[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-nav-reference-en":3,"site-nav-zh":4,"site-nav-zh-all-arts":289,"event-categories-zh":918,"site-settings":1161,"node-zh-arts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-tax-monopoly-imperial-china-fiscal-records-daily-life":1203,"live-course-events":1235},null,{"data":5},{"header":6,"footer":264},[7,51,82,123,161,187,229,260],{"to":8,"label":9,"label_zh":10,"children":11},"\u002Fdao","TAO","道",[12,17,22,26,30,34,39,43,47],{"to":13,"label":14,"label_zh":15,"n":16},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction","Begin with the Tao","道學入門",9,{"to":18,"label":19,"label_zh":20,"n":21},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing","I Ching","易經",7,{"to":23,"label":24,"label_zh":25,"n":16},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing","Tao Te Ching","道德經",{"to":27,"label":28,"label_zh":29,"n":21},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji","Taiji","太極",{"to":31,"label":32,"label_zh":33,"n":21},"\u002Fdao\u002Fzhuang-zi","Zhuangzi","莊子",{"to":35,"label":36,"label_zh":37,"n":38},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics","Classical Library","道家經典文庫",1,{"to":40,"label":41,"label_zh":42},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdaoist-philosophy","Taoist Philosophy","道家哲學",{"to":44,"label":45,"label_zh":46},"\u002Fdao\u002Fwu-wei-natural-living","Wu Wei & Natural Living","無為與自然生活",{"to":48,"label":49,"label_zh":50},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdaoist-view-of-life","A Taoist View of Life","道家人生觀",{"to":52,"label":53,"label_zh":54,"children":55},"\u002Fmartial-arts","Martial Arts","武當武術",[56,61,65,70,74,78],{"to":57,"label":58,"label_zh":59,"n":60},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ffoundations-internal-arts","Foundations of Internal Martial Arts","內家拳基礎",6,{"to":62,"label":63,"label_zh":64,"n":21},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftaijiquan","Taijiquan (Tai Chi)","太極拳",{"to":66,"label":67,"label_zh":68,"n":69},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fbaguazhang","Baguazhang: Circle Walking, Palm Changes and Movement","八卦掌：走圈、換掌與身法變化",5,{"to":71,"label":72,"label_zh":73,"n":69},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fxingyiquan","Xingyiquan: Structure, Intention and Direct Training","形意拳：結構、意念與直接訓練",{"to":75,"label":76,"label_zh":77,"n":21},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fweapons","Wudang Sword and Weapons: History, Practice and Context","武當劍與兵器：歷史、練習與文化語境",{"to":79,"label":80,"label_zh":81,"n":21},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftraining-practice","Training and Practice: Building a Sustainable Wudang Routine","訓練與習練：建立可持續的武當練習",{"to":83,"label":84,"label_zh":85,"children":86},"\u002Fwellness","Wellness","養生",[87,91,95,99,103,107,111,115,119],{"to":88,"label":89,"label_zh":90,"n":21},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fqigong","Qigong","氣功",{"to":92,"label":93,"label_zh":94,"n":60},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fherbal-healing","Chinese Herbal Medicine","中藥與本草",{"to":96,"label":97,"label_zh":98,"n":60},"\u002Fwellness\u002Ftaoist-medicine","Taoist Medicine","道家醫學",{"to":100,"label":101,"label_zh":102,"n":60},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fenergy-sound-healing","Sound & Energy Practices","聲音與能量練習",{"to":104,"label":105,"label_zh":106},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fstanding-practice","Standing Practice","站樁",{"to":108,"label":109,"label_zh":110},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fwudang-internal-cultivation","Wudang Internal Cultivation","武當內修",{"to":112,"label":113,"label_zh":114},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fmoxibustion","Moxibustion","艾灸",{"to":116,"label":117,"label_zh":118},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fbigu","Bigu","辟穀",{"to":120,"label":121,"label_zh":122,"n":38},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fbaduanjin","Baduanjin (Eight Brocades)","八段錦",{"to":124,"label":125,"label_zh":126,"children":127},"\u002Farts","Literati Arts","文人雅藝",[128,133,138,143,148,153,157],{"to":129,"label":130,"label_zh":131,"n":132},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature","Chinese Poetry and Literature: Forms, Contexts and Reading Paths","中國詩詞與文學：體式、語境與閱讀路徑",53,{"to":134,"label":135,"label_zh":136,"n":137},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy","Chinese Calligraphy: Scripts, Materials and Ways of Looking","中國書法：書體、材料與觀賞入門",17,{"to":139,"label":140,"label_zh":141,"n":142},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony","Chinese Tea Culture","中國茶文化",39,{"to":144,"label":145,"label_zh":146,"n":147},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin","Guqin: Sound, History and Ways to Listen","古琴：認識聲音、歷史與聆聽方法",12,{"to":149,"label":150,"label_zh":151,"n":152},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting","Chinese Painting: Materials, Formats and Ways of Looking","中國繪畫：材料、形制與觀看方法",15,{"to":154,"label":155,"label_zh":156,"n":16},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense","Chinese Incense Culture","中國香文化",{"to":158,"label":159,"label_zh":160,"n":21},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement","Chinese Flower Arrangement: History, Materials and Ways of Looking","中國插花：歷史、花材與觀看方法",{"to":162,"label":163,"label_zh":164,"children":165},"\u002Fdaoism","Taoist Culture","道教文化",[166,170,174,178,183],{"to":167,"label":168,"label_zh":169,"n":16},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-deities-pantheon","Taoist Deities and the Chinese Pantheon: A Structural