[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-nav-reference-en":3,"site-nav-zh":4,"site-nav-zh-all-arts":289,"event-categories-zh":902,"site-settings":1145,"node-zh-arts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-buddhist-monastic-rules-ceremony-office-origin-stories":1187,"live-course-events":1219},null,{"data":5},{"header":6,"footer":264},[7,51,82,123,161,187,229,260],{"to":8,"label":9,"label_zh":10,"children":11},"\u002Fdao","TAO","道",[12,17,22,26,30,34,39,43,47],{"to":13,"label":14,"label_zh":15,"n":16},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction","Begin with the Tao","道學入門",9,{"to":18,"label":19,"label_zh":20,"n":21},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing","I Ching","易經",7,{"to":23,"label":24,"label_zh":25,"n":16},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing","Tao Te Ching","道德經",{"to":27,"label":28,"label_zh":29,"n":21},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji","Taiji","太極",{"to":31,"label":32,"label_zh":33,"n":21},"\u002Fdao\u002Fzhuang-zi","Zhuangzi","莊子",{"to":35,"label":36,"label_zh":37,"n":38},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics","Classical Library","道家經典文庫",1,{"to":40,"label":41,"label_zh":42},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdaoist-philosophy","Taoist Philosophy","道家哲學",{"to":44,"label":45,"label_zh":46},"\u002Fdao\u002Fwu-wei-natural-living","Wu Wei & Natural Living","無為與自然生活",{"to":48,"label":49,"label_zh":50},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdaoist-view-of-life","A Taoist View of Life","道家人生觀",{"to":52,"label":53,"label_zh":54,"children":55},"\u002Fmartial-arts","Martial Arts","武當武術",[56,61,65,70,74,78],{"to":57,"label":58,"label_zh":59,"n":60},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ffoundations-internal-arts","Foundations of Internal Martial Arts","內家拳基礎",6,{"to":62,"label":63,"label_zh":64,"n":21},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftaijiquan","Taijiquan (Tai Chi)","太極拳",{"to":66,"label":67,"label_zh":68,"n":69},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fbaguazhang","Baguazhang: Circle Walking, Palm Changes and Movement","八卦掌：走圈、換掌與身法變化",5,{"to":71,"label":72,"label_zh":73,"n":69},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fxingyiquan","Xingyiquan: Structure, Intention and Direct Training","形意拳：結構、意念與直接訓練",{"to":75,"label":76,"label_zh":77,"n":21},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fweapons","Wudang Sword and Weapons: History, Practice and Context","武當劍與兵器：歷史、練習與文化語境",{"to":79,"label":80,"label_zh":81,"n":21},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftraining-practice","Training and Practice: Building a Sustainable Wudang Routine","訓練與習練：建立可持續的武當練習",{"to":83,"label":84,"label_zh":85,"children":86},"\u002Fwellness","Wellness","養生",[87,91,95,99,103,107,111,115,119],{"to":88,"label":89,"label_zh":90,"n":21},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fqigong","Qigong","氣功",{"to":92,"label":93,"label_zh":94,"n":60},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fherbal-healing","Chinese Herbal Medicine","中藥與本草",{"to":96,"label":97,"label_zh":98,"n":60},"\u002Fwellness\u002Ftaoist-medicine","Taoist Medicine","道家醫學",{"to":100,"label":101,"label_zh":102,"n":60},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fenergy-sound-healing","Sound & Energy Practices","聲音與能量練習",{"to":104,"label":105,"label_zh":106},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fstanding-practice","Standing Practice","站樁",{"to":108,"label":109,"label_zh":110},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fwudang-internal-cultivation","Wudang Internal Cultivation","武當內修",{"to":112,"label":113,"label_zh":114},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fmoxibustion","Moxibustion","艾灸",{"to":116,"label":117,"label_zh":118},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fbigu","Bigu","辟穀",{"to":120,"label":121,"label_zh":122,"n":38},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fbaduanjin","Baduanjin (Eight Brocades)","八段錦",{"to":124,"label":125,"label_zh":126,"children":127},"\u002Farts","Literati Arts","文人雅藝",[128,133,138,143,148,153,157],{"to":129,"label":130,"label_zh":131,"n":132},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature","Chinese Poetry and Literature: Forms, Contexts and Reading Paths","中國詩詞與文學：體式、語境與閱讀路徑",49,{"to":134,"label":135,"label_zh":136,"n":137},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy","Chinese Calligraphy: Scripts, Materials and Ways of Looking","中國書法：書體、材料與觀賞入門",17,{"to":139,"label":140,"label_zh":141,"n":142},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony","Chinese Tea Culture","中國茶文化",39,{"to":144,"label":145,"label_zh":146,"n":147},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin","Guqin: Sound, History and Ways to Listen","古琴：認識聲音、歷史與聆聽方法",12,{"to":149,"label":150,"label_zh":151,"n":152},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting","Chinese Painting: Materials, Formats and Ways of Looking","中國繪畫：材料、形制與觀看方法",15,{"to":154,"label":155,"label_zh":156,"n":16},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense","Chinese Incense Culture","中國香文化",{"to":158,"label":159,"label_zh":160,"n":21},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement","Chinese Flower Arrangement: History, Materials and Ways of Looking","中國插花：歷史、花材與觀看方法",{"to":162,"label":163,"label_zh":164,"children":165},"\u002Fdaoism","Taoist Culture","道教文化",[166,170,174,178,183],{"to":167,"label":168,"label_zh":169,"n":16},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-deities-pantheon","Taoist Deities and the Chinese Pantheon: A Structural Guide","道教神仙與神明體系：結構與層級指南",{"to":171,"label":172,"label_zh":173,"n":21},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-temples-sacred-mountains","Taoist Temples and Sacred Mountains: A Guide to Places and Architecture","道教名山與宮觀：聖地、建築與制度指南",{"to":175,"label":176,"label_zh":177,"n":21},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-schools-lineages","Taoist Schools and Lineages: Zhengyi, Quanzhen and Historical Traditions","道教流派與傳承：正一、全真及歷史道派",{"to":179,"label":180,"label_zh":181,"n":182},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals","Taoist Festivals and Rituals: Calendars, Offerings and Community Rites","道教節日與科儀：神誕、齋醮與歲時儀式",19,{"to":184,"label":185,"label_zh":186,"n":60},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Feight-immortals","The Eight Immortals: Origins, Symbols and Taoist Legends","八仙：人物、象徵與道教傳說",{"to":188,"label":189,"label_zh":190,"children":191},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics","Chinese Metaphysics","易學與傳統術數",[192,196,200,204,208,213,217,221,225],{"to":193,"label":194,"label_zh":195,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fyin-yang-five-elements","Yin-Yang and the Five Phases in Chinese Thought","陰陽五行：理解關係與變化",{"to":197,"label":198,"label_zh":199,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fganzhi-stems-branches","Chinese Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches (Ganzhi)","天干地支（干支）：中國曆法與術數的六十迴圈",{"to":201,"label":202,"label_zh":203,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Ffeng-shui","Chinese Feng Shui: Landscape, Compass Methods and Responsible Practice","中國風水：形勢、羅盤方法與負責任實踐",{"to":205,"label":206,"label_zh":207,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fbazi-four-pillars","BaZi (Four Pillars of Destiny): How the Eight Characters Work","八字四柱命理：八個字如何構成命盤",{"to":209,"label":210,"label_zh":211,"n":212},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu","Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology): How the Twelve-Palace Chart Works","紫微斗數：十二宮命盤如何運作",8,{"to":214,"label":215,"label_zh":216,"n":212},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdate-selection","Chinese Date Selection: How Auspicious Days Are Chosen","中國擇吉：傳統吉日如何選擇",{"to":218,"label":219,"label_zh":220,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fphysiognomy","Chinese Physiognomy: Face Reading, Palm Reading and Their Limits","中國相術：面相、手相及其侷限",{"to":222,"label":223,"label_zh":224,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdivination-arts","Chinese Divination Arts: Methods, History and Responsible Use","中國占卜術：方法、歷史與負責任使用",{"to":226,"label":227,"label_zh":228,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fluoshu-hetu","The Hetu, Luoshu and Nine Palaces in Chinese Cosmology","河圖、洛書與九宮：中國傳統圖式的歷史與用途",{"to":230,"label":231,"label_zh":232,"children":233},"\u002Fwudang-mountain","Experience Wudang","武當之旅",[234,238,243,248,252,256],{"to":235,"label":236,"label_zh":237,"n":21},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fintroduction","Introduction to Wudang Mountain","初識武當山",{"to":239,"label":240,"label_zh":241,"n":242},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites","Wudang Mountain Temples and Sacred Sites","武當山宮觀與勝蹟",3,{"to":244,"label":245,"label_zh":246,"n":247},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fplanning-a-visit","Planning a Visit to Wudang Mountain","武當山行前規劃指南",4,{"to":249,"label":250,"label_zh":251,"n":242},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fstudying-at-wudang","Studying Martial Arts at Wudang Mountain","在武當山學習武術",{"to":253,"label":254,"label_zh":255,"n":242},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemple-etiquette","Wudang Temple Etiquette: A Visitor’s Guide","武當宮觀參訪禮儀",{"to":257,"label":258,"label_zh":259,"n":69},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fpractical-reference","Wudang Mountain Practical Reference","武當山實用參考資料",{"to":261,"label":262,"label_zh":263},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Feveryday-wudang","Everyday Wudang","武當日常",[265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,277,281,285],{"to":8,"label":9,"label_zh":10},{"to":52,"label":53,"label_zh":54},{"to":83,"label":84,"label_zh":85},{"to":124,"label":125,"label_zh":126},{"to":162,"label":163,"label_zh":164},{"to":188,"label":189,"label_zh":190},{"to":230,"label":231,"label_zh":232},{"to":261,"label":262,"label_zh":263},{"to":274,"label":275,"label_zh":276},"\u002Fabout","About Wudang.Org","關於 Wudang.Org",{"to":278,"label":279,"label_zh":280},"\u002Fstart-here","Start Here","從這裡開始",{"to":282,"label":283,"label_zh":284},"\u002Ffind-a-practice","Find a Practice","找到適合你的修習",{"to":286,"label":287,"label_zh":288},"\u002Fteachers","Our Teachers","授課老師",{"data":290},{"all":291,"header":900,"footer":901},[292],{"to":124,"label":125,"label_zh":126,"children":293},[294,492,562,720,770,832,870],{"to":129,"label":130,"label_zh":131,"children":295},[296,300,304,308,312,316,320,324,328,332,336,340,344,348,352,356,360,364,368,372,376,380,384,388,392,396,400,404,408,412,416,420,424,428,432,436,440,444,448,452,456,460,464,468,472,476,480,484,488],{"to":297,"label":298,"label_zh":299},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Forigins-spirit-of-chinese-poetry","Origins of Chinese Poetry: Song, Text and Interpretation","中國詩歌的源流：歌唱、文本與闡釋",{"to":301,"label":302,"label_zh":303},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fbook-of-songs-classical-foundations","The Book of Songs: Voices, Performance and Interpretation","《詩經》：聲音、禮樂與闡釋",{"to":305,"label":306,"label_zh":307},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Ftang-poetry-golden-age","Tang Poetry: Forms, Voices and a Lasting Canon","唐詩：體式、聲音與經典的形成",{"to":309,"label":310,"label_zh":311},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Ftaoist-landscape-poetry","Daoist