inner spirit should not be reduced to a contest between “realism” and “symbolism.” A carefully modelled face can coexist with a highly ordered robe, frontal pose and standardized chair. Individual features and social decorum may occupy different parts of the same image.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch3>A lifetime portrait is not automatically an ancestor portrait\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>The Metropolitan Museum’s portrait of the artist’s great-grand-uncle Yizhai records, through its inscription, a sitter at the age of eighty-five and identifies the work as painted from life. The Met contrasts it with posthumous ancestor portraits, while also noting their shared formal vocabulary. That distinction matters: frontal pose, full-length format or solemn dress alone cannot prove that a painting served ancestral rites.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Ask what the catalogue, inscription and provenance actually establish. “Portrait,” “commemorative portrait,” “official portrait” and “ancestor portrait” name overlapping but not identical categories. When the sitter or original use is unknown, uncertainty is part of the object’s history, not a gap to fill with costume-based guesswork.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch3>Portraits of people differ from images of deities\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>A human portrait and an icon of a deity may both face the viewer, occupy a hanging scroll and appear in ritual settings, but they represent different kinds of presence. Do not identify a painted figure as an ancestor, priest, immortal or official from posture alone. Attributes, inscriptions, documented title, provenance and the wider image program all matter. The site’s guide to the \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-deities-pantheon\">Taoist pantheon\u003C\u002Fa> offers a separate route for religious images; it should not be used to turn an unidentified human sitter into a divine figure.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>Read the image as a constructed social body\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>Begin with face, gaze, pose and scale\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Look before decoding. Is the head painted with small tonal changes while the robe is described by strong outlines and repeated patterns? Does the sitter meet the viewer, turn slightly or appear within an activity? Is the body full-length, half-length or one figure within a group? Scale affects the encounter: a large hanging portrait can establish a formal presence very differently from an album leaf or hand-held likeness.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Do not treat stillness as lack of personality. A frontal, composed posture may answer the work’s ceremonial or commemorative task. Conversely, an informal hat, sideward glance or garden setting is not direct access to a private self. These are pictorial decisions shaped by patron, painter, format and convention.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch3>Clothing and furniture communicate, but they do not identify by themselves\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Robes, rank badges, hats, jewellery, carpets, chairs and tables can locate a portrait within systems of office, wealth, gender, age and aspiration. Compare them carefully with the object record and with securely dated examples. A badge may have been accurately observed, conventionally rendered, added later or copied from another image. Furniture can help connect works from one workshop or family set, yet a similar chair does not prove common ownership.