Guide","道教神仙與神明體系：結構與層級指南",{"to":171,"label":172,"label_zh":173,"n":21},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-temples-sacred-mountains","Taoist Temples and Sacred Mountains: A Guide to Places and Architecture","道教名山與宮觀：聖地、建築與制度指南",{"to":175,"label":176,"label_zh":177,"n":21},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-schools-lineages","Taoist Schools and Lineages: Zhengyi, Quanzhen and Historical Traditions","道教流派與傳承：正一、全真及歷史道派",{"to":179,"label":180,"label_zh":181,"n":182},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals","Taoist Festivals and Rituals: Calendars, Offerings and Community Rites","道教節日與科儀：神誕、齋醮與歲時儀式",19,{"to":184,"label":185,"label_zh":186,"n":60},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Feight-immortals","The Eight Immortals: Origins, Symbols and Taoist Legends","八仙：人物、象徵與道教傳說",{"to":188,"label":189,"label_zh":190,"children":191},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics","Chinese Metaphysics","易學與傳統術數",[192,196,200,204,208,213,217,221,225],{"to":193,"label":194,"label_zh":195,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fyin-yang-five-elements","Yin-Yang and the Five Phases in Chinese Thought","陰陽五行：理解關係與變化",{"to":197,"label":198,"label_zh":199,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fganzhi-stems-branches","Chinese Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches (Ganzhi)","天干地支（干支）：中國曆法與術數的六十循環",{"to":201,"label":202,"label_zh":203,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Ffeng-shui","Chinese Feng Shui: Landscape, Compass Methods and Responsible Practice","中國風水：形勢、羅盤方法與負責任實踐",{"to":205,"label":206,"label_zh":207,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fbazi-four-pillars","BaZi (Four Pillars of Destiny): How the Eight Characters Work","八字四柱命理：八個字如何構成命盤",{"to":209,"label":210,"label_zh":211,"n":212},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu","Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology): How the Twelve-Palace Chart Works","紫微斗數：十二宮命盤如何運作",8,{"to":214,"label":215,"label_zh":216,"n":212},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdate-selection","Chinese Date Selection: How Auspicious Days Are Chosen","中國擇吉：傳統吉日如何選擇",{"to":218,"label":219,"label_zh":220,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fphysiognomy","Chinese Physiognomy: Face Reading, Palm Reading and Their Limits","中國相術：面相、手相及其侷限",{"to":222,"label":223,"label_zh":224,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdivination-arts","Chinese Divination Arts: Methods, History and Responsible Use","中國占卜術：方法、歷史與負責任使用",{"to":226,"label":227,"label_zh":228,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fluoshu-hetu","The Hetu, Luoshu and Nine Palaces in Chinese Cosmology","河圖、洛書與九宮：中國傳統圖式的歷史與用途",{"to":230,"label":231,"label_zh":232,"children":233},"\u002Fwudang-mountain","Experience Wudang","武當之旅",[234,238,243,248,252,256],{"to":235,"label":236,"label_zh":237,"n":21},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fintroduction","Introduction to Wudang Mountain","初識武當山",{"to":239,"label":240,"label_zh":241,"n":242},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites","Wudang Mountain Temples and Sacred Sites","武當山宮觀與勝蹟",3,{"to":244,"label":245,"label_zh":246,"n":247},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fplanning-a-visit","Planning a Visit to Wudang Mountain","武當山行前規劃指南",4,{"to":249,"label":250,"label_zh":251,"n":242},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fstudying-at-wudang","Studying Martial Arts at Wudang Mountain","在武當山學習武術",{"to":253,"label":254,"label_zh":255,"n":242},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemple-etiquette","Wudang Temple Etiquette: A Visitor’s Guide","武當宮觀參訪禮儀",{"to":257,"label":258,"label_zh":259,"n":69},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fpractical-reference","Wudang Mountain Practical Reference","武當山實用參考資料",{"to":261,"label":262,"label_zh":263},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Feveryday-wudang","Everyday Wudang","武當日常",[265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,277,281,285],{"to":8,"label":9,"label_zh":10},{"to":52,"label":53,"label_zh":54},{"to":83,"label":84,"label_zh":85},{"to":124,"label":125,"label_zh":126},{"to":162,"label":163,"label_zh":164},{"to":188,"label":189,"label_zh":190},{"to":230,"label":231,"label_zh":232},{"to":261,"label":262,"label_zh":263},{"to":274,"label":275,"label_zh":276},"\u002Fabout","About Wudang.Org","關於 Wudang.Org",{"to":278,"label":279,"label_zh":280},"\u002Fstart-here","Start Here","從這裡開始",{"to":282,"label":283,"label_zh":284},"\u002Ffind-a-practice","Find a Practice","找到適合你的修習",{"to":286,"label":287,"label_zh":288},"\u002Fteachers","Our Teachers","授課老師",{"data":290},{"all":291,"header":916,"footer":917},[292],{"to":124,"label":125,"label_zh":126,"children":293},[294,508,578,736,786,848,886],{"to":129,"label":130,"label_zh":131,"children":295},[296,300,304,308,312,316,320,324,328,332,336,340,344,348,352,356,360,364,368,372,376,380,384,388,392,396,400,404,408,412,416,420,424,428,432,436,440,444,448,452,456,460,464,468,472,476,480,484,488,492,496,500,504],{"to":297,"label":298,"label_zh":299},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Forigins-spirit-of-chinese-poetry","Origins of Chinese Poetry: Song, Text and Interpretation","中國詩歌的源流：歌唱、文本與闡釋",{"to":301,"label":302,"label_zh":303},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fbook-of-songs-classical-foundations","The Book of Songs: Voices, Performance and Interpretation","《詩經》：聲音、禮樂與闡釋",{"to":305,"label":306,"label_zh":307},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Ftang-poetry-golden-age","Tang Poetry: Forms, Voices and a Lasting Canon","唐詩：體式、聲音與經典的形成",{"to":309,"label":310,"label_zh":311},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Ftaoist-landscape-poetry","Daoist Traditions and Landscape Poetry: Place, Reclusion and Interpretation","道家、道教與山水詩：地方、隱逸與解讀",{"to":313,"label":314,"label_zh":315},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fpoetry-as-cultivation","Poetry as Cultivation at Wudang: Reading, Attention and Writing","武當詩文與自我涵養：閱讀、觀察與寫作",{"to":317,"label":318,"label_zh":319},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fkey-poets-further-reading","Chinese Poetry: Poets, Editions and Reading Paths","中國詩詞閱讀：詩人、版本與入門路徑",{"to":321,"label":322,"label_zh":323},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-regulated-verse","How to Read Chinese Regulated Verse: Lines, Rhyme, Tone and Parallelism","怎樣讀中國近體詩：句式、押韻、平仄與對仗",{"to":325,"label":326,"label_zh":327},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-ci-lyrics","How to Read Chinese Ci Lyrics: Tune Patterns, Voice and Transmission","怎樣讀中國詞：詞牌、聲音與文本流傳",{"to":329,"label":330,"label_zh":331},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-anthologies-canon-transmission","How Chinese Poetry Anthologies Shape What We Read","中國詩歌選本怎樣塑造我們的閱讀",{"to":333,"label":334,"label_zh":335},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-thread-bound-books-folding-stitching-reading","Chinese Thread-Bound Books: Folding, Stitching and the Shape of Reading","中國線裝書：摺頁、裝訂與閱讀形態",{"to":337,"label":338,"label_zh":339},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-paired-couplets-parallelism-calligraphy-place","How to Read Chinese Paired Couplets: Parallel Lines, Calligraphy and Place","怎樣讀中國對聯：對仗、書法與空間",{"to":341,"label":342,"label_zh":343},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fpoetry-on-chinese-paintings-inscriptions-colophons","Poetry on Chinese Paintings: How to Read Inscriptions and Colophons","中國畫上的詩：怎樣讀題款與題跋",{"to":345,"label":346,"label_zh":347},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-fu-rhapsody-catalogues-courts-expansive-description","Chinese Fu (Rhapsody): Catalogues, Courts and Expansive Description","中國賦：鋪陳、宮廷與展開描寫的藝術",{"to":349,"label":350,"label_zh":351},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fwenxin-diaolong-liu-xie-writing-reading-literary-thought","Wenxin Diaolong: How Liu Xie Thought About Writing and Reading","《文心雕龍》導讀：劉勰怎樣思考寫作與閱讀",{"to":353,"label":354,"label_zh":355},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-shihua-poetry-talks-notes-anecdotes-criticism","Shihua (Poetry Talks): How Chinese Criticism Speaks in Notes and Anecdotes","中國詩話導讀：批評怎樣寫進筆記、軼事與評語",{"to":357,"label":358,"label_zh":359},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-prefaces-afterwords-xu-ba-books-texts-readers","Chinese Prefaces and Afterwords (Xu and Ba): How Books Frame Texts and Readers","中國序跋導讀：書籍怎樣安排文本、作者與讀者",{"to":361,"label":362,"label_zh":363},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-biji-brush-notes-notebooks-miscellanies","Chinese Biji (Brush Notes): How Fragments Become Knowledge and Literature","中國筆記導讀：零散見聞怎樣成為知識與文學",{"to":365,"label":366,"label_zh":367},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-leishu-classified-books-excerpts-knowledge","Chinese Leishu (Classified Books): How Knowledge Was Excerpted and Ordered","中國類書導讀：知識怎樣被摘錄與分類",{"to":369,"label":370,"label_zh":371},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-dictionaries-rhyme-books-erya-shuowen-qieyun-guangyun","Chinese Dictionaries and Rhyme Books: How Characters, Meanings and Sounds Were Ordered","中國字書與韻書導讀：字形、詞義與語音怎樣被編排",{"to":373,"label":374,"label_zh":375},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-primers-sanzijing-baijiaxing-qianziwen-literacy","Chinese Primers and Elementary Literacy: Reading the Three, Hundred and Thousand","中國傳統蒙學讀物導讀：《三字經》《百家姓》《千字文》怎樣教人識字",{"to":377,"label":378,"label_zh":379},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-texts-punctuation-reading-marks-sentence-division-modern-editions","How Chinese Texts Were Punctuated: Reading Marks, Sentence Division and Modern Editions","中國古籍怎樣斷句：句讀、圈點與現代標點",{"to":381,"label":382,"label_zh":383},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-letters-chidu-writing-address-correspondence-calligraphy","Chinese Letters (Chidu): Writing, Address and the Afterlife of Correspondence","中國尺牘導讀：書信格式、稱謂與墨跡流傳",{"to":385,"label":386,"label_zh":387},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-travel-writing-youji-routes-witness-making-place","Chinese Travel Writing (Youji): Routes, Witness and the Making of Place","中國遊記導讀：路線、見聞與地方書寫",{"to":389,"label":390,"label_zh":391},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-individual-collected-works-bieji-authors-editors-transmission","Chinese Individual Collected Works (Bieji): How an Author’s Writings Become a Book","中國別集導讀：一位作者的詩文怎樣成為一部書",{"to":393,"label":394,"label_zh":395},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-guwen-pianwen-ancient-style-parallel-prose-rhythm-argument","Guwen and Pianwen: Two Ways of Shaping Classical Chinese Prose","古文與駢文導讀：中國古典散文的兩種組織方式",{"to":397,"label":398,"label_zh":399},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-eight-legged-essay-baguwen-examination-classics-composition","The Eight-Legged Essay (Baguwen): How an Examination Form Organized Classical Thought","八股文導讀：科舉文章怎樣組織經典義理",{"to":401,"label":402,"label_zh":403},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-examination-compounds-gongyuan-cells-candidate-experience","Chinese Examination Compounds (Gongyuan): How Architecture Shaped the Candidate