Traditions and Landscape Poetry: Place, Reclusion and Interpretation","道家、道教與山水詩：地方、隱逸與解讀",{"to":313,"label":314,"label_zh":315},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fpoetry-as-cultivation","Poetry as Cultivation at Wudang: Reading, Attention and Writing","武當詩文與自我涵養：閱讀、觀察與寫作",{"to":317,"label":318,"label_zh":319},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fkey-poets-further-reading","Chinese Poetry: Poets, Editions and Reading Paths","中國詩詞閱讀：詩人、版本與入門路徑",{"to":321,"label":322,"label_zh":323},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-regulated-verse","How to Read Chinese Regulated Verse: Lines, Rhyme, Tone and Parallelism","怎樣讀中國近體詩：句式、押韻、平仄與對仗",{"to":325,"label":326,"label_zh":327},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-ci-lyrics","How to Read Chinese Ci Lyrics: Tune Patterns, Voice and Transmission","怎樣讀中國詞：詞牌、聲音與文本流傳",{"to":329,"label":330,"label_zh":331},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-anthologies-canon-transmission","How Chinese Poetry Anthologies Shape What We Read","中國詩歌選本怎樣塑造我們的閱讀",{"to":333,"label":334,"label_zh":335},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-thread-bound-books-folding-stitching-reading","Chinese Thread-Bound Books: Folding, Stitching and the Shape of Reading","中國線裝書：摺頁、裝訂與閱讀形態",{"to":337,"label":338,"label_zh":339},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-paired-couplets-parallelism-calligraphy-place","How to Read Chinese Paired Couplets: Parallel Lines, Calligraphy and Place","怎樣讀中國對聯：對仗、書法與空間",{"to":341,"label":342,"label_zh":343},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fpoetry-on-chinese-paintings-inscriptions-colophons","Poetry on Chinese Paintings: How to Read Inscriptions and Colophons","中國畫上的詩：怎樣讀題款與題跋",{"to":345,"label":346,"label_zh":347},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-fu-rhapsody-catalogues-courts-expansive-description","Chinese Fu (Rhapsody): Catalogues, Courts and Expansive Description","中國賦：鋪陳、宮廷與展開描寫的藝術",{"to":349,"label":350,"label_zh":351},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fwenxin-diaolong-liu-xie-writing-reading-literary-thought","Wenxin Diaolong: How Liu Xie Thought About Writing and Reading","《文心雕龍》導讀：劉勰怎樣思考寫作與閱讀",{"to":353,"label":354,"label_zh":355},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-shihua-poetry-talks-notes-anecdotes-criticism","Shihua (Poetry Talks): How Chinese Criticism Speaks in Notes and Anecdotes","中國詩話導讀：批評怎樣寫進筆記、軼事與評語",{"to":357,"label":358,"label_zh":359},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-prefaces-afterwords-xu-ba-books-texts-readers","Chinese Prefaces and Afterwords (Xu and Ba): How Books Frame Texts and Readers","中國序跋導讀：書籍怎樣安排文本、作者與讀者",{"to":361,"label":362,"label_zh":363},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-biji-brush-notes-notebooks-miscellanies","Chinese Biji (Brush Notes): How Fragments Become Knowledge and Literature","中國筆記導讀：零散見聞怎樣成為知識與文學",{"to":365,"label":366,"label_zh":367},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-leishu-classified-books-excerpts-knowledge","Chinese Leishu (Classified Books): How Knowledge Was Excerpted and Ordered","中國類書導讀：知識怎樣被摘錄與分類",{"to":369,"label":370,"label_zh":371},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-dictionaries-rhyme-books-erya-shuowen-qieyun-guangyun","Chinese Dictionaries and Rhyme Books: How Characters, Meanings and Sounds Were Ordered","中國字書與韻書導讀：字形、詞義與語音怎樣被編排",{"to":373,"label":374,"label_zh":375},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-primers-sanzijing-baijiaxing-qianziwen-literacy","Chinese Primers and Elementary Literacy: Reading the Three, Hundred and Thousand","中國傳統蒙學讀物導讀：《三字經》《百家姓》《千字文》怎樣教人識字",{"to":377,"label":378,"label_zh":379},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-texts-punctuation-reading-marks-sentence-division-modern-editions","How Chinese Texts Were Punctuated: Reading Marks, Sentence Division and Modern Editions","中國古籍怎樣斷句：句讀、圈點與現代標點",{"to":381,"label":382,"label_zh":383},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-letters-chidu-writing-address-correspondence-calligraphy","Chinese Letters (Chidu): Writing, Address and the Afterlife of Correspondence","中國尺牘導讀：書信格式、稱謂與墨跡流傳",{"to":385,"label":386,"label_zh":387},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-travel-writing-youji-routes-witness-making-place","Chinese Travel Writing (Youji): Routes, Witness and the Making of Place","中國遊記導讀：路線、見聞與地方書寫",{"to":389,"label":390,"label_zh":391},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-individual-collected-works-bieji-authors-editors-transmission","Chinese Individual Collected Works (Bieji): How an Author’s Writings Become a Book","中國別集導讀：一位作者的詩文怎樣成為一部書",{"to":393,"label":394,"label_zh":395},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-guwen-pianwen-ancient-style-parallel-prose-rhythm-argument","Guwen and Pianwen: Two Ways of Shaping Classical Chinese Prose","古文與駢文導讀：中國古典散文的兩種組織方式",{"to":397,"label":398,"label_zh":399},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-eight-legged-essay-baguwen-examination-classics-composition","The Eight-Legged Essay (Baguwen): How an Examination Form Organized Classical Thought","八股文導讀：科舉文章怎樣組織經典義理",{"to":401,"label":402,"label_zh":403},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-examination-compounds-gongyuan-cells-candidate-experience","Chinese Examination Compounds (Gongyuan): How Architecture Shaped the Candidate Experience","中國貢院導讀：考場空間怎樣塑造士子的應試體驗",{"to":405,"label":406,"label_zh":407},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-academies-shuyuan-books-teaching-ritual-landscape","Chinese Academies (Shuyuan): How Books, Teaching and Ritual Made a Scholarly Place","中國書院導讀：書籍、講學與禮儀怎樣構成學術空間",{"to":409,"label":410,"label_zh":411},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-private-libraries-cangshulou-collectors-catalogues-transmission","Chinese Private Libraries (Cangshulou): How Collectors Built Paths for Books to Survive","中國藏書樓導讀：私人收藏怎樣為典籍延續開闢路徑",{"to":413,"label":414,"label_zh":415},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bookshops-book-markets-publishers-routes-readers","Chinese Bookshops and Book Markets: How Books Became Goods, Routes and Encounters","中國書肆與書市導讀：書籍怎樣成為商品、路線與相遇",{"to":417,"label":418,"label_zh":419},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-illustrated-books-woodblock-images-page-design-reading","Illustrated Chinese Books: How Woodblock Images Shaped the Page","中國古籍插圖導讀：木刻影像怎樣塑造書頁",{"to":421,"label":422,"label_zh":423},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bibliographies-mulu-catalogues-classification-books-knowledge","Chinese Bibliographies (Mulu): How Catalogues Classified Books and Knowledge","中國目錄學導讀：書目怎樣分類書籍與知識",{"to":425,"label":426,"label_zh":427},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-textual-collation-jiaokan-variant-readings-witnesses-editions","Chinese Textual Collation (Jiaokan): How Scholars Read Variant Texts","中國校勘導讀：怎樣閱讀異文與文本傳本",{"to":429,"label":430,"label_zh":431},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-commentaries-subcommentaries-zhu-jian-shu-layered-reading","Chinese Commentaries and Subcommentaries: How Notes Became Part of the Text","中國註疏導讀：注、箋、疏怎樣層層塑造經典閱讀",{"to":433,"label":434,"label_zh":435},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-marginalia-meipi-pangpi-pijiao-reading-history","Marginalia in Chinese Books: How Readers Wrote Back","中國古籍批註導讀：讀者怎樣在書頁上留下閱讀史",{"to":437,"label":438,"label_zh":439},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-ownership-seals-cangshuyin-provenance-impressions","Book-Ownership Seals in China: Reading Provenance in Red","中國古籍藏書印導讀：怎樣從朱印追索遞藏",{"to":441,"label":442,"label_zh":443},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-paper-fibres-sizing-repairs-dating-evidence","Paper in Chinese Books: Fibres, Sizing, Repairs and the Limits of Dating","中國古籍用紙導讀：纖維、施膠、修補與斷代邊界",{"to":445,"label":446,"label_zh":447},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-page-layout-frames-columns-fishtails-centre-fold","Inside the Chinese Book Page: Frames, Columns, Fishtails and the Centre Fold","中國古籍版式導讀：版框、界行、魚尾與版心",{"to":449,"label":450,"label_zh":451},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-printers-marks-paiji-kanji-publishing-claims","Printer’s Marks in Chinese Books: Reading Paiji, Kanji and Publishing Claims","中國古籍牌記與刊記導讀：怎樣辨認刊刻、藏版與書坊資訊",{"to":453,"label":454,"label_zh":455},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-movable-type-printing-clay-wood-metal-reuse","Movable Type in Chinese Book History: Clay, Wood, Metal and Reuse","中國古籍活字印刷導讀：泥活字、木活字、金屬活字與複用",{"to":457,"label":458,"label_zh":459},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-woodblock-printing-workflow-writing-carving-inking-impressions","How Chinese Woodblock Printing Worked: Writing, Carving, Inking and Impressions","中國雕版印刷工藝導讀：寫樣、上版、刻版、刷墨與印紙",{"to":461,"label":462,"label_zh":463},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-woodblock-lifecycle-storage-repair-recutting-later-impressions","After the First Printing: How Chinese Woodblocks Were Stored, Repaired and Reused","初印之後：中國雕版的儲藏、遞修、重刻與後印",{"to":465,"label":466,"label_zh":467},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fwho-paid-chinese-book-printing-patronage-profit-donors-funding","Who Paid to Print? Patronage, Profit and Collective Funding in Chinese Book History","誰出資刻書？中國書籍史中的官刻、私資、坊刻與募資",{"to":469,"label":470,"label_zh":471},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-readers-got-books-imperial-china-buying-borrowing-gifts-copying","How Readers Got Books in Imperial China: Buying, Borrowing, Gifting and Copying","古代中國讀者怎樣獲得書籍？購書、借閱、饋贈與抄寫",{"to":473,"label":474,"label_zh":475},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-classical-chinese-poetry-was-heard-recitation-chanting-historical-sound","How Classical Chinese Poetry Was Heard: Recitation, Chanting and Historical Sound","古典詩歌怎樣被聽見？誦讀、吟詠與歷史聲音",{"to":477,"label":478,"label_zh":479},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-social-exchange-gifts-farewells-replies-rhyme-matching","Poetry as Social Exchange: Gifts, Farewells, Replies and Rhyme-Matching in China","詩歌作為交往：贈答、送別、唱和與次韻",{"to":481,"label":482,"label_zh":483},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-gatherings-themes-rhyme-lots-linked-composition","How Chinese Poetry Gatherings Worked: Themes, Rhyme Lots and Linked Composition","中國古典詩歌雅集怎樣運作：命題、分韻與聯句",{"to":485,"label":486,"label_zh":487},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-revision-drafts-variants-editorial-layers","How Chinese Poems Changed: Drafts, Variants and Editorial Layers","中國古典詩歌怎樣改定與流傳：草稿、異文與編輯層次",{"to":489,"label":490,"label_zh":491},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-attribution-anonymity-disputed-authorship","Who Wrote This Poem? Attribution, Anonymity and Disputed Authorship in Chinese Poetry","這首詩是誰寫的？