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The Smithsonian’s record for the portrait of Shi Wenying identifies the sitter through collection research and describes the image as probably serving ancestral commemoration. That is stronger than saying “the robe looks official.” Start with the documented name and date; then use visual details to ask better questions, not to overrule the record.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch3>Mounting, inscriptions and seals belong to the evidence\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>A portrait painting and its present mounting need not be the same age. Silk borders, backing papers, hanging rods and rollers can be renewed when a scroll is remounted. An inscription may name a sitter or occasion, but it may also be later, copied or incomplete. Seals can record makers, owners or collectors without necessarily proving the first commission.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Use \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-hanging-scroll\">the hanging-scroll guide\u003C\u002Fa> for format and temporary display, \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fmounting-chinese-painting\">the mounting guide\u003C\u002Fa> for layered supports, and \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-seals-and-seal-carving\">the seal guide\u003C\u002Fa> for the difference between an impression and a complete chain of attribution. Read all three layers together: image, writing and object structure.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>Ancestor portraits joined painting to family ritual\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>Display made a remembered person present for a time\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Most works in the Smithsonian exhibition \u003Cem>Worshiping the Ancestors\u003C\u002Fem> were portraits used by families in periodic rites of veneration. The museum’s object record for Shi Wenying notes domestic display during ceremonies, especially around the Lunar New Year, and on occasions when family news was addressed to deceased parents. The portrait was therefore not merely decoration kept permanently on a wall. Hanging, approaching and storing it formed part of its social life.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>This does not mean that every family in every region followed one procedure. Household practice varied, and museum collections preserve only part of that history. Use a documented object to understand one case, then compare rather than universalize.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch3>Workshops, posthumous making and copies complicate authorship\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Ancestor portraits were sometimes produced in workshops, and some were recopied for descendants. A posthumous image might draw on an earlier likeness, family information or established face and body patterns. “Anonymous” therefore does not mean careless, and “schematic” does not mean that likeness was irrelevant. It signals that the making process and the division of labour may differ from the modern idea of a single artist expressing an individual encounter.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The Smithsonian publication by Jan Stuart and Evelyn Rawski treats these works through both art history and social practice, focusing especially on Ming and Qing material. It is a better basis than projecting one workshop method onto all periods. When a museum gives a broad date, keep that range rather than turning costume into an exact year.