Experience","中國貢院導讀：考場空間怎樣塑造士子的應試體驗",{"to":405,"label":406,"label_zh":407},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-academies-shuyuan-books-teaching-ritual-landscape","Chinese Academies (Shuyuan): How Books, Teaching and Ritual Made a Scholarly Place","中國書院導讀：書籍、講學與禮儀怎樣構成學術空間",{"to":409,"label":410,"label_zh":411},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-private-libraries-cangshulou-collectors-catalogues-transmission","Chinese Private Libraries (Cangshulou): How Collectors Built Paths for Books to Survive","中國藏書樓導讀：私人收藏怎樣為典籍延續開闢路徑",{"to":413,"label":414,"label_zh":415},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bookshops-book-markets-publishers-routes-readers","Chinese Bookshops and Book Markets: How Books Became Goods, Routes and Encounters","中國書肆與書市導讀：書籍怎樣成為商品、路線與相遇",{"to":417,"label":418,"label_zh":419},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-illustrated-books-woodblock-images-page-design-reading","Illustrated Chinese Books: How Woodblock Images Shaped the Page","中國古籍插圖導讀：木刻影像怎樣塑造書頁",{"to":421,"label":422,"label_zh":423},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-bibliographies-mulu-catalogues-classification-books-knowledge","Chinese Bibliographies (Mulu): How Catalogues Classified Books and Knowledge","中國目錄學導讀：書目怎樣分類書籍與知識",{"to":425,"label":426,"label_zh":427},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-textual-collation-jiaokan-variant-readings-witnesses-editions","Chinese Textual Collation (Jiaokan): How Scholars Read Variant Texts","中國校勘導讀：怎樣閱讀異文與文本傳本",{"to":429,"label":430,"label_zh":431},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-commentaries-subcommentaries-zhu-jian-shu-layered-reading","Chinese Commentaries and Subcommentaries: How Notes Became Part of the Text","中國註疏導讀：注、箋、疏怎樣層層塑造經典閱讀",{"to":433,"label":434,"label_zh":435},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-marginalia-meipi-pangpi-pijiao-reading-history","Marginalia in Chinese Books: How Readers Wrote Back","中國古籍批註導讀：讀者怎樣在書頁上留下閱讀史",{"to":437,"label":438,"label_zh":439},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-ownership-seals-cangshuyin-provenance-impressions","Book-Ownership Seals in China: Reading Provenance in Red","中國古籍藏書印導讀：怎樣從朱印追索遞藏",{"to":441,"label":442,"label_zh":443},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-paper-fibres-sizing-repairs-dating-evidence","Paper in Chinese Books: Fibres, Sizing, Repairs and the Limits of Dating","中國古籍用紙導讀：纖維、施膠、修補與斷代邊界",{"to":445,"label":446,"label_zh":447},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-page-layout-frames-columns-fishtails-centre-fold","Inside the Chinese Book Page: Frames, Columns, Fishtails and the Centre Fold","中國古籍版式導讀：版框、界行、魚尾與版心",{"to":449,"label":450,"label_zh":451},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-book-printers-marks-paiji-kanji-publishing-claims","Printer’s Marks in Chinese Books: Reading Paiji, Kanji and Publishing Claims","中國古籍牌記與刊記導讀：怎樣辨認刊刻、藏版與書坊資訊",{"to":453,"label":454,"label_zh":455},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-movable-type-printing-clay-wood-metal-reuse","Movable Type in Chinese Book History: Clay, Wood, Metal and Reuse","中國古籍活字印刷導讀：泥活字、木活字、金屬活字與複用",{"to":457,"label":458,"label_zh":459},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-woodblock-printing-workflow-writing-carving-inking-impressions","How Chinese Woodblock Printing Worked: Writing, Carving, Inking and Impressions","中國雕版印刷工藝導讀：寫樣、上版、刻版、刷墨與印紙",{"to":461,"label":462,"label_zh":463},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-woodblock-lifecycle-storage-repair-recutting-later-impressions","After the First Printing: How Chinese Woodblocks Were Stored, Repaired and Reused","初印之後：中國雕版的儲藏、遞修、重刻與後印",{"to":465,"label":466,"label_zh":467},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fwho-paid-chinese-book-printing-patronage-profit-donors-funding","Who Paid to Print? Patronage, Profit and Collective Funding in Chinese Book History","誰出資刻書？中國書籍史中的官刻、私資、坊刻與募資",{"to":469,"label":470,"label_zh":471},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-readers-got-books-imperial-china-buying-borrowing-gifts-copying","How Readers Got Books in Imperial China: Buying, Borrowing, Gifting and Copying","古代中國讀者怎樣獲得書籍？購書、借閱、饋贈與抄寫",{"to":473,"label":474,"label_zh":475},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fhow-classical-chinese-poetry-was-heard-recitation-chanting-historical-sound","How Classical Chinese Poetry Was Heard: Recitation, Chanting and Historical Sound","古典詩歌怎樣被聽見？誦讀、吟詠與歷史聲音",{"to":477,"label":478,"label_zh":479},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-social-exchange-gifts-farewells-replies-rhyme-matching","Poetry as Social Exchange: Gifts, Farewells, Replies and Rhyme-Matching in China","詩歌作為交往：贈答、送別、唱和與次韻",{"to":481,"label":482,"label_zh":483},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-gatherings-themes-rhyme-lots-linked-composition","How Chinese Poetry Gatherings Worked: Themes, Rhyme Lots and Linked Composition","中國古典詩歌雅集怎樣運作：命題、分韻與聯句",{"to":485,"label":486,"label_zh":487},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-revision-drafts-variants-editorial-layers","How Chinese Poems Changed: Drafts, Variants and Editorial Layers","中國古典詩歌怎樣改定與流傳：草稿、異文與編輯層次",{"to":489,"label":490,"label_zh":491},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-attribution-anonymity-disputed-authorship","Who Wrote This Poem? Attribution, Anonymity and Disputed Authorship in Chinese Poetry","這首詩是誰寫的？中國古典詩歌的署名、佚名與作者爭議",{"to":493,"label":494,"label_zh":495},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-quotation-excerpts-fragments-lost-context","Poems in Pieces: How Quotation and Excerpt Preserved Chinese Poetry","詩句怎樣在引用中流傳？