中國古典詩歌的署名、佚名與作者爭議",{"to":134,"label":135,"label_zh":136,"children":493},[494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530,534,538,542,546,550,554,558],{"to":495,"label":496,"label_zh":497},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Forigins-history-of-calligraphy","Origins and History of Chinese Calligraphy","中國書法的源流與歷史",{"to":499,"label":500,"label_zh":501},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fthe-five-script-styles","The Five Script Styles in Chinese Calligraphy","中國書法的五種主要書體",{"to":503,"label":504,"label_zh":505},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fcalligraphy-as-taoist-cultivation","Calligraphy and Taoist Cultivation: Text, Attention and Practice","書法與道家修養：讀懂文字，專注落筆",{"to":507,"label":508,"label_zh":509},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Ffour-treasures-of-the-study","The Four Treasures of the Study: Choosing and Using Calligraphy Materials","文房四寶：認識、選擇與使用筆墨紙硯",{"to":511,"label":512,"label_zh":513},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fbrush-technique-living-line","Chinese Calligraphy Brushwork: Reading and Practising the Living Line","書法筆法：觀察與練習有生氣的線條",{"to":515,"label":516,"label_zh":517},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fgreat-masters-further-reading","Chinese Calligraphy Masters and Reading Paths","中國書法名家與閱讀路徑",{"to":519,"label":520,"label_zh":521},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-seals-and-seal-carving","Chinese Seals and Seal Carving: Script, Surface and Impression","中國印章與篆刻：文字、印面與鈐印",{"to":523,"label":524,"label_zh":525},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-ink-rubbings","Chinese Ink Rubbings: Stone, Paper and the Life of Calligraphy","中國傳拓：石刻、紙墨與書法的流傳",{"to":527,"label":528,"label_zh":529},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-inkstones","Chinese Inkstones: Stone, Carving and the Scholar’s Desk","中國硯臺：石材、雕刻與文房生活",{"to":531,"label":532,"label_zh":533},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-inksticks","Chinese Inksticks: Soot, Moulds and the Scholar’s Desk","中國墨錠：煙料、墨模與文房生活",{"to":535,"label":536,"label_zh":537},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-calligraphy-paper","Chinese Calligraphy Paper: Xuan, Sizing and the Life of a Sheet","中國書畫紙：宣紙、施膠與紙張的一生",{"to":539,"label":540,"label_zh":541},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-calligraphy-brushes","Chinese Calligraphy Brushes: Hair, Handle and the Working Point","中國毛筆：毫料、筆管與筆鋒",{"to":543,"label":544,"label_zh":545},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-rests","Chinese Brush Rests: Mountains, Materials and the Scholar’s Desk","中國筆架：山形、材質與文人書案",{"to":547,"label":548,"label_zh":549},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-water-droppers-scholars-desk","Chinese Water Droppers: Flow, Form and the Scholar’s Desk","中國水滴：控水、造型與文人書案",{"to":551,"label":552,"label_zh":553},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-pots-materials-scholars-desk","Chinese Brush Pots: Function, Material and the Scholar’s Desk","中國筆筒：收納、材質與文人書案",{"to":555,"label":556,"label_zh":557},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-washers-water-form-scholars-desk","Chinese Brush Washers: Water, Form and the Scholar’s Desk","中國筆洗：洗筆、造型與文人書案",{"to":559,"label":560,"label_zh":561},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-paperweights-form-material-scholars-desk","Chinese Paperweights: Form, Material and the Scholar’s Desk","中國鎮紙：形制、材質與文人書案",{"to":139,"label":140,"label_zh":141,"children":563},[564,568,572,576,580,584,588,592,596,600,604,608,612,616,620,624,628,632,636,640,644,648,652,656,660,664,668,672,676,680,684,688,692,696,700,704,708,712,716],{"to":565,"label":566,"label_zh":567},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-meditation-taoist-practice","Tea, Meditation and Taoist Practice","茶、靜坐與道家修習",{"to":569,"label":570,"label_zh":571},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Forigins-history-of-tea-culture","Origins and History of Chinese Tea Culture","中國茶文化的源流與歷史",{"to":573,"label":574,"label_zh":575},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fthe-way-of-tea","The Way of Tea: Attention, Care and Hospitality","茶道：在一杯茶中練習用心與待客",{"to":577,"label":578,"label_zh":579},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftypes-of-tea-and-character","Six Chinese Tea Families: Processing and Taste","六大茶類：從製法到品飲",{"to":581,"label":582,"label_zh":583},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Futensils-and-gongfu-method","Gongfu Tea: Utensils and a Flexible Method","工夫茶：茶具與靈活沖泡法",{"to":585,"label":586,"label_zh":587},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Learning Chinese Tea: Reading and Practice","學茶入門：閱讀與品飲練習",{"to":589,"label":590,"label_zh":591},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwater-for-chinese-tea","Water for Chinese Tea: Springs, Minerals and a Practical Tasting Method","中國茶用水：山泉、礦物與實用對比方法",{"to":593,"label":594,"label_zh":595},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teaware-clay-glaze-form","Chinese Tea Ware: Clay, Porcelain, Glaze and the Uses of Form","中國茶器：胎土、瓷釉、造型與使用",{"to":597,"label":598,"label_zh":599},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-tea-caddies","Chinese Tea Caddies: Storage, Materials and the Traveling Leaf","中國茶葉罐：貯藏、材質與流動的茶葉",{"to":601,"label":602,"label_zh":603},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fsong-whisked-tea-powder-bowls-foam","Whisked Tea in Song China: Powder, Bowls and Foam","宋代點茶：茶末、茶盞與湯花",{"to":605,"label":606,"label_zh":607},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fyixing-teapots-clay-form-makers-marks","Yixing Teapots: Clay, Form and Reading the Maker’s Mark","宜興紫砂壺：泥料、器形與款識",{"to":609,"label":610,"label_zh":611},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fcompressed-tea-cakes-bricks-trade-storage-object-reading","Compressed Tea in China: Cakes, Bricks and How to Read Them","中國緊壓茶：茶餅、茶磚與辨讀方法",{"to":613,"label":614,"label_zh":615},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-horse-trade-networks-routes-markets-cultural-exchange","Tea–Horse Trade Networks: Routes, Markets and Cultural Exchange","茶馬貿易網路：路線、市場與文化交流",{"to":617,"label":618,"label_zh":619},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-landscapes-china-gardens-forests-terraces-living-knowledge","Tea Landscapes in China: Gardens, Forests, Terraces and Living Knowledge","中國茶景觀：茶園、古茶林、梯田與活態知識",{"to":621,"label":622,"label_zh":623},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fpicking-tea-china-seasons-bud-leaf-standards-skilled-labour","Picking Tea in China: Seasons, Bud-and-Leaf Standards and Skilled Labour","中國採茶：季節、芽葉標準與勞作技藝",{"to":625,"label":626,"label_zh":627},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwithering-tea-leaves-water-loss-time-first-transformation","Withering Tea Leaves: Water Loss, Time and the First Transformation","茶葉萎凋：失水、時間與採後初變",{"to":629,"label":630,"label_zh":631},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffixing-tea-leaves-shaqing-heat-enzymes-turning-point","Fixing Tea Leaves (Shaqing): Heat, Enzymes and a Turning Point in Chinese Tea","茶葉殺青：熱、酶活性與中國製茶的轉折點",{"to":633,"label":634,"label_zh":635},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Frolling-tea-leaves-rounian-pressure-shape-cell-disruption","Rolling Tea Leaves (Rounian): Pressure, Shape and Controlled Cell Disruption","茶葉揉捻：壓力、形態與受控細胞破損",{"to":637,"label":638,"label_zh":639},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdrying-tea-leaves-moisture-heat-stability-finished-tea","Drying Tea Leaves: Moisture, Heat and the Stability of Finished Tea","茶葉乾燥：水分、熱量與成茶穩定",{"to":641,"label":642,"label_zh":643},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fsorting-grading-tea-leaf-size-shape-grade-meaning","Sorting and Grading Tea: Leaf Size, Shape and What a Grade Really Means","茶葉篩分與分級：葉片大小、形態與等級的真正含義",{"to":645,"label":646,"label_zh":647},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-blending-batch-construction-consistency-style-transparency","Tea Blending and Batch Construction: Consistency, Style and Transparent Labels","茶葉拼配與批次構建：穩定、風格與透明標示",{"to":649,"label":650,"label_zh":651},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-oxidation-post-fermentation-enzymes-microbes-terms","Oxidation and Post-Fermentation in Tea: Enzymes, Microbes and Misleading Labels","茶葉氧化與後發酵：酶、微生物與容易混淆的標籤",{"to":653,"label":654,"label_zh":655},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fyellow-tea-menhuang-moist-heat-time-tea-family","Yellow Tea and Menhuang: Moist Heat, Time and the Making of a Tea Family","黃茶與悶黃：溼熱、時間與一類茶的形成",{"to":657,"label":658,"label_zh":659},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Frefiring-roasting-tea-later-heat-aroma-finished-leaf","Re-Firing and Roasting Tea: Later Heat, Aroma and the Difference from Drying","茶葉復火與焙火：後段加熱、香氣及其與乾燥的區別",{"to":661,"label":662,"label_zh":663},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fjasmine-tea-scenting-flowers-repeated-rounds-aroma-transfer","Jasmine Tea and Scenting: Flowers, Repeated Rounds and How Aroma Enters Tea","茉莉花茶與窨制：鮮花、多次窨香與茶葉如何吸收香氣",{"to":665,"label":666,"label_zh":667},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-sensory-evaluation-appearance-aroma-taste-score-limits","Tea Sensory Evaluation: Appearance, Aroma, Taste and the Limits of a Score","茶葉感官審評：外形、香氣、滋味與分數的邊界",{"to":669,"label":670,"label_zh":671},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdoucha-song-tea-contests-whisked-tea-jian-bowls-modern-judging","Doucha: Tea Contests in Song China and the Limits of Modern Re-Creation","鬥茶：宋代茶事競賽與現代重現的邊界",{"to":673,"label":674,"label_zh":675},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fbeiyuan-tribute-tea-song-court-labour-imperial-label","Beiyuan Tribute Tea: Song Court Taste, Skilled Labour and the Limits of ‘Imperial Tea’","北苑貢茶：宋代宮廷品味、製茶勞作與“御茶”標籤的邊界",{"to":677,"label":678,"label_zh":679},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Freading-chinese-tea-classics-authorship-editions-recipe-limits","Reading Chinese Tea Classics: Authorship, Editions and the Limits of a ‘Recipe’","如何閱讀中國茶書：作者、版本與“配方”式解讀的邊界",{"to":681,"label":682,"label_zh":683},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-poetry-social-worlds-metaphor-historical-evidence","Tea in Chinese Poetry: Social Worlds, Metaphor and the Limits of Literary Evidence","中國詩歌中的茶：社會交往、詩意表達與文學證據的邊界",{"to":685,"label":686,"label_zh":687},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teahouses-commerce-conversation-performance-urban-publics","Chinese Teahouses: Commerce, Conversation, Performance and Changing Urban Publics","中國茶館：商業、交往、表演與變動中的城市公共生活",{"to":689,"label":690,"label_zh":691},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-painting-objects-social-worlds-visual-evidence","Tea in Chinese Painting: Objects, Social Worlds and the Limits of Visual Evidence","中國繪畫中的茶：器物、社會空間與視覺證據的邊界",{"to":693,"label":694,"label_zh":695},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-dream-of-the-red-chamber-hospitality-rank-labour-fiction","Tea in Dream of the Red Chamber: Hospitality, Rank, Labour and Fiction","《紅樓夢》中的茶：待客、等級、勞動與小說敘事",{"to":697,"label":698,"label_zh":699},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-travel-writing-roads-hospitality-regional-evidence","Tea in Chinese Travel Writing: Roads, Hospitality and the Limits of an Itinerary","中國遊記中的茶：道路、待客與行程證據的邊界",{"to":701,"label":702,"label_zh":703},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-letters-gifts-visits-friendship-private-writing","Tea in Chinese Letters: Gifts, Visits, Friendship and the Limits of ‘Private’ Writing","中國書信中的茶：饋贈、訪友、人情與“私語”證據的邊界",{"to":705,"label":706,"label_zh":707},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-tax-monopoly-imperial-china-fiscal-records-daily-life","Tea, Tax