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch3>Material study can reveal how the portrait was built and repaired\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>A peer-reviewed conservation study of the Smithsonian group records portraits on silk, paper and cotton, with mineral pigments and animal-glue binder identified in sampled works. It found thick paint in some costume areas and thinner washes on faces and hands. Those findings apply to examined objects, not to every Chinese portrait, but they explain why robe and face can behave differently under light, rolling and age.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FTsrjSuOdobZJUKe5ArNz.webp\" alt=\"AI-generated overhead conceptual conservation study of a fictional painted portrait fragment, gloved hands and paper tools on a cool grey table\">\u003Cfigcaption>Conceptual AI-generated conservation study of a fictional portrait. It does not reproduce a real work, conservator or treatment, and it is not an instruction for handling paintings.\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\u003Cp>Creases, flaking, stains and replacement mountings are historical evidence as well as conservation problems. Do not flatten, clean, roll, wet or remount an old family portrait yourself. Photograph it without strong light, record dimensions and inscriptions, support it safely, and consult a qualified painting or paper conservator.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>A six-step method for looking without overclaiming\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>Move from the catalogue to the face, then back to the object\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Col>\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Record the label.\u003C\u002Fstrong> Note title, sitter, attributed maker, date range, material, format, dimensions and every qualifier.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Identify the proposed function.\u003C\u002Fstrong> Ask whether the record says court, lifetime, commemorative, ancestral, family, scholar or another use—and whether that function is certain or inferred.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Observe the body.\u003C\u002Fstrong> Describe face, gaze, pose, scale and relation to other figures before interpreting expression.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Map social details.\u003C\u002Fstrong> List clothing, badges, jewellery, furniture and setting, but separate what is visible from what comparison suggests.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>Inspect the object layers.\u003C\u002Fstrong> Distinguish painted field, inscriptions, seals, silk borders, backing, rods and later repairs.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>State the limit.\u003C\u002Fstrong> End with what remains unknown: sitter, painter, original mounting, workshop, date, ritual use or sequence of copies.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Fol>\n\n\u003Ch3>Compare works with the same question, not the same answer\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>Comparison is most useful when it preserves difference. Put a court portrait beside a scholar’s likeness and ask how each constructs authority. Compare a couple portrait with two separate spouse scrolls and ask how family relation is visualized. Set a portrait painted from life beside a posthumous commemorative work and ask which parts claim individual likeness and which establish role.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>The \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Forigins-history-of-chinese-painting\">history of Chinese painting\u003C\u002Fa> helps place portraits beside tomb images, court commissions and later exhibition works without forcing a single origin story. The \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-handscroll\">handscroll guide\u003C\u002Fa> provides a contrasting viewing experience in which sequence and handling operate differently from a large frontal portrait.