摘引、輯佚與失落語境",{"to":497,"label":498,"label_zh":499},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-wall-poetry-tibishi-public-writing-place-transmission","Poems on the Wall: Public Writing, Place and Survival in China","牆上的詩怎樣流傳？中國題壁詩的公共書寫、地點與傳承",{"to":501,"label":502,"label_zh":503},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-imperial-examination-poetry-shitie-shi-fu-changing-tests","Poetry in the Examination Hall: What Chinese Candidates Were Asked to Compose","科場裡的詩：古代中國考生何時、怎樣作詩",{"to":505,"label":506,"label_zh":507},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature\u002Fchinese-poetry-seasons-calendar-festivals-phenology-literary-time","Reading Seasons in Chinese Poetry: Calendars, Festivals and Literary Time","怎樣讀懂中國詩歌裡的季節？曆法、節日與文學時間",{"to":134,"label":135,"label_zh":136,"children":509},[510,514,518,522,526,530,534,538,542,546,550,554,558,562,566,570,574],{"to":511,"label":512,"label_zh":513},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Forigins-history-of-calligraphy","Origins and History of Chinese Calligraphy","中國書法的源流與歷史",{"to":515,"label":516,"label_zh":517},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fthe-five-script-styles","The Five Script Styles in Chinese Calligraphy","中國書法的五種主要書體",{"to":519,"label":520,"label_zh":521},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fcalligraphy-as-taoist-cultivation","Calligraphy and Taoist Cultivation: Text, Attention and Practice","書法與道家修養：讀懂文字，專注落筆",{"to":523,"label":524,"label_zh":525},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Ffour-treasures-of-the-study","The Four Treasures of the Study: Choosing and Using Calligraphy Materials","文房四寶：認識、選擇與使用筆墨紙硯",{"to":527,"label":528,"label_zh":529},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fbrush-technique-living-line","Chinese Calligraphy Brushwork: Reading and Practising the Living Line","書法筆法：觀察與練習有生氣的線條",{"to":531,"label":532,"label_zh":533},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fgreat-masters-further-reading","Chinese Calligraphy Masters and Reading Paths","中國書法名家與閱讀路徑",{"to":535,"label":536,"label_zh":537},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-seals-and-seal-carving","Chinese Seals and Seal Carving: Script, Surface and Impression","中國印章與篆刻：文字、印面與鈐印",{"to":539,"label":540,"label_zh":541},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-ink-rubbings","Chinese Ink Rubbings: Stone, Paper and the Life of Calligraphy","中國傳拓：石刻、紙墨與書法的流傳",{"to":543,"label":544,"label_zh":545},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-inkstones","Chinese Inkstones: Stone, Carving and the Scholar’s Desk","中國硯臺：石材、雕刻與文房生活",{"to":547,"label":548,"label_zh":549},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-inksticks","Chinese Inksticks: Soot, Moulds and the Scholar’s Desk","中國墨錠：煙料、墨模與文房生活",{"to":551,"label":552,"label_zh":553},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-calligraphy-paper","Chinese Calligraphy Paper: Xuan, Sizing and the Life of a Sheet","中國書畫紙：宣紙、施膠與紙張的一生",{"to":555,"label":556,"label_zh":557},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-calligraphy-brushes","Chinese Calligraphy Brushes: Hair, Handle and the Working Point","中國毛筆：毫料、筆管與筆鋒",{"to":559,"label":560,"label_zh":561},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-rests","Chinese Brush Rests: Mountains, Materials and the Scholar’s Desk","中國筆架：山形、材質與文人書案",{"to":563,"label":564,"label_zh":565},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-water-droppers-scholars-desk","Chinese Water Droppers: Flow, Form and the Scholar’s Desk","中國水滴：控水、造型與文人書案",{"to":567,"label":568,"label_zh":569},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-pots-materials-scholars-desk","Chinese Brush Pots: Function, Material and the Scholar’s Desk","中國筆筒：收納、材質與文人書案",{"to":571,"label":572,"label_zh":573},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-brush-washers-water-form-scholars-desk","Chinese Brush Washers: Water, Form and the Scholar’s Desk","中國筆洗：洗筆、造型與文人書案",{"to":575,"label":576,"label_zh":577},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy\u002Fchinese-paperweights-form-material-scholars-desk","Chinese Paperweights: Form, Material and the Scholar’s Desk","中國鎮紙：形制、材質與文人書案",{"to":139,"label":140,"label_zh":141,"children":579},[580,584,588,592,596,600,604,608,612,616,620,624,628,632,636,640,644,648,652,656,660,664,668,672,676,680,684,688,692,696,700,704,708,712,716,720,724,728,732],{"to":581,"label":582,"label_zh":583},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-meditation-taoist-practice","Tea, Meditation and Taoist Practice","茶、靜坐與道家修習",{"to":585,"label":586,"label_zh":587},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Forigins-history-of-tea-culture","Origins and History of Chinese Tea Culture","中國茶文化的源流與歷史",{"to":589,"label":590,"label_zh":591},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fthe-way-of-tea","The Way of Tea: Attention, Care and Hospitality","茶道：在一杯茶中練習用心與待客",{"to":593,"label":594,"label_zh":595},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftypes-of-tea-and-character","Six Chinese Tea Families: Processing and Taste","六大茶類：從製法到品飲",{"to":597,"label":598,"label_zh":599},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Futensils-and-gongfu-method","Gongfu Tea: Utensils and a Flexible Method","工夫茶：茶具與靈活沖泡法",{"to":601,"label":602,"label_zh":603},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Learning Chinese Tea: Reading and Practice","學茶入門：閱讀與品飲練習",{"to":605,"label":606,"label_zh":607},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwater-for-chinese-tea","Water