and Monopoly in Imperial China: Reading Fiscal Records Without Mistaking Revenue for Daily Life","中國曆代茶稅與專賣：財政記錄能告訴我們什麼，又不能告訴我們什麼",{"to":709,"label":710,"label_zh":711},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-local-gazetteers-place-production-local-knowledge","Tea in Chinese Local Gazetteers: Place, Production and the Limits of Local Knowledge","中國地方誌中的茶：產地、生產與地方知識的邊界",{"to":713,"label":714,"label_zh":715},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-materia-medica-names-preparations-medical-claims","Tea in Chinese Materia Medica: Names, Preparations and the Limits of Medical Claims","中國本草中的茶：名稱、製法與醫藥記載的邊界",{"to":717,"label":718,"label_zh":719},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-buddhist-monastic-rules-ceremony-office-origin-stories","Tea in Chinese Buddhist Monastic Rules: Ceremony, Office and the Limits of Origin Stories","中國佛教清規中的茶：禮儀、職事與起源故事的邊界",{"to":144,"label":145,"label_zh":146,"children":721},[722,726,730,734,738,742,746,750,754,758,762,766],{"to":723,"label":724,"label_zh":725},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Forigins-history-of-the-guqin","A History of the Guqin: Objects, Texts and Living Music","古琴的歷史：實物、文獻與傳習",{"to":727,"label":728,"label_zh":729},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fanatomy-of-the-guqin","How the Guqin Works: Strings, Body and Sound","古琴如何發聲：琴絃、琴身與結構",{"to":731,"label":732,"label_zh":733},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fplaying-technique-and-notation","Playing the Guqin: Gesture, Notation and Interpretation","古琴怎樣彈、怎樣讀譜：指法、減字譜與詮釋",{"to":735,"label":736,"label_zh":737},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Ffamous-melodies-and-stories","Guqin Melodies: Stories, Versions and Ways to Listen","聽懂古琴名曲：故事、版本與聆聽線索",{"to":739,"label":740,"label_zh":741},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-as-taoist-cultivation","Guqin and Daoist Cultivation: Listening, Practice and Limits","古琴與道家修養：聆聽、練習與邊界",{"to":743,"label":744,"label_zh":745},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Ffurther-listening-and-study","Learning the Guqin: Listening, Sources and Finding a Teacher","怎樣學古琴：聆聽、資料與擇師",{"to":747,"label":748,"label_zh":749},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-tables-playing-spaces","Guqin Tables and Playing Spaces: Support, Posture and Listening","古琴桌與彈琴空間：承托、坐姿與聆聽",{"to":751,"label":752,"label_zh":753},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fhow-to-read-guqin-handbook-tablature-editions-dapu","How to Read a Guqin Handbook: Tablature, Editions and Dapu","如何讀古琴譜：減字譜、版本與打譜",{"to":755,"label":756,"label_zh":757},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Freading-guqin-lacquer-layers-crack-patterns-repair","Reading Guqin Lacquer: Layers, Crack Patterns and Repair","讀懂古琴漆面：漆層、斷紋與修繕",{"to":759,"label":760,"label_zh":761},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Freading-guqin-inscriptions-seals-names-dates-provenance","Reading Guqin Inscriptions and Seals: Names, Dates and Provenance","讀懂古琴銘款與印章：琴名、年代與流傳",{"to":763,"label":764,"label_zh":765},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-forms-zhongni-banana-leaf-shapes","Guqin Forms: Reading Zhongni, Banana-Leaf and Other Shapes","古琴式樣：讀懂仲尼式、蕉葉式與其他琴式",{"to":767,"label":768,"label_zh":769},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-strings-silk-modern-composites-playing","Guqin Strings: Silk, Modern Composites and How Material Changes Playing","古琴琴絃：絲絃、現代複合弦與材質如何改變演奏",{"to":149,"label":150,"label_zh":151,"children":771},[772,776,780,784,788,792,796,800,804,808,812,816,820,824,828],{"to":773,"label":774,"label_zh":775},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Forigins-history-of-chinese-painting","Origins and History of Chinese Painting: Objects, Courts and Communities","中國繪畫的源流與歷史：作品、宮廷與社會",{"to":777,"label":778,"label_zh":779},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fart-of-ink-and-brush","Ink and Brush in Chinese Painting: Materials, Water and Marks","中國畫的筆墨：材料、水分與筆痕",{"to":781,"label":782,"label_zh":783},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Flandscape-painting-shanshui","Shanshui: How to Read Chinese Landscape Painting","山水畫：怎樣讀懂中國山水",{"to":785,"label":786,"label_zh":787},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fbirds-flowers-four-gentlemen","Birds, Flowers and the Four Gentlemen in Chinese Painting","中國畫中的花鳥與四君子",{"to":789,"label":790,"label_zh":791},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fpainting-as-taoist-cultivation","Painting and Taoist Cultivation: Images, Ideas and Practice","繪畫與道家修養：影像、觀念與實踐",{"to":793,"label":794,"label_zh":795},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fgreat-masters-further-study","Chinese Painting Masters: A Guided Path","中國畫名家與進階研習",{"to":797,"label":798,"label_zh":799},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-handscroll","How to Read a Chinese Handscroll: Sequence, Colophons and Seals","怎樣觀看中國手卷：展開順序、題跋與印章",{"to":801,"label":802,"label_zh":803},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-fan-painting","Chinese Fan Painting: Shape, Brushwork and the Art of the Small Format","中國扇面書畫：形制、筆墨與方寸之美",{"to":805,"label":806,"label_zh":807},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-painting-album","How to Read a Chinese Painting Album: Leaves, Sequence and Intimate Viewing","如何閱讀中國畫冊頁：開頁、次序與案頭觀看",{"to":809,"label":810,"label_zh":811},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-scholars-rocks","Chinese Scholars’ Rocks: Stone, Display and Imagined Landscapes","中國文人賞石：石質、陳設與想像山水",{"to":813,"label":814,"label_zh":815},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-hanging-scroll","How to Read a Chinese Hanging Scroll: Vertical Space, Mounting and Display","如何閱讀中國立軸：縱向空間、裝裱與陳設",{"to":817,"label":818,"label_zh":819},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-screens-space-painting","Chinese Screens: Space, Painting and the Art of the Fold","中國屏風：空間、影像與開合之藝",{"to":821,"label":822,"label_zh":823},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fmounting-chinese-painting","Mounting Chinese Painting: Silk Borders, Backing Papers and the Life of a Scroll","中國畫裝裱：綾邊、托紙與卷軸的生命",{"to":825,"label":826,"label_zh":827},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-portrait-painting-likeness-role-ancestral-memory","Chinese Portrait Painting: Likeness, Role and Ancestral Memory","中國肖像畫：形神、身份與祖先記憶",{"to":829,"label":830,"label_zh":831},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fthree-distances-chinese-landscape-painting","The Three Distances in Chinese Landscape Painting: High, Deep and Level Space","中國山水畫的“三遠”：高遠、深遠與平遠",{"to":154,"label":155,"label_zh":156,"children":833},[834,838,842,846,850,854,858,862,866],{"to":835,"label":836,"label_zh":837},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Forigins-history-of-incense-culture","Origins and History of Chinese Incense Culture","中國香文化的源流與歷史",{"to":839,"label":840,"label_zh":841},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Faromatic-materials-fragrant-woods","Aromatic Materials: Woods, Resins and Responsible Sourcing","香材指南：香木、樹脂與負責任的來源",{"to":843,"label":844,"label_zh":845},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fforms-and-art-of-appreciation","Incense Forms and the Art of Appreciation","香的形態與品香方法",{"to":847,"label":848,"label_zh":849},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fincense-in-ritual-and-temple-life","Incense in Daoist Ritual and Temple Life","香在道教科儀與宮觀生活中",{"to":851,"label":852,"label_zh":853},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fincense-meditation-taoist-practice","Incense, Meditation and Taoist Practice","香、靜坐與道家修習",{"to":855,"label":856,"label_zh":857},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Learning Chinese Incense: Reading and Practice","學習中國香文化：閱讀與實踐",{"to":859,"label":860,"label_zh":861},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-burners","Chinese Incense Burners: Bronze, Ceramic, Form and Context","中國香爐：青銅、陶瓷、形制與使用語境",{"to":863,"label":864,"label_zh":865},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-seals-fragrant-time","Chinese Incense Seals: Ash, Patterns and Fragrant Time","中國香篆：香灰、篆紋與芬芳計時",{"to":867,"label":868,"label_zh":869},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-sets-burner-box-vase-tools","Chinese Incense Sets: Burner, Box, Vase and Tools","中國香具三式：爐、盒、瓶與匙箸",{"to":158,"label":159,"label_zh":160,"children":871},[872,876,880,884,888,892,896],{"to":873,"label":874,"label_zh":875},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Forigins-history-of-floral-art","A History of Chinese Flower Arrangement: Vessels, Pictures and Voices","中國插花史：器物、影像與文字中的花事",{"to":877,"label":878,"label_zh":879},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fprinciples-of-flower-arrangement","Chinese Flower Arrangement: Line, Balance and Ways of Looking","中國插花構圖：線條、平衡與觀看方法",{"to":881,"label":882,"label_zh":883},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fvessels-tools-and-composition","Choosing Flower Vessels and Tools: Form, Support and Care","選擇花器與工具：形制、支撐和養護",{"to":885,"label":886,"label_zh":887},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fseasonal-flowers-and-symbolism","Seasonal Flowers and Symbolism: How to Read Context","時令花材與象徵：怎樣結合語境來讀",{"to":889,"label":890,"label_zh":891},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fflower-arrangement-as-cultivation","Flower Arrangement as Cultivation: Attention, Change and Limits","插花與修養：專注、變化與界限",{"to":893,"label":894,"label_zh":895},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Further Reading and Practice: Sources, Museums and a First Month","延伸閱讀與練習：史料、博物館與第一個月",{"to":897,"label":898,"label_zh":899},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fchinese-flower-baskets-weaving-painting-vessels","Chinese Flower Baskets: Weaving, Painting and the Vessel","中國花籃：編織、繪畫與器物",[],[],{"data":903},[904,940,963,982,1003,1022,1042,1060,1081,1104,1126],{"id":38,"uuid":905,"slug":906,"available_locales":907,"name":911,"description":914,"body":916,"path":919,"images":920,"image_urls":925,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":930,"seo_description":933,"sort_order":935,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":938,"updated_at":939},"f1a30881-20c6-407b-b546-669e839a178a","feng-shui-learning",[908,909,910],"en","zh","fr",{"en":912,"zh":913},"Feng Shui Learning","風水課程",{"en":915,"zh":3},"Study feng shui as a historical Chinese tradition of interpreting orientation, form and environment—with clear limits on predictive claims.",{"en":917,"zh":918},"\u003Ch2>\u003Cem>Feng shui 風水 developed through multiple schools, texts and professional traditions. It brings together observations of landform, orientation, water, buildings and correlative cosmology. It should not be reduced to decorative rules, nor presented as a scientifically proven way to guarantee health, wealth or relationships.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>\u003Cem>Classes introduce core vocabulary, the distinction between major approaches and the cultural contexts in which feng shui has been practised. Contemporary applications are discussed critically. Students remain responsible for property, financial and personal decisions and should seek qualified professional advice where those decisions carry material consequences.