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch3>Keep names, dignity and uncertainty together\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>A museum portrait may have lost its sitter’s name through sale, displacement, remounting or incomplete records. “Unidentified” should not turn the person into a generic costume type. Describe the object precisely, acknowledge the sitter’s dignity and avoid inventing personality, ethnicity, rank, religion or biography from appearance.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>Useful starting points include the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fasia.si.edu\u002Fresearch\u002Fpublications\u002Fworshiping-the-ancestors-chinese-commemorative-portraits\u002F\">Smithsonian publication on commemorative portraits\u003C\u002Fa>, its \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.si.edu\u002Fobject\u002Ffsg_S1991.120\">record for Shi Wenying\u003C\u002Fa>, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww2.chnmuseum.cn\u002Fexhibition\u002Fexhibition_series\u002Ftemporary_exhibitions\u002Fclassical_art_exhibitions\u002F202204\u002Ft20220429_256191.html\">National Museum of China’s Ming–Qing portrait survey\u003C\u002Fa>, the Met’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.metmuseum.org\u002Fexhibitions\u002Flistings\u002F2008\u002Fanatomy-of-a-masterpiece\u002Fphoto-gallery\">object-led painting gallery\u003C\u002Fa>, and the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcool.culturalheritage.org\u002Fjaic\u002Farticles\u002Fjaic42-03-007_1.html\">conservation study in the \u003Cem>Journal of the American Institute for Conservation\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fa>. Together they show why likeness, role, ritual, workshop practice and material history must be read as related evidence rather than collapsed into one formula.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>中國肖像畫並不是單一、固定的畫類。帝王御容、文人行樂圖、家族群像與用於追念祖先的畫像，對畫家和觀看者提出的問題並不相同。有些作品對人寫照，有些在人去世後完成，也有後世重繪、摹制或由作坊製作的例子。因此，負責任的閱讀應先弄清用途、材質與流傳經過，再解釋服飾、表情與身份。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>本文承接\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\">“中國繪畫：材料、形制與觀看方法”\u003C\u002Fa>，集中回答博物館參觀者可以核對的問題：眼前是什麼型別的物件？人物怎樣落座或站立？哪些面部特徵具有個體性？服飾與傢俱傳達了什麼？作品記錄對製作、陳設和後世修復又說了什麼？\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>肖像不只有一種用途\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>形貌、身份與記憶可以同時存在\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>肖像可以儲存可辨認的相貌、呈現社會角色、紀念一生，或在家族禮儀中讓逝者“在場”。這些功能並不互相排斥。中國國家博物館的明清肖像畫展同時包括皇室成員、名臣、名士、文人雅集和不同場景中的女性形象。這樣的範圍提醒我們：端坐的祖先像不能代表全部中國肖像畫。肖像所記錄的也不只是面孔，還可能包括服飾、陳設與社會理想。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>傳統畫論所謂“形神兼備”，不宜被簡化為“寫實”與“象徵”的二選一。細緻刻畫的面部，可以與程式化的袍服、正面姿態和規整座椅同處一畫；個體特徵與禮儀規範，往往由畫面的不同部分共同承擔。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch3>生前寫照不等於祖先像\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>紐約大都會藝術博物館所藏《益齋八十五歲像》，題識說明畫中人為畫家族中長輩，作於八十五歲時，並被館方認定為生前寫照。館方把它與逝後製作的祖先像加以區分，同時指出二者共享若干正式肖像語彙。這一界線很重要：僅憑正面端坐、全身構圖或莊重服飾，不能證明畫像曾用於祖先祭祀。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>應先問圖錄、題識和來源記錄究竟確認了什麼。“肖像”“紀念像”“官員像”“祖先像”彼此相關，卻並非同義。人物姓名或原始用途不明時，不確定性本身就是物件歷史的一部分，不應以服飾猜測來填空。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch3>人物肖像與神像不是同一種影像\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>人的肖像與神祇影像可能都正面朝向觀看者，也可能都裝裱成軸並出現在儀式空間，但二者所表現的“在場”性質不同。不能只憑姿態，就把一位畫中人認作祖先、道士、仙人或官員。持物、題名、確切稱謂、流傳記錄和整套影像安排都應納入判斷。本站的\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-deities-pantheon\">道教神仙譜系指南\u003C\u002Fa>提供了理解宗教影像的另一條路徑，卻不能用來把身份不明的人物直接神格化。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>把肖像看作被建構的“社會身體”\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>先看面容、目光、姿態與尺度\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>先描述，再解讀。面部是否用細微明暗塑造，而袍服主要靠輪廓與重複紋樣表現？人物直視觀者、微微側身，還是正參與某項活動？畫的是全身、半身，還是群像中的一員？尺度也會改變觀看經驗：大型立軸營造的正式在場感，與冊頁或手中展開的小像並不相同。