for Chinese Tea: Springs, Minerals and a Practical Tasting Method","中國茶用水：山泉、礦物與實用對比方法",{"to":609,"label":610,"label_zh":611},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teaware-clay-glaze-form","Chinese Tea Ware: Clay, Porcelain, Glaze and the Uses of Form","中國茶器：胎土、瓷釉、造型與使用",{"to":613,"label":614,"label_zh":615},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-tea-caddies","Chinese Tea Caddies: Storage, Materials and the Traveling Leaf","中國茶葉罐：貯藏、材質與流動的茶葉",{"to":617,"label":618,"label_zh":619},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fsong-whisked-tea-powder-bowls-foam","Whisked Tea in Song China: Powder, Bowls and Foam","宋代點茶：茶末、茶盞與湯花",{"to":621,"label":622,"label_zh":623},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fyixing-teapots-clay-form-makers-marks","Yixing Teapots: Clay, Form and Reading the Maker’s Mark","宜興紫砂壺：泥料、器形與款識",{"to":625,"label":626,"label_zh":627},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fcompressed-tea-cakes-bricks-trade-storage-object-reading","Compressed Tea in China: Cakes, Bricks and How to Read Them","中國緊壓茶：茶餅、茶磚與辨讀方法",{"to":629,"label":630,"label_zh":631},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-horse-trade-networks-routes-markets-cultural-exchange","Tea–Horse Trade Networks: Routes, Markets and Cultural Exchange","茶馬貿易網路：路線、市場與文化交流",{"to":633,"label":634,"label_zh":635},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-landscapes-china-gardens-forests-terraces-living-knowledge","Tea Landscapes in China: Gardens, Forests, Terraces and Living Knowledge","中國茶景觀：茶園、古茶林、梯田與活態知識",{"to":637,"label":638,"label_zh":639},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fpicking-tea-china-seasons-bud-leaf-standards-skilled-labour","Picking Tea in China: Seasons, Bud-and-Leaf Standards and Skilled Labour","中國採茶：季節、芽葉標準與勞作技藝",{"to":641,"label":642,"label_zh":643},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwithering-tea-leaves-water-loss-time-first-transformation","Withering Tea Leaves: Water Loss, Time and the First Transformation","茶葉萎凋：失水、時間與採後初變",{"to":645,"label":646,"label_zh":647},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffixing-tea-leaves-shaqing-heat-enzymes-turning-point","Fixing Tea Leaves (Shaqing): Heat, Enzymes and a Turning Point in Chinese Tea","茶葉殺青：熱、酶活性與中國製茶的轉折點",{"to":649,"label":650,"label_zh":651},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Frolling-tea-leaves-rounian-pressure-shape-cell-disruption","Rolling Tea Leaves (Rounian): Pressure, Shape and Controlled Cell Disruption","茶葉揉捻：壓力、形態與受控細胞破損",{"to":653,"label":654,"label_zh":655},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdrying-tea-leaves-moisture-heat-stability-finished-tea","Drying Tea Leaves: Moisture, Heat and the Stability of Finished Tea","茶葉乾燥：水分、熱量與成茶穩定",{"to":657,"label":658,"label_zh":659},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fsorting-grading-tea-leaf-size-shape-grade-meaning","Sorting and Grading Tea: Leaf Size, Shape and What a Grade Really Means","茶葉篩分與分級：葉片大小、形態與等級的真正含義",{"to":661,"label":662,"label_zh":663},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-blending-batch-construction-consistency-style-transparency","Tea Blending and Batch Construction: Consistency, Style and Transparent Labels","茶葉拼配與批次構建：穩定、風格與透明標示",{"to":665,"label":666,"label_zh":667},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-oxidation-post-fermentation-enzymes-microbes-terms","Oxidation and Post-Fermentation in Tea: Enzymes, Microbes and Misleading Labels","茶葉氧化與後發酵：酶、微生物與容易混淆的標籤",{"to":669,"label":670,"label_zh":671},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fyellow-tea-menhuang-moist-heat-time-tea-family","Yellow Tea and Menhuang: Moist Heat, Time and the Making of a Tea Family","黃茶與悶黃：溼熱、時間與一類茶的形成",{"to":673,"label":674,"label_zh":675},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Frefiring-roasting-tea-later-heat-aroma-finished-leaf","Re-Firing and Roasting Tea: Later Heat, Aroma and the Difference from Drying","茶葉復火與焙火：後段加熱、香氣及其與乾燥的區別",{"to":677,"label":678,"label_zh":679},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fjasmine-tea-scenting-flowers-repeated-rounds-aroma-transfer","Jasmine Tea and Scenting: Flowers, Repeated Rounds and How Aroma Enters Tea","茉莉花茶與窨制：鮮花、多次窨香與茶葉如何吸收香氣",{"to":681,"label":682,"label_zh":683},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-sensory-evaluation-appearance-aroma-taste-score-limits","Tea Sensory Evaluation: Appearance, Aroma, Taste and the Limits of a Score","茶葉感官審評：外形、香氣、滋味與分數的邊界",{"to":685,"label":686,"label_zh":687},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdoucha-song-tea-contests-whisked-tea-jian-bowls-modern-judging","Doucha: Tea Contests in Song China and the Limits of Modern Re-Creation","鬥茶：宋代茶事競賽與現代重現的邊界",{"to":689,"label":690,"label_zh":691},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fbeiyuan-tribute-tea-song-court-labour-imperial-label","Beiyuan Tribute Tea: Song Court Taste, Skilled Labour and the Limits of ‘Imperial Tea’","北苑貢茶：宋代宮廷品味、製茶勞作與“御茶”標籤的邊界",{"to":693,"label":694,"label_zh":695},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Freading-chinese-tea-classics-authorship-editions-recipe-limits","Reading Chinese Tea Classics: Authorship, Editions and the Limits of a ‘Recipe’","如何閱讀中國茶書：作者、版本與“配方”式解讀的邊界",{"to":697,"label":698,"label_zh":699},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-poetry-social-worlds-metaphor-historical-evidence","Tea in Chinese Poetry: Social Worlds, Metaphor and the Limits of Literary Evidence","中國詩歌中的茶：社會交往、詩意表達與文學證據的邊界",{"to":701,"label":702,"label_zh":703},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teahouses-commerce-conversation-performance-urban-publics","Chinese