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>風水形成於不同的流派、典籍與專業傳統，綜合觀察地形、方位、水勢、建築以及陰陽五行等關聯性宇宙觀。它不應被簡化為裝飾規則，也不能被宣傳為保證健康、財富或關係結果的科學方法。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程介紹基本術語、主要方法的差別，以及風水在歷史社會中的實踐語境，並以批判態度討論當代應用。涉及房產、財務或其他重大決定時，學員仍應根據事實判斷，並諮詢具備資質的相關專業人士。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Ffeng-shui-learning",[921,922,923,924],"wudang\u002Fevents\u002FYpvXV9T4BG3YVD0NQ150.webp","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FfhZyCVAEQXsL76XmGdVp.webp","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FAt5a8W2EGZ9IhDUbI4f3.avif","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FBKPjfYeMNJ617LWJ7tgv.avif",[926,927,928,929],"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FYpvXV9T4BG3YVD0NQ150.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FfhZyCVAEQXsL76XmGdVp.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FAt5a8W2EGZ9IhDUbI4f3.avif","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FBKPjfYeMNJ617LWJ7tgv.avif",{"en":931,"zh":932},"Feng Shui Classes and Courses","風水課程：方位、形勢與空間觀念入門",{"en":915,"zh":934},"從歷史、環境與文化語境學習風水，理解方位、形勢與空間觀念，同時明確傳統解釋與科學證據的界限。",0,true,"active","2026-07-13T05:17:57.000000Z","2026-09-25T03:51:12.000000Z",{"id":60,"uuid":941,"slug":942,"available_locales":943,"name":944,"description":947,"body":950,"path":953,"images":954,"image_urls":955,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":956,"seo_description":959,"sort_order":935,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":962,"updated_at":939},"c85bf6cc-b84e-4c36-bbd7-9e92b53bbe50","internal-arts-wellness",[908,909,910],{"en":945,"zh":946},"Internal Arts & Wellness","內家功法與養生",{"en":948,"zh":949},"Classes, workshops and retreats in Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong and traditional practices for movement, breathing and mindful cultivation.","彙集八段錦、太極拳、氣功及傳統身心修習的課程、工作坊與靜修活動。",{"en":951,"zh":952},"\u003Cp>Explore small-group classes, workshops and retreats introducing Wudang internal arts and traditional wellness practices. Programmes may include Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong, standing practice, breathing and their cultural foundations.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Each listing provides its teacher, schedule, experience level and registration arrangements.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>本類別彙集武當內家功法與傳統養生修習的小班課程、工作坊及靜修活動，內容可涵蓋八段錦、太極拳、氣功、站樁、呼吸練習及相關文化基礎。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>每項活動都會註明導師、日期、適合程度與報名方式，方便參加者選擇合適的學習體驗。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Finternal-arts-wellness",[],[],{"en":957,"zh":958},"Internal Arts & Wellness Events","內家功法與養生活動",{"en":960,"zh":961},"Explore Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong and traditional wellness classes, workshops and retreats listed by Wudang.Org.","探索八段錦、太極拳、氣功與傳統養生課程、工作坊及靜修活動。","2026-08-16T19:23:45.000000Z",{"id":964,"uuid":965,"slug":966,"available_locales":967,"name":968,"description":971,"body":972,"path":973,"images":974,"image_urls":975,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":976,"seo_description":978,"sort_order":935,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":981,"updated_at":939},10,"884ed965-8c72-49e2-acee-0fc2f7aec70a","face-reading-learning",[908,909,910],{"en":969,"zh":970},"Face Reading Learning","面相課程",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fface-reading-learning",[],[],{"en":977},"Chinese Face Reading Classes and Workshops",{"en":979,"zh":980},"Learn Chinese face reading (面相) as a cultural tradition: its classical framework, history and uses, taught with clear limits on predictive claims.","把面相作為中國傳統文化來學習：認識其經典框架、歷史與用法，並清楚說明傳統詮釋的邊界。","2026-08-30T17:01:43.000000Z",{"id":983,"uuid":984,"slug":985,"available_locales":986,"name":987,"description":990,"body":992,"path":995,"images":996,"image_urls":997,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":998,"seo_description":1001,"sort_order":38,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":938,"updated_at":939},2,"8792a80b-d0c8-4ef9-9634-5cb91827932b","zi-wei-dou-shu-learning",[908,909,910],{"en":988,"zh":989},"Zi Wei Dou Shu Learning","紫微斗數課程",{"en":991,"zh":3},"Explore Purple Star Astrology as a traditional Chinese interpretive system, approached as cultural knowledge rather than scientific prediction.",{"en":993,"zh":994},"\u003Cp>Zi Wei Dou Shu 紫微鬥數 organises birth information through palaces, stars and patterned relationships. The system has a substantial technical vocabulary and several interpretive traditions, but its predictive claims are not established by modern scientific evidence.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Courses explain how charts are structured, how symbols are read and how historical and contemporary practitioners differ. The aim is cultural literacy and disciplined reflection—not certainty about the future. Readings do not replace medical, legal, financial, employment or psychological expertise.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>紫微斗數依據出生資訊，以宮位、星曜和彼此關係組織命盤。它具有複雜的術語與多種解釋傳統，但其預測主張並未得到現代科學證據的確立。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程說明命盤結構、符號閱讀方法，以及歷史與當代實踐者之間的差異。學習目的在於文化理解與有紀律的自我反思，而不是獲得關於未來的確定答案。相關解讀不能代替醫療、法律、財務、就業或心理專業意見。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu-learning",[],[],{"en":999,"zh":1000},"Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology) Classes","紫微斗數課程：命盤、宮位與星曜入門",{"en":991,"zh":1002},"把紫微斗數作為中國傳統詮釋體系來學習，認識命盤、宮位與星曜，不把它包裝成科學預測。",{"id":247,"uuid":1004,"slug":1005,"available_locales":1006,"name":1007,"description":1010,"body":1011,"path":1012,"images":1013,"image_urls":1014,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1015,"seo_description":1018,"sort_order":38,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":1021,"updated_at":939},"09958025-4f1d-40e6-ae1c-8b1517ac824e","tea-arts",[908,909,910],{"en":1008,"zh":1009},"Tea Arts","茶藝",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Ftea-arts",[],[],{"en":1016,"zh":1017},"Chinese Tea Art Classes and Workshops","茶藝課程與工作坊",{"en":1019,"zh":1020},"Chinese tea art (茶藝) classes and workshops: tea types, brewing methods, tea-table etiquette and the quiet attention of sharing tea.","茶藝課程與工作坊：認識茶類、泡茶方法與茶席禮儀，在一席茶中體會從容與專注。","2026-08-16T17:13:57.000000Z",{"id":242,"uuid":1023,"slug":1024,"available_locales":1025,"name":1026,"description":1029,"body":1031,"path":1034,"images":1035,"image_urls":1036,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1037,"seo_description":1040,"sort_order":983,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":938,"updated_at":939},"e52a261e-348a-4b8a-bd51-43f4e6b1d861","ba-zi-learning",[908,909,910],{"en":1027,"zh":1028},"Ba Zi Learning","八字課程",{"en":1030,"zh":3},"Study the Four Pillars as a traditional system of stems, branches and five-phase correspondence, with history and limitations made explicit.",{"en":1032,"zh":1033},"\u003Cp>Ba Zi 八字 interprets year, month, day and hour through the heavenly stems, earthly branches, yin-yang and five-phase relationships. It is an influential part of Chinese metaphysical culture, not an observational science in the modern empirical sense.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Classes introduce chart structure, terminology and common interpretive methods while distinguishing tradition from evidence. Students are encouraged to treat readings as prompts for reflection and never as guarantees, diagnoses or substitutes for professional advice.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>八字以年、月、日、時四柱為框架，通過天干、地支、陰陽與五行關係進行解釋。它是中國術數文化中影響深遠的傳統體系，並非現代經驗科學。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程介紹命盤結構、基本術語和常見詮釋方法，同時說明傳統觀點與科學證據的差別。學員可把解讀作為反思的線索，但不應把它當作保證、診斷，或任何專業意見的替代品。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fba-zi-learning",[],[],{"en":1038,"zh":1039},"BaZi (Four Pillars) Classes and Courses","八字課程：四柱、天干地支與五行入門",{"en":1030,"zh":1041},"學習四柱中的天干、地支與五行關係，理解其歷史與方法，也清楚區分傳統詮釋和現代實證知識。",{"id":69,"uuid":1043,"slug":1044,"available_locales":1045,"name":1046,"description":1049,"body":1050,"path":1051,"images":1052,"image_urls":1053,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1054,"seo_description":1057,"sort_order":983,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":1021,"updated_at":939},"76718b8e-3137-42fc-a257-c9e318b3e364","incense-culture",[908,909,910],{"en":1047,"zh":1048},"Incense Culture","香文化",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fincense-culture",[],[],{"en":1055,"zh":1056},"Chinese Incense Culture Workshops","香文化活動與工作坊",{"en":1058,"zh":1059},"Workshops on Chinese incense culture (香文化): aromatic materials, traditional ways of preparing and appreciating incense, and incense as calm attention.","香文化活動與工作坊：認識香材、傳統制香與品香方式，在一爐香中練習安靜與專注。",{"id":1061,"uuid":1062,"slug":1063,"available_locales":1064,"name":1065,"description":1068,"body":1071,"path":1074,"images":1075,"image_urls":1076,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1077,"seo_description":1079,"sort_order":983,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":1080,"updated_at":939},11,"c39cc557-40eb-4266-9736-7fb84891d407","i-ching-learning",[908,909,910],{"en":1066,"zh":1067},"I Ching Learning","易經課程",{"en":1069,"zh":1070},"Explore the I Ching through its hexagrams, traditional interpretive methods and historical context, with scope and limitations made explicit.","通過卦象、傳統解讀方法與歷史語境認識《易經》，並清楚說明其適用範圍與侷限。",{"en":1072,"zh":1073},"\u003Cp>The I Ching 易經 is a classical Chinese text centred on sixty-four hexagrams and a long history of commentary and divination. It has shaped Chinese philosophy, cosmology and metaphysical practice, but its divinatory claims are not established as modern empirical science.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Classes introduce structures, terminology and traditional methods such as Liu Yao while distinguishing cultural study from evidence. Readings should be treated as prompts for reflection, not guarantees, diagnoses or substitutes for professional advice.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>《易經》是一部以六十四卦為核心的中國經典，形成了悠久的註疏與占筮傳統，並深刻影響中國哲學、宇宙觀與術數文化；其占筮主張並非現代經驗科學所證實。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程介紹基本結構、術語和六爻等傳統方法，同時區分文化學習與科學證據。解讀宜作為反思線索，不應視為保證、診斷或任何專業意見的替代品。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fi-ching-learning",[],[],{"en":1078,"zh":1067},"I Ching Classes and Courses",{"en":1069,"zh":1070},"2026-09-08T00:15:35.000000Z",{"id":21,"uuid":1082,"slug":1083,"available_locales":1084,"name":1085,"description":1088,"body":1091,"path":1094,"images":1095,"image_urls":1096,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1097,"seo_description":1100,"sort_order":242,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":1103,"updated_at":939},"ee2330c6-5a3e-4ac2-a2d1-1a0dc110c58c","traditional-arts-crafts",[908,909,910],{"en":1086,"zh":1087},"Traditional Arts & Crafts","傳統藝術與手作",{"en":1089,"zh":1090},"Hands-on workshops exploring Chinese handicrafts and decorative arts through guided making and cultural appreciation.","通過親手製作與文化欣賞，體驗中國傳統手作及裝飾藝術。",{"en":1092,"zh":1093},"\u003Cp>Discover practical workshops in Chinese decorative arts and handcraft traditions. Activities may include gold-leaf painting, cloisonné enamel, mother-of-pearl work, Song brocade and other guided projects.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>These welcoming sessions introduce materials, techniques and cultural context while allowing participants to complete a piece of their own.