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>靜止不等於沒有個性。正面、剋制的姿態可能正是禮儀或紀念用途所需。反過來，便帽、側目或園林背景也不能直接通往人物“真實內心”；它們仍是由委託者、畫家、形制和傳統共同決定的影像選擇。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch3>服飾與傢俱會傳達身份，卻不能單獨完成鑑定\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>袍服、補子、冠帽、首飾、地毯、座椅和几案，都可能把肖像放進官階、財富、性別、年齡與自我期許的體系中。它們必須與作品記錄和確切斷代的參照物比較。一枚補子可能來自準確觀察，也可能是程式描繪、後加部分或摹本中的繼承元素。相似座椅可以幫助判斷同一作坊或家族成套作品，卻不能僅憑相似就證明共同主人。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>史密森尼學會對石文英像的藏品記錄，藉助研究確認人物身份，並謹慎說明此畫“很可能”曾作祖先紀念之用。這比“衣服看起來像官服”更可靠。應先接受有依據的姓名與年代，再用視覺細節提出問題，而不是反過來推翻記錄。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch3>裝裱、題識與印章都是證據的一部分\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>畫心與今天所見裝裱未必同時完成。綾絹邊、托紙、天杆與軸杆都可能在重灌時更新。題識可以說明人物或場合，也可能是後添、摹錄或殘缺；印章可能屬於畫家、主人或收藏者，卻不一定足以證明最初委託關係。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>可結合\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-hanging-scroll\">立軸閱讀指南\u003C\u002Fa>理解形制與臨時陳設，參照\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fmounting-chinese-painting\">中國書畫裝裱指南\u003C\u002Fa>辨認多層結構，再用\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-seals-and-seal-carving\">中國印章指南\u003C\u002Fa>區分一方印記與完整流傳鏈。影像、文字與物件結構，應當放在一起讀。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>祖先像把繪畫帶入家族禮儀\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>畫像在特定時刻讓被追念者“在場”\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>史密森尼學會“敬奉祖先”展覽中的大多數作品，是家族在定期禮儀中用於追念先人的畫像。石文英像的記錄指出，這類作品會在家內禮儀中懸掛，尤其是農曆新年前後；家族也可能在有喜訊、迎娶新婦等場合，向已故父母稟告。因此，畫像並非只是長期掛在牆上的裝飾。展開、懸掛、趨近與收存，本身構成其社會生命。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>這並不意味著每個地區、每個家庭都遵循完全相同的程式。家族實踐多有差異，博物館收藏儲存的也只是其中一部分。應從一個有記錄的例項出發，再進行比較，而不是把個案擴充套件為普遍規則。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch3>作坊、逝後製作與摹本使“作者”問題更復雜\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>祖先像有時由作坊製作，也有為後代重新摹繪的版本。逝後畫像可能依據舊像、家人口述，或既有的面部與身體範式完成。“佚名”並不等於草率，“程式化”也不意味著完全不關心相貌；它更可能說明製作流程與分工，不符合現代人對“一位藝術家面對一位模特”的單一想像。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>簡·斯圖爾特與歐立德合著的史密森尼研究，將這些作品同時放進藝術史與社會實踐中，重點討論明清遺存。以這類研究為依據，勝過把一種作坊方法推及所有時代。館方給出寬泛年代時，也應保留這個範圍，不能靠衣飾把作品硬定到某一年。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch3>材料研究能說明畫像怎樣製作、又怎樣受損\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>史密森尼一組畫像的同行評審保護研究，記錄了絹、紙與棉布等畫面承托物，並在抽樣作品中檢出礦物顏料與動物膠。研究還發現，一些作品的服飾部分顏料較厚，臉和手則多用較薄的暈染。這些結果只適用於接受檢測的物件，不能代表全部中國肖像，卻有助於解釋袍服與面部在光照、卷放和老化過程中為何表現不同。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FTsrjSuOdobZJUKe5ArNz.webp\" alt=\"AI生成的俯視概念圖：冷灰色工作臺上，一塊虛構彩繪肖像殘片、戴手套的雙手與紙張工具\">\u003Cfigcaption>AI生成的虛構肖像保護概念圖；不復制真實畫作、保護人員或處理過程，也不是書畫操作指南。\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\u003Cp>摺痕、脫粉、汙漬和後配裝裱既是保護問題，也是歷史證據。不要自行壓平、清洗、卷收、加溼或重灌舊家藏畫像。可先避免強光拍照，記錄尺寸、題識與現狀，提供安全承托，並諮詢具備中國書畫或紙質文物經驗的專業保護人員。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch2>一套避免過度解讀的六步觀看法\u003C\u002Fh2>\n\u003Ch3>從圖錄走向面孔，再回到物件\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Col>\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>抄錄標籤。\u003C\u002Fstrong>記下畫名、人物、傳稱作者、年代範圍、材料、形制、尺寸，以及“傳”“款”“舊傳”等限定語。\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>辨認擬定用途。\u003C\u002Fstrong>確認記錄寫的是宮廷、生前寫照、紀念、祖先、家族、文人或其他用途，並註明這是確證還是推測。\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>觀察身體。\u003C\u002Fstrong>先描述面容、目光、姿態、尺度和人物關係，再解釋表情。\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>梳理社會細節。\u003C\u002Fstrong>列出服飾、補子、首飾、傢俱和環境，但把“眼睛看到的”與“比較後推測的”分開。\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>檢查物件層次。\u003C\u002Fstrong>區分畫心、題識、印章、綾邊、托紙、軸杆與後世修補。\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cstrong>寫下限度。\u003C\u002Fstrong>最後明確仍未知的部分：人物、畫家、原裝裱、作坊、年代、儀式用途或摹本先後。\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Fol>\n\n\u003Ch3>用同一個問題比較作品，而不是預設同一個答案\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>比較最有價值的時候，是它保留差異。把宮廷肖像與文人小像並置，可以問兩者如何建構權威；把夫妻合像與分軸的夫婦像對看，可以問家族關係怎樣被視覺化；把生前寫照與逝後紀念像並置，則可觀察哪些部分強調個體形貌，哪些部分確立社會角色。