Teahouses: Commerce, Conversation, Performance and Changing Urban Publics","中國茶館：商業、交往、表演與變動中的城市公共生活",{"to":705,"label":706,"label_zh":707},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-painting-objects-social-worlds-visual-evidence","Tea in Chinese Painting: Objects, Social Worlds and the Limits of Visual Evidence","中國繪畫中的茶：器物、社會空間與視覺證據的邊界",{"to":709,"label":710,"label_zh":711},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-dream-of-the-red-chamber-hospitality-rank-labour-fiction","Tea in Dream of the Red Chamber: Hospitality, Rank, Labour and Fiction","《紅樓夢》中的茶：待客、等級、勞動與小說敘事",{"to":713,"label":714,"label_zh":715},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-travel-writing-roads-hospitality-regional-evidence","Tea in Chinese Travel Writing: Roads, Hospitality and the Limits of an Itinerary","中國遊記中的茶：道路、待客與行程證據的邊界",{"to":717,"label":718,"label_zh":719},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-letters-gifts-visits-friendship-private-writing","Tea in Chinese Letters: Gifts, Visits, Friendship and the Limits of ‘Private’ Writing","中國書信中的茶：饋贈、訪友、人情與“私語”證據的邊界",{"to":721,"label":722,"label_zh":723},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-tax-monopoly-imperial-china-fiscal-records-daily-life","Tea, Tax and Monopoly in Imperial China: Reading Fiscal Records Without Mistaking Revenue for Daily Life","中國曆代茶稅與專賣：財政記錄能告訴我們什麼，又不能告訴我們什麼",{"to":725,"label":726,"label_zh":727},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-local-gazetteers-place-production-local-knowledge","Tea in Chinese Local Gazetteers: Place, Production and the Limits of Local Knowledge","中國地方誌中的茶：產地、生產與地方知識的邊界",{"to":729,"label":730,"label_zh":731},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-materia-medica-names-preparations-medical-claims","Tea in Chinese Materia Medica: Names, Preparations and the Limits of Medical Claims","中國本草中的茶：名稱、製法與醫藥記載的邊界",{"to":733,"label":734,"label_zh":735},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-chinese-buddhist-monastic-rules-ceremony-office-origin-stories","Tea in Chinese Buddhist Monastic Rules: Ceremony, Office and the Limits of Origin Stories","中國佛教清規中的茶：禮儀、職事與起源故事的邊界",{"to":144,"label":145,"label_zh":146,"children":737},[738,742,746,750,754,758,762,766,770,774,778,782],{"to":739,"label":740,"label_zh":741},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Forigins-history-of-the-guqin","A History of the Guqin: Objects, Texts and Living Music","古琴的歷史：實物、文獻與傳習",{"to":743,"label":744,"label_zh":745},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fanatomy-of-the-guqin","How the Guqin Works: Strings, Body and Sound","古琴如何發聲：琴絃、琴身與結構",{"to":747,"label":748,"label_zh":749},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fplaying-technique-and-notation","Playing the Guqin: Gesture, Notation and Interpretation","古琴怎樣彈、怎樣讀譜：指法、減字譜與詮釋",{"to":751,"label":752,"label_zh":753},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Ffamous-melodies-and-stories","Guqin Melodies: Stories, Versions and Ways to Listen","聽懂古琴名曲：故事、版本與聆聽線索",{"to":755,"label":756,"label_zh":757},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-as-taoist-cultivation","Guqin and Daoist Cultivation: Listening, Practice and Limits","古琴與道家修養：聆聽、練習與邊界",{"to":759,"label":760,"label_zh":761},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Ffurther-listening-and-study","Learning the Guqin: Listening, Sources and Finding a Teacher","怎樣學古琴：聆聽、資料與擇師",{"to":763,"label":764,"label_zh":765},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-tables-playing-spaces","Guqin Tables and Playing Spaces: Support, Posture and Listening","古琴桌與彈琴空間：承托、坐姿與聆聽",{"to":767,"label":768,"label_zh":769},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fhow-to-read-guqin-handbook-tablature-editions-dapu","How to Read a Guqin Handbook: Tablature, Editions and Dapu","如何讀古琴譜：減字譜、版本與打譜",{"to":771,"label":772,"label_zh":773},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Freading-guqin-lacquer-layers-crack-patterns-repair","Reading Guqin Lacquer: Layers, Crack Patterns and Repair","讀懂古琴漆面：漆層、斷紋與修繕",{"to":775,"label":776,"label_zh":777},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Freading-guqin-inscriptions-seals-names-dates-provenance","Reading Guqin Inscriptions and Seals: Names, Dates and Provenance","讀懂古琴銘款與印章：琴名、年代與流傳",{"to":779,"label":780,"label_zh":781},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin\u002Fguqin-forms-zhongni-banana-leaf-shapes","Guqin Forms: Reading Zhongni, Banana-Leaf and Other 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Painting","山水畫：怎樣讀懂中國山水",{"to":801,"label":802,"label_zh":803},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fbirds-flowers-four-gentlemen","Birds, Flowers and the Four Gentlemen in Chinese Painting","中國畫中的花鳥與四君子",{"to":805,"label":806,"label_zh":807},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fpainting-as-taoist-cultivation","Painting and Taoist Cultivation: Images, Ideas and Practice","繪畫與道家修養：影像、觀念與實踐",{"to":809,"label":810,"label_zh":811},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fgreat-masters-further-study","Chinese Painting Masters: A Guided Path","中國畫名家與進階研習",{"to":813,"label":814,"label_zh":815},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-handscroll","How to Read a Chinese Handscroll: Sequence, Colophons and Seals","怎樣觀看中國手卷：展開順序、題跋與印章",{"to":817,"label":818,"label_zh":819},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-fan-painting","Chinese Fan Painting: Shape, Brushwork and the Art of the Small