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>本類別彙集中國傳統裝飾藝術與手作體驗，內容可涵蓋金箔畫、掐絲琺琅、螺鈿工藝、宋錦及其他創作專案。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程以輕鬆易懂的方式介紹材料、技法與文化背景，讓參加者在導師帶領下完成屬於自己的作品。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Ftraditional-arts-crafts",[],[],{"en":1098,"zh":1099},"Traditional Arts & Crafts Events","傳統藝術與手作活動",{"en":1101,"zh":1102},"Explore Chinese handicraft and decorative arts workshops, including gold-leaf, cloisonné, mother-of-pearl and brocade.","探索金箔畫、掐絲琺琅、螺鈿、宋錦等中國傳統手作及裝飾藝術體驗。","2026-08-16T19:24:04.000000Z",{"id":212,"uuid":1105,"slug":1106,"available_locales":1107,"name":1108,"description":1111,"body":1114,"path":1117,"images":1118,"image_urls":1119,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1120,"seo_description":1122,"sort_order":247,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":1125,"updated_at":939},"824f78c1-1181-4983-bae5-77e7cdbbbc1d","wudang-community",[908,909,910],{"en":1109,"zh":1110},"Wudang Community","武當社群活動",{"en":1112,"zh":1113},"Talks, broadcasts and community gatherings connecting people with Wudang culture, learning and living practice.","通過講座、直播與社群聚會，連線武當文化、學習與日常實踐。",{"en":1115,"zh":1116},"\u003Cp>Wudang Community brings together public talks, livestreams, gatherings and shared cultural activities connected with Wudang.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>These programmes create welcoming ways to meet practitioners, explore ideas and participate in a growing community of learning and practice.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>武當社群活動彙集與武當文化相關的公開講座、直播、聚會及共享文化體驗。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>這些活動以友善開放的方式連線練習者與學習者，讓大家交流心得、認識傳統，並共同參與持續發展的文化社群。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-community",[],[],{"en":1121,"zh":1110},"Wudang Community Events",{"en":1123,"zh":1124},"Discover Wudang community talks, broadcasts and gatherings connecting people with culture, learning and living practice.","探索連線武當文化、學習與日常實踐的講座、直播及社群聚會。","2026-08-16T19:24:18.000000Z",{"id":16,"uuid":1127,"slug":1128,"available_locales":1129,"name":1130,"description":1133,"body":1134,"path":1135,"images":1136,"image_urls":1137,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1138,"seo_description":1141,"sort_order":69,"is_active":936,"status":937,"created_at":1144,"updated_at":939},"25641c0b-8e5a-46d7-9b18-95c344015f97","wudang-journeys-retreats",[908,909,910],{"en":1131,"zh":1132},"Wudang Journeys & Retreats","武當旅修與行程",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-journeys-retreats",[],[],{"en":1139,"zh":1140},"Wudang Mountain Retreats and Guided Journeys","武當山旅修與靜修行程",{"en":1142,"zh":1143},"Guided journeys and retreats to Wudang Mountain that combine practice, temple visits and cultural learning, with itineraries and expectations set out clearly.","前往武當山的旅修與靜修：結合修習、宮觀參訪與文化學習，提前說明行程安排與參加須知。","2026-08-18T11:09:38.000000Z",{"data":1146},{"hero_type":1147,"hero_image":1148,"hero_image_alt":1149,"hero_youtube_id":1150,"hero_content_on":936,"hero_heading":1151,"hero_subheading":1152,"hero_text":1153,"hero_subheading_zh":1154,"hero_text_zh":1155,"hero_buttons":1156,"home_seo":1162,"page_layout":1168,"shop_enabled":1169,"contact":1170,"journey":1186},"image","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fsite\u002Fwudanghomepagehero.webp","Wudang mountain temple in mist","VgirFbjpiy4","武當文化，道在日常\nWudang Culture, Practised with Purpose","A place for learning. A home for living culture.","Explore Taoist thought, internal arts, literati traditions and Wudang Mountain through grounded learning in Singapore and beyond.","這裡既是學習之地，也是讓文化融入日常的所在。","從道家思想、內家武術、文人雅藝與武當山出發，以清晰、踏實的方式，在新加坡及世界各地認識和體驗武當文化。",[1157,1159],{"label":1158,"link":278},"Start Your Wudang Journey",{"label":1160,"link":1161},"View Events & Courses","\u002Fevents",{"title":1163,"description":1165},{"en":1164,"zh":3},"Wudang Mountain: Tai Chi, Qigong & Taoist Culture",{"en":1166,"zh":1167},"Explore Wudang Mountain through Tai Chi, Qigong, Daoist philosophy, martial arts, traditional arts, wellness, culture and everyday life in Wudang.","從太極、氣功、道家思想、武術、傳統雅藝與養生文化認識武當山，探索武當文化及武當山的日常生活。","sidebar",false,{"methods":1171,"has_any":936,"text":1179},{"email":1172,"whatsapp":1173,"wechat_id":1174,"wechat_qr_url":1175,"instagram":1176,"instagram_handle":1177,"facebook":1178,"facebook_handle":1177},"hello@wudang.org","+6588169599","Cldjcll0305","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fcontact\u002Fkcs9Z5IEY7CugW2mEYA8.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fleewudang.sg","@leewudang.sg","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fleewudang.sg\u002F",{"china_heading_en":1180,"china_heading_zh":1181,"china_company_en":1182,"china_company_zh":1183,"china_address_en":1184,"china_address_zh":1185},"China Operations","中國運營","Xunwei Wudang Co., Ltd.","尋味武當有限公司","No. 72 Jianhe 2nd Road, Wangjiayuan, Wudang Mountain, Shiyan, Hubei, China","湖北省十堰市武當山王家園劍河二路72號",{"title_en":3,"title_zh":3,"intro_en":3,"intro_zh":3,"enabled":936},{"data":1188},{"to":717,"type":1189,"available_locales":1190,"is_content_page":936,"title":1191,"subtitle":1192,"body":1195,"hero_image_url":1198,"hero_width":1199,"hero_height":1200,"hero_image_alt":1201,"hero_image_decorative":1169,"hero_credit":1204,"hero_alt":1209,"hero_style":1210,"card_layout":1211,"link_type":3,"link_ref":3,"seo_title":1212,"seo_description":1215,"children":1218},"page",[908,909,910],{"en":718,"zh":719},{"en":1193,"zh":1194},"How the Chanyuan qinggui and later Baizhang regulations turn tea into hospitality, hierarchy, labour and time—and why Buddhist evidence should not be reassigned to Wudang.","從《禪苑清規》到《敕修百丈清規》，看茶如何進入待客、座次、勞作與寺院時間，並說明為何不能把佛教證據移作武當傳統。",{"en":1196,"zh":1197},"\u003Ch2>A monastic rule is an institutional source, not a timeless origin story\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Rules show what compilers wanted a community to do\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Chinese Buddhist “pure regulations,” or \u003Cem>qinggui\u003C\u002Fem> 清規, describe offices, invitations, seating, signals, meals, work, ceremonies and conduct in public monasteries. They are unusually rich evidence for organized life, but a prescription is not a census of everything that happened. A rule may respond to disagreement, preserve an ideal or regularize a local custom. Read it beside our \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Freading-chinese-tea-classics-authorship-editions-recipe-limits\">guide to Chinese tea texts\u003C\u002Fa>: identify work, date, compiler, genre and immediate problem before treating one line as “the Buddhist way of tea.”\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>“Monastic,” “Buddhist” and “Chan” are not interchangeable labels\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>The surviving codes examined here were written for particular Chinese Buddhist institutions and changed across the Song and Yuan-Ming transition. They do not describe every temple, every period or every Buddhist community. Nor may their procedures be transferred to Daoist monasteries at Wudang. For that different institutional history, use our pages on \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-schools-lineages\u002Fcomplete-perfection-quanzhen\">Quanzhen monastic life\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-schools-lineages\u002Fmonastic-vs-householder-priesthood\">Quanzhen and Zhengyi clergy\u003C\u002Fa>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>The 1103 \u003Cem>Chanyuan qinggui\u003C\u002Fem> gives tea an institutional address\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>A dated compilation is stronger evidence than a founder legend\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Changlu Zongze compiled the \u003Cem>Chanyuan qinggui\u003C\u002Fem> 禪苑清規 in 1103. Yifa’s annotated study identifies it as the earliest surviving comprehensive Chan monastic code and shows how it joined inherited Buddhist discipline to the needs of large Chinese public monasteries. That date does not mark the invention of monastic tea. It marks a textual witness: by the early twelfth century, compilers considered tea service important enough to regulate in writing.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>The code belongs to a wider history of tea and Buddhism\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>James A. Benn’s history traces how Buddhist institutions, clergy and lay networks helped shape Chinese attitudes toward tea over many centuries. Monasteries were not sealed spiritual worlds; they received visitors, exchanged gifts, managed estates, appointed officers and participated in elite and local society. Tea moved through these connections as drink, courtesy and ritual medium. Our \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Forigins-history-of-tea-culture\">history of Chinese tea culture\u003C\u002Fa> supplies the larger chronology without making one monastery stand for all of China.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>Tea service made social order visible\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Invitation, notice, seat and attendance formed one procedure\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>In a code, “having tea” can begin before water is heated. A written notice names the occasion; an invitation establishes host and guest; a seating plan arranges offices and seniority; attendants prepare the hall; a signal gathers the community; bows, incense and the circulation of bowls mark the event. The \u003Cem>Chixiu Baizhang qinggui\u003C\u002Fem> 敕修百丈清規 even warns invitees to check the posted seating notice and remember their place. Tea therefore made an administrative order perceptible through movement.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Protocol did not turn every cup into silent meditation\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Later retellings often reduce monastic tea to alertness during meditation or to a private exercise in mindfulness. Those themes can matter, but the regulations preserve something broader: public etiquette, rank, welcome, appointment and collective obligation. Compare our practical \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fthe-way-of-tea\">way-of-tea guide\u003C\u002Fa>, which offers modern hospitality without claiming that one contemporary table reproduces a Song monastery.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>Tea welcomed guests and marked changes of office\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>A service could honour an abbot, visitor or new appointee\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Tea ceremonies appear around the arrival of a new abbot, the reception of distinguished monks, the installation of a chief seat and the transfer of administrative duties. The host was not simply offering refreshment. The service acknowledged a relationship and located people within the monastery’s hierarchy. In the later code, a whole series of headings distinguishes tea offered by the abbot, administrators or senior officers. Each title, venue and guest list changes the social meaning of the same beverage.