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Forigins-history-of-chinese-painting\">中國繪畫史指南\u003C\u002Fa>可以把肖像放在墓葬影像、宮廷委託和近現代展覽作品之間，而不強求唯一源頭；\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-handscroll\">手卷閱讀指南\u003C\u002Fa>則提供另一種觀看對照：手卷的次序與展開方式，和大型正面肖像不同。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\n\u003Ch3>同時保留姓名、尊嚴與不確定性\u003C\u002Fh3>\n\u003Cp>博物館裡的肖像，可能因出售、遷移、重灌或記錄殘缺而失去人物姓名。“身份不明”不應使畫中人退化為一種服裝樣本。應精確描述物件，尊重人物尊嚴，並避免僅憑外貌編造性格、族屬、官階、宗教或生平。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cp>可從\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fasia.si.edu\u002Fresearch\u002Fpublications\u002Fworshiping-the-ancestors-chinese-commemorative-portraits\u002F\">史密森尼中國紀念肖像研究\u003C\u002Fa>、\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.si.edu\u002Fobject\u002Ffsg_S1991.120\">石文英像藏品記錄\u003C\u002Fa>、\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww2.chnmuseum.cn\u002Fexhibition\u002Fexhibition_series\u002Ftemporary_exhibitions\u002Fclassical_art_exhibitions\u002F202204\u002Ft20220429_256191.html\">中國國家博物館明清肖像畫展\u003C\u002Fa>、大都會藝術博物館的\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.metmuseum.org\u002Fexhibitions\u002Flistings\u002F2008\u002Fanatomy-of-a-masterpiece\u002Fphoto-gallery\">中國繪畫物件導讀\u003C\u002Fa>，以及《美國文物保護學會期刊》的\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcool.culturalheritage.org\u002Fjaic\u002Farticles\u002Fjaic42-03-007_1.html\">中國祖先像保護研究\u003C\u002Fa>開始。它們共同說明：形貌、身份、禮儀、作坊與材料史是相關證據，卻不能被壓縮成一條萬能公式。\u003C\u002Fp>","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FMpgUWoddYzkxsgZhdFDl.webp",1672,941,{"en":1218,"zh":1219},"AI-generated conceptual museum gallery with a fictional formal Chinese portrait hanging on an indigo wall","AI生成的概念性博物館展廳：靛藍色牆上懸掛一幅虛構的中國正式肖像",{"caption":1221,"creator":1222,"source_url":3,"license_label":1223,"license_url":3,"changes":1224},"AI生成的虛構肖像展廳概念圖；不復制任何真實人物、畫作、館藏或展覽。","OpenAI","AI-generated editorial image","專為本文生成；不代表任何歷史人物、文物或地點。",{"en":1218,"zh":1219},"banner","list",{"en":1229,"zh":1230},"Chinese Portrait Painting: Likeness, Role and Memory","中國肖像畫：形神、身份與記憶",{"en":1232,"zh":1233},"Learn how to read Chinese portrait paintings through likeness, pose, costume, furniture, mounting, inscriptions and ancestral use—without treating every portrait as the same genre.","從形神、姿態、服飾、傢俱、裝裱、題識與祖先祭祀用途閱讀中國肖像畫，並理解不同肖像型別不可一概而論。",[],{"data":1236},[1237,1313,1415,1506],{"id":1238,"slug":1239,"available_locales":1240,"path":1241,"title":1242,"venue":1245,"hero_image_url":3,"card_image_url":1248,"card_landscape_url":1249,"lifecycle":1250,"session_mode":1251,"sessions":1252,"next_session":1312},15601,"liu-yao-beginner-course",[924,925,926],"\u002Fevents\u002Fi-ching-learning\u002Fliu-yao-beginner-course",{"en":1243,"zh":1244},"Liu Yao Beginner Course","六爻初級課",{"en":1246,"zh":1247},"Singapore","新加坡","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FQzqp0uXPJyVi3CvdDM1S.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002Fvariants\u002FQzqp0uXPJyVi3CvdDM1S-16x9.webp","ongoing","choose_one",[1253,1272,1285,1298],{"status":1254,"date_slug":1255,"time_label":1256,"timezone_abbr":1257,"date_label":1258,"date_label_fr":1259,"date_short_fr":1260,"date_only_fr":1261,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1262,"date_label_zh":1263,"date_short":1264,"date_short_zh":1265,"date_only":1266,"date_only_zh":1267,"is_multi_day":1185,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":38,"month_short":1268,"month_long":1269,"month_num":1077,"year":1270,"weekday_short":1271,"weekday_index":951},"scheduled","2026-11-01","9:00am–5:00pm","SGT","Sunday, 1 November 2026","dimanche 1 novembre 2026","dim. 1 nov.","1 nov. 2026","09:00–17:00","2026年11月1日 星期日","Sun 1 Nov","11月1日 週日","1 Nov 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