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Hospitality joined monastery and outside world\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Officials, patrons, travelling monks and neighbouring communities could enter the documentary frame. A tea service helped receive them while preserving the institution’s own order. That makes monastic tea comparable to, but not identical with, the tea of visits and correspondence explored in \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-letters-gifts-visits-friendship-private-writing\">Chinese letters\u003C\u002Fa> and the roadside welcome described in \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-travel-writing-roads-hospitality-regional-evidence\">travel writing\u003C\u002Fa>. The comparison works only when host, guest, place and source type remain explicit.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>Tea and “medicinal soup” were paired but not identical\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>\u003Cem>Cha\u003C\u002Fem> and \u003Cem>tang\u003C\u002Fem> shared ceremonial grammar\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>The codes frequently pair tea with \u003Cem>tang\u003C\u002Fem> 湯, a hot preparation that scholarship often renders “medicinal soup.” Invitations, seating, attendance and gestures could follow parallel forms. The pairing shows that historians should not isolate tea from a wider service culture of prepared drinks. It also warns against assuming that every occurrence of \u003Cem>tang\u003C\u002Fem> was tea, or that a similar protocol made the substances interchangeable.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>A historical label is not modern medical advice\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>“Medicinal” describes the historical category used in scholarship, not a verified treatment. The source does not authorize a modern dose, diagnosis or health promise, and tea’s presence in a religious code does not make it a spiritual medicine. For the same boundary in another genre, see \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-materia-medica-names-preparations-medical-claims\">tea in Chinese materia medica\u003C\u002Fa>. Cultural history can explain a ceremony without prescribing its contents.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FYwHWeLfBFBviWBDedN31.webp\" alt=\"Overhead conceptual research still life with blank stitched book, blank comparison slips, tea bowl, lidded jar, wooden clapper and cotton gloves on a cool grey table\">\u003Cfigcaption>AI-generated conceptual still life for comparing rules, occasions and material evidence. The blank book and every object are fictional; no historical manuscript is reproduced.\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\u003Ch2>Every service depended on labour, supplies and signals\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>The bowl in the hall conceals a chain of work\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>A formal service required fuel, water, tea, vessels, cleaning, storage, written notices, room preparation and people assigned to carry them out. Regulations name offices and attendants because ceremony is logistical as well as symbolic. The page rarely records the fatigue, cost or individual skill of every worker, so a historian should not mistake an elegant sequence of gestures for labour without friction. Our articles on \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwater-for-chinese-tea\">water for tea\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teaware-clay-glaze-form\">Chinese tea ware\u003C\u002Fa> help reconstruct the material questions while leaving undocumented details open.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Drums, boards and posted notices coordinated time\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>The later \u003Cem>Baizhang\u003C\u002Fem> regulations list different drums for Dharma assembly, tea, meals, communal labour, bathing and night watch. A “tea drum” belongs to a sound system that organized bodies and tasks. A signal did not merely create atmosphere; it told a defined community what was about to happen. This is why tea belongs beside institutional timekeeping, not only beside taste. For comparison, \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Fdaoist-ritual-music-bells-drums-chant\">Daoist bells, drums and chant\u003C\u002Fa> must be read within their own ritual system.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>Later codes edited the tradition rather than simply copying it\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>The \u003Cem>Chixiu Baizhang qinggui\u003C\u002Fem> is a later witness with new purposes\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>The imperially revised \u003Cem>Chixiu Baizhang qinggui\u003C\u002Fem>, compiled in the fourteenth century, organizes tea occasions in an elaborate institutional sequence: reception of a new abbot, changes among officers, services for new residents, seasonal observances and routine attendance. Its headings and procedures are evidence for later editorial and political conditions, not a transparent photograph of an eighth-century founding monastery. Place it after the 1103 code, not before it.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Continuity and change must be demonstrated occasion by occasion\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Repeated vocabulary can indicate inheritance, but an added office, invitation form or imperial frame can alter what a ceremony does. Compare the two codes at the level of occasion, actor and sequence. A later rule may preserve an older form, expand it or claim antiquity for a new arrangement. The same caution applies to local evidence: our article on \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-local-gazetteers-place-production-local-knowledge\">tea in Chinese gazetteers\u003C\u002Fa> explains why repetition is not neutral observation.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>Later slogans should not replace the documents\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>“Tea and Chan are one taste” is an interpretation, not a complete chronology\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Modern accounts sometimes use formulas such as “tea and Chan are one taste” to explain the entire relationship at once, or repeat stories that a famous master invented tea to prevent drowsiness. Such sayings can have their own history, but they should not be backdated without a datable source. The monastic codes offer firmer, less romantic evidence: named hosts, ranked guests, posted notices, work, bowls, signals and obligations.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This does not strip tea of religious meaning. It locates meaning in a lived institution rather than in a single miraculous origin. The result is richer: tea could sustain wakefulness, express welcome, honour office, structure a gathering, connect clergy and laity and carry later symbolic interpretations—without every function appearing in every place.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>A seven-question method for reading monastic tea\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Move from the document to the occasion, people and limits\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>For every passage, record an answer—or an explicit uncertainty—to seven questions:\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Which code, edition, fascicle and date are you reading?\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Is the line a prescription, a retrospective claim, a title in a contents list or a report of practice?\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>What occasion triggers the service: arrival, appointment, season, memorial, instruction or routine?\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Who hosts, who is invited, who serves and who is absent from the text?\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>What do notice, seating, signals, vessels and gestures reveal about institutional order?\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Does the passage concern tea, \u003Cem>tang\u003C\u002Fem>, food or a paired sequence, and what material details remain unstated?\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Which later legend or modern generalization are you tempted to add, and can it be supported independently?\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp>For present-day Wudang visitors, the final question is especially important. Use \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemple-etiquette\">Wudang temple etiquette\u003C\u002Fa> for respectful conduct, and \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-meditation-taoist-practice\">tea, meditation and Daoist practice\u003C\u002Fa> for a deliberately modest modern exercise. Neither page claims a Buddhist code as Wudang custom.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>Primary texts and further reading\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Read the editions, then compare the scholarship\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Begin with University of Hawai‘i Press’s description of Yifa’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuhpress.hawaii.edu\u002Fthe-origins-of-buddhist-monastic-codes-in-china-now-available-in-paperback\u002F\">\u003Cem>Origins of Buddhist Monastic Codes in China\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fa> and the publisher page for James A. Benn’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuhpress.hawaii.edu\u002Ftitle\u002Ftea-in-china-a-religious-and-cultural-history\u002F\">\u003Cem>Tea in China\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fa>. The Academia Sinica study \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww1.ihp.sinica.edu.tw\u002Fen\u002FPublications\u002FBulletin\u002F1120\u002FArticle\u002F242\">“Tea and Medicinal Soup Ceremonies as Seen in the \u003Cem>Chanyuan qinggui\u003C\u002Fem>”\u003C\u002Fa> treats the paired services directly. Consult CBETA’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftripitaka.cbeta.org\u002FX63n1245_007\">\u003Cem>Chanyuan qinggui\u003C\u002Fem>, fascicle 7\u003C\u002Fa> and its \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcbeta.org\u002F\">electronic-canon project\u003C\u002Fa>, then compare the later \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdlbs.liberal.ntu.edu.tw\u002FBDLM\u002Fsutra\u002Fhtml\u002FT48\u002FT48n2025.htm\">\u003Cem>Chixiu Baizhang qinggui\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fa>, especially its contents list and “Attending Tea and Soup” section. Benn’s Oxford chapter on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fhawaii-scholarship-online\u002Fbook\u002F29980\u002Fchapter-abstract\u002F255043489\">Buddhism and tea during the Tang\u003C\u002Fa>, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fhawaii-scholarship-online\u002Fbook\u002F29980\">\u003Cem>Tea in China\u003C\u002Fem> overview\u003C\u002Fa>, a scholarly \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fjournal-of-chinese-history\u002Farticle\u002Ftea-in-china-a-religious-and-cultural-history-by-james-a-benn-honolulu-university-of-hawaii-press-2015-304-pp-65-cloth-44-alk-paper\u002F3F4A41E6321E985C764A66055C3B1EE2\">Cambridge review\u003C\u002Fa> and the Academia Sinica follow-up \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww1.ihp.sinica.edu.tw\u002Fen\u002FPublications\u002FBulletin\u002F1119\u002FArticle\u002F253\">“Between Self-cultivation and the Monastic Code”\u003C\u002Fa> provide complementary frames. Treat every translation as an argument tied to an edition.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Ch2>清規是制度文獻，不是永恆不變的起源故事\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>條文首先說明編纂者希望僧團怎樣運作\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>中國佛教的“清規”記錄職事、請客、座次、鐘鼓、齋粥、普請、茶湯禮和日常威儀，是研究寺院制度的珍貴材料。但規範不等於所有寺院都照章實行；某條規定也可能是在糾正爭議、儲存理想或統一地方習慣。閱讀時可先參考本站的\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Freading-chinese-tea-classics-authorship-editions-recipe-limits\">中國茶書閱讀指南\u003C\u002Fa>：先辨書名、年代、編者、體裁與具體問題，再討論所謂“佛教茶道”。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>“寺院”“佛教”與“禪宗”不是可以任意替換的標籤\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>本文討論的清規屬於特定時代的中國佛教寺院，宋代以後又不斷重編。它們不能代表所有佛寺、所有時期或全部佛教傳統，更不能直接套用到武當道教宮觀。若要了解另一套制度脈絡，應另讀\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-schools-lineages\u002Fcomplete-perfection-quanzhen\">全真道的出家生活\u003C\u002Fa>與\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-schools-lineages\u002Fmonastic-vs-householder-priesthood\">全真、正一道士之別\u003C\u002Fa>。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>1103年的《禪苑清規》為茶禮提供了明確的制度座標\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>有年代的編纂本比祖師傳說更可靠\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>長蘆宗賾於1103年編成《禪苑清規》。一如佛學家依法（Yifa）的校注研究所示，它是現存最早而較為完整的禪宗清規，既承接佛教戒律傳統，也回應中國大型十方叢林的實際需要。1103年並非“寺院飲茶的發明年份”，而是一處可以定位的文本證據：到十二世紀初，茶湯禮已經重要到需要書面規範。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>清規中的茶屬於更長的佛教與飲茶史\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>James A. Benn的研究說明，佛教機構、僧侶與在家信眾網路在數百年間參與塑造了中國人的飲茶觀念。寺院並非封閉的精神世界：它們接待行腳僧與官客，接受供養，管理產業，任命職事，也與士人及地方社會往來。茶在其中既是飲品，也是禮數與儀式媒介。可將這些材料放回本站的\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Forigins-history-of-tea-culture\">中國茶文化史\u003C\u002Fa>，但不要用一座寺院概括整個中國。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>茶禮把僧團秩序變成可見的行動\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>請狀、茶湯榜、座次與赴會構成一套程式\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>清規裡的“吃茶”往往在燒水之前就已開始：榜文說明緣由，請狀確立主客，照牌排定職事與戒臘，行者預備僧堂，鐘鼓召集大眾，焚香、問訊與行盞完成儀節。《敕修百丈清規》的“赴茶湯”還提醒受請者先看照牌、牢記位次。茶因此不是孤立的飲品，而是把行政次序轉化為步伐、方位與時間的媒介。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>有儀節不等於每一碗茶都只是靜坐輔助\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>後來的敘述常把寺院茶縮減為“坐禪防困”或個人正念練習。這些解釋並非全無意義，清規卻儲存了更寬的制度面貌：公開禮數、迎送、職位、座次與共同義務。本站的現代\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fthe-way-of-tea\">茶道與待客指南\u003C\u002Fa>可以幫助今天的人認真奉茶，卻不宣稱一個當代茶席就是宋代禪院的複製品。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>茶禮既接待來賓，也標示職事更替\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>新住持、新首座與來山尊宿各有相應茶禮\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>清規把茶禮安排在新住持入院、諸山相看、首座受請、兩序交代、新掛搭歸堂等場合。主人不是簡單遞上一碗飲料，而是在公開承認一段關係，並把來者安置到僧團層級之中。後期清規更列出方丈、庫司、頭首各自設茶的條目；同樣是茶，因主人、地點、物件不同，制度意義也隨之改變。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>待客讓寺院與外部社會發生聯絡\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>官員、檀越、行腳僧與鄰近叢林都可能進入茶湯禮的文獻畫面。茶幫助寺院接待外來者，同時維持內部秩序。這可以與\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-letters-gifts-visits-friendship-private-writing\">中國書信中的茶與饋贈\u003C\u002Fa>、以及\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-travel-writing-roads-hospitality-regional-evidence\">遊記中的道路與待客\u003C\u002Fa>相互參看；但比較時必須保留主客身份、地點與文獻體裁。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>茶與“湯”常並列，卻不是同一種東西\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>茶禮與湯禮共享禮儀語法\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>清規經常把茶與“湯”連稱。學界通常把這裡的湯譯作“藥湯”或“飲湯”，其請客、座次、赴會與行禮程式有時與茶相近。這種並列說明，寺院茶應放在更廣的熱飲服務文化中理解；同時也提醒讀者，出現“湯”字時不能自動改寫成茶，程式相似也不等於內容物相同。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>歷史上的“藥湯”不是今天的醫療建議\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>“藥”只是學術翻譯中對歷史類別的說明，並不能證明某種現代療效。清規沒有為今天提供劑量、診斷或治療處方，茶出現在宗教文獻裡也不會因此變成“靈性藥物”。同樣的證據邊界，可參看\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-materia-medica-names-preparations-medical-claims\">中國本草中的茶\u003C\u002Fa>。文化史可以解釋禮儀，卻不應替讀者開方。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FYwHWeLfBFBviWBDedN31.webp\" alt=\"俯拍概念研究靜物：灰色桌面上擺有空白線裝冊、空白校讀紙條、茶盞、蓋罐、木魚狀木梆與棉手套\">\u003Cfigcaption>AI生成的清規、場合與物質證據對讀概念靜物；空白冊頁與全部器物均屬虛構，不復制任何歷史寫本。\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\u003Ch2>每一次茶會都依賴勞作、物料與訊號\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>僧堂裡的一隻茶盞背後有一整條工作鏈\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>正式茶禮需要燃料、水、茶、器皿、洗滌、貯藏、榜文、鋪設與具體執行者。清規之所以反覆指明庫司、侍者、行者等職事，正因為禮儀同時也是後勤。條文很少記錄每位勞作者的疲憊、成本與手藝，因此不能把整齊的儀節誤讀成毫無摩擦的勞動。可用\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwater-for-chinese-tea\">中國茶用水\u003C\u002Fa>與\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teaware-clay-glaze-form\">中國茶器\u003C\u002Fa>補足物質問題，同時承認文獻沒有說出的部分。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>茶鼓、板與榜文共同安排時間\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>《敕修百丈清規》的法器條目區分法鼓、茶鼓、齋鼓、普請鼓、浴鼓與更鼓。“茶鼓”屬於一整套組織人群與事務的聲音系統，不只是營造氣氛；它告訴特定共同體何時、為何集合。跨傳統比較時，本站的\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals\u002Fdaoist-ritual-music-bells-drums-chant\">道教鐘鼓與經韻\u003C\u002Fa>必須放回道教自身的科儀結構，不能與佛教叢林訊號混為一談。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>後來的清規在重編傳統，而不是機械抄寫\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>《敕修百丈清規》是具有新目的的後期見證\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>十四世紀重編的《敕修百丈清規》把茶事納入更繁複的制度序列：新住持入院、兩序交代、新人掛搭、四節特為、旦望巡堂與日常赴茶湯等。其目錄與條文反映元明之際的編輯與政治條件，並不是八世紀百丈叢林的一張透明照片。研究順序應先看1103年的《禪苑清規》，再分析後來的增訂，而不是倒過來。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>所謂延續與變化，必須逐一比較場合\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>相同詞語可能顯示繼承，但新增的職事、請狀、榜文或帝國框架也會改變茶禮的作用。比較時應逐項記錄場合、行動者與程式。後期條文可能儲存舊形式，也可能擴大舊制，甚至為新安排建立古老權威。同理，本站\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-local-gazetteers-place-production-local-knowledge\">地方誌中的茶\u003C\u002Fa>也提醒我們：反覆抄錄並不等於中立觀察。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>後起口號不能取代可核對的文獻\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>“茶禪一味”是解釋，不是完整年表\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>現代敘述常用“茶禪一味”一次概括茶與禪的全部關係，或講述某位祖師為防困而發明茶的故事。這些說法自有其流傳史，卻不能在沒有早期出處時倒填進唐宋。清規留下的證據更穩固，也更不浪漫：主人、客位、榜文、座次、勞作、器物、鐘鼓與必須履行的禮數。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>這樣做並非剝去茶的宗教意義，而是把意義放回真實制度。茶可以幫助清醒，可以表示歡迎、尊重職位、組織集會、連線僧俗，也可以承載後來的象徵解釋；只是這些功能不必在每座寺院、每個時代同時出現。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>閱讀寺院茶事的七問法\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>從文獻出發，再核對場合、人物與邊界\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>每遇一段材料，都記錄以下七個問題的答案；沒有答案的地方也要明確標出：\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>你讀的是哪部清規、哪個版本、哪一卷、什麼年代？\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>這句話是規範、追述、目錄標題，還是實際活動記錄？\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>茶禮由什麼觸發：入院、任職、四節、紀念、請益，還是日常慣例？\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>誰作主人、誰受請、誰行茶，文獻又沒有寫到誰？\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>榜文、座次、鐘鼓、器物與動作如何顯出制度秩序？\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>此處是茶、湯、齋食還是連續程式；哪些物質細節仍然缺失？\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>你準備補上的祖師故事或現代概括，能否由獨立的早期證據支援？\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp>對今天的武當參訪者，第七問尤其重要。可依\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemple-etiquette\">武當宮觀禮儀\u003C\u002Fa>學習尊重場所，也可用\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-meditation-taoist-practice\">茶、靜坐與道家修習\u003C\u002Fa>做一套剋制的現代練習；兩者都不會把佛教清規冒充為武當傳統。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>原典與進一步閱讀\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>先看版本，再比較研究者的解釋\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>可先讀夏威夷大學出版社對依法（Yifa）\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuhpress.hawaii.edu\u002Fthe-origins-of-buddhist-monastic-codes-in-china-now-available-in-paperback\u002F\">《中國佛教清規的起源》\u003C\u002Fa>的介紹，以及James A. Benn\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuhpress.hawaii.edu\u002Ftitle\u002Ftea-in-china-a-religious-and-cultural-history\u002F\">《中國茶：宗教與文化史》\u003C\u002Fa>的書目頁。中央研究院史語所論文\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww1.ihp.sinica.edu.tw\u002Fen\u002FPublications\u002FBulletin\u002F1120\u002FArticle\u002F242\">《〈禪苑清規〉中所見的茶禮與湯禮》\u003C\u002Fa>直接分析兩類儀節。原典可查CBETA的\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftripitaka.cbeta.org\u002FX63n1245_007\">《禪苑清規》第七卷\u003C\u002Fa>與\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcbeta.org\u002F\">電子佛典整合\u003C\u002Fa>，並對照後出的\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdlbs.liberal.ntu.edu.tw\u002FBDLM\u002Fsutra\u002Fhtml\u002FT48\u002FT48n2025.htm\">《敕修百丈清規》\u003C\u002Fa>，尤其是目錄與“赴茶湯”。再參考Benn關於\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fhawaii-scholarship-online\u002Fbook\u002F29980\u002Fchapter-abstract\u002F255043489\">唐代佛教與茶\u003C\u002Fa>的章節、\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fhawaii-scholarship-online\u002Fbook\u002F29980\">全書概覽\u003C\u002Fa>、\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fjournal-of-chinese-history\u002Farticle\u002Ftea-in-china-a-religious-and-cultural-history-by-james-a-benn-honolulu-university-of-hawaii-press-2015-304-pp-65-cloth-44-alk-paper\u002F3F4A41E6321E985C764A66055C3B1EE2\">劍橋書評\u003C\u002Fa>與史語所後續論文\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww1.ihp.sinica.edu.tw\u002Fen\u002FPublications\u002FBulletin\u002F1119\u002FArticle\u002F253\">《在修養與清規之間》\u003C\u002Fa>。任何譯文都應視為依附特定版本的解釋。\u003C\u002Fp>","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FTGmqACfKlt3A6wXtP8nQ.webp",1535,864,{"en":1202,"zh":1203},"Conceptual scene of an anonymous monastic attendant arranging plain tea bowls on long wooden tables before a formal service in a fictional Chinese courtyard hall","概念場景：一名不具身份指向的僧人，在虛構的中國式院落廳堂內為正式茶禮擺放素面茶盞",{"caption":1205,"creator":1206,"source_url":3,"license_label":1207,"license_url":3,"changes":1208},"AI生成的正式茶禮準備概念照片；畫面不指向任何真實寺院、人物、傳承或歷史事件。","OpenAI","AI-generated conceptual image","作為原創概念編輯照片生成；畫面不指向任何真實寺院、人物、寫本、傳承或歷史事件。",{"en":1202,"zh":1203},"banner","list",{"en":1213,"zh":1214},"Tea in Chinese Buddhist Monastic Rules | Wudang.Org","中國佛教清規中的茶：茶禮、職事與文獻邊界 | Wudang.Org",{"en":1216,"zh":1217},"Read tea in the Chanyuan qinggui and Baizhang rules through invitation, seating, office, labour and ceremony—without turning later legends into origins.","從請狀、座次、職事、勞作與茶湯禮閱讀《禪苑清規》和《敕修百丈清規》，並辨明後起傳說與可核對的歷史證據。",[],{"data":1220},[1221,1297,1398,1489],{"id":1222,"slug":1223,"available_locales":1224,"path":1225,"title":1226,"venue":1229,"hero_image_url":3,"card_image_url":1232,"card_landscape_url":1233,"lifecycle":1234,"session_mode":1235,"sessions":1236,"next_session":1296},15601,"liu-yao-beginner-course",[908,909,910],"\u002Fevents\u002Fi-ching-learning\u002Fliu-yao-beginner-course",{"en":1227,"zh":1228},"Liu Yao Beginner 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2026","2026年12月12日","Dec","December",{"status":1238,"date_slug":1283,"time_label":1240,"timezone_abbr":1241,"date_label":1284,"date_label_fr":1285,"date_short_fr":1286,"date_only_fr":1287,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1246,"date_label_zh":1288,"date_short":1289,"date_short_zh":1290,"date_only":1291,"date_only_zh":1292,"is_multi_day":1169,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":137,"month_short":1293,"month_long":1294,"month_num":38,"year":1295,"weekday_short":1255,"weekday_index":935},"2027-01-17","Sunday, 17 January 2027","dimanche 17 janvier 2027","dim. 17 janv.","17 janv. 2027","2027年1月17日 星期日","Sun 17 Jan","1月17日 週日","17 Jan 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