Format","中國扇面書畫：形制、筆墨與方寸之美",{"to":821,"label":822,"label_zh":823},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-painting-album","How to Read a Chinese Painting Album: Leaves, Sequence and Intimate Viewing","如何閱讀中國畫冊頁：開頁、次序與案頭觀看",{"to":825,"label":826,"label_zh":827},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-scholars-rocks","Chinese Scholars’ Rocks: Stone, Display and Imagined Landscapes","中國文人賞石：石質、陳設與想像山水",{"to":829,"label":830,"label_zh":831},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fhow-to-read-chinese-hanging-scroll","How to Read a Chinese Hanging Scroll: Vertical Space, Mounting and Display","如何閱讀中國立軸：縱向空間、裝裱與陳設",{"to":833,"label":834,"label_zh":835},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-screens-space-painting","Chinese Screens: Space, Painting and the Art of the Fold","中國屏風：空間、影像與開合之藝",{"to":837,"label":838,"label_zh":839},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fmounting-chinese-painting","Mounting Chinese Painting: Silk Borders, Backing Papers and the Life of a Scroll","中國畫裝裱：綾邊、托紙與卷軸的生命",{"to":841,"label":842,"label_zh":843},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fchinese-portrait-painting-likeness-role-ancestral-memory","Chinese Portrait Painting: Likeness, Role and Ancestral Memory","中國肖像畫：形神、身份與祖先記憶",{"to":845,"label":846,"label_zh":847},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting\u002Fthree-distances-chinese-landscape-painting","The Three Distances in Chinese Landscape Painting: High, Deep and Level Space","中國山水畫的“三遠”：高遠、深遠與平遠",{"to":154,"label":155,"label_zh":156,"children":849},[850,854,858,862,866,870,874,878,882],{"to":851,"label":852,"label_zh":853},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Forigins-history-of-incense-culture","Origins and History of Chinese Incense Culture","中國香文化的源流與歷史",{"to":855,"label":856,"label_zh":857},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Faromatic-materials-fragrant-woods","Aromatic Materials: Woods, Resins and Responsible Sourcing","香材指南：香木、樹脂與負責任的來源",{"to":859,"label":860,"label_zh":861},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fforms-and-art-of-appreciation","Incense Forms and the Art of Appreciation","香的形態與品香方法",{"to":863,"label":864,"label_zh":865},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fincense-in-ritual-and-temple-life","Incense in Daoist Ritual and Temple Life","香在道教科儀與宮觀生活中",{"to":867,"label":868,"label_zh":869},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fincense-meditation-taoist-practice","Incense, Meditation and Taoist Practice","香、靜坐與道家修習",{"to":871,"label":872,"label_zh":873},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Learning Chinese Incense: Reading and Practice","學習中國香文化：閱讀與實踐",{"to":875,"label":876,"label_zh":877},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-burners","Chinese Incense Burners: Bronze, Ceramic, Form and Context","中國香爐：青銅、陶瓷、形制與使用語境",{"to":879,"label":880,"label_zh":881},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-seals-fragrant-time","Chinese Incense Seals: Ash, Patterns and Fragrant Time","中國香篆：香灰、篆紋與芬芳計時",{"to":883,"label":884,"label_zh":885},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense\u002Fchinese-incense-sets-burner-box-vase-tools","Chinese Incense Sets: Burner, Box, Vase and Tools","中國香具三式：爐、盒、瓶與匙箸",{"to":158,"label":159,"label_zh":160,"children":887},[888,892,896,900,904,908,912],{"to":889,"label":890,"label_zh":891},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Forigins-history-of-floral-art","A History of Chinese Flower Arrangement: Vessels, Pictures and Voices","中國插花史：器物、影像與文字中的花事",{"to":893,"label":894,"label_zh":895},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fprinciples-of-flower-arrangement","Chinese Flower Arrangement: Line, Balance and Ways of Looking","中國插花構圖：線條、平衡與觀看方法",{"to":897,"label":898,"label_zh":899},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fvessels-tools-and-composition","Choosing Flower Vessels and Tools: Form, Support and Care","選擇花器與工具：形制、支撐和養護",{"to":901,"label":902,"label_zh":903},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fseasonal-flowers-and-symbolism","Seasonal Flowers and Symbolism: How to Read Context","時令花材與象徵：怎樣結合語境來讀",{"to":905,"label":906,"label_zh":907},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fflower-arrangement-as-cultivation","Flower Arrangement as Cultivation: Attention, Change and Limits","插花與修養：專注、變化與界限",{"to":909,"label":910,"label_zh":911},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Ffurther-reading-and-practice","Further Reading and Practice: Sources, Museums and a First Month","延伸閱讀與練習：史料、博物館與第一個月",{"to":913,"label":914,"label_zh":915},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement\u002Fchinese-flower-baskets-weaving-painting-vessels","Chinese Flower Baskets: Weaving, Painting and the 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It brings together observations of landform, orientation, water, buildings and correlative cosmology. It should not be reduced to decorative rules, nor presented as a scientifically proven way to guarantee health, wealth or relationships.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>\u003Cem>Classes introduce core vocabulary, the distinction between major approaches and the cultural contexts in which feng shui has been practised. Contemporary applications are discussed critically. Students remain responsible for property, financial and personal decisions and should seek qualified professional advice where those decisions carry material consequences.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>風水形成於不同的流派、典籍與專業傳統，綜合觀察地形、方位、水勢、建築以及陰陽五行等關聯性宇宙觀。它不應被簡化為裝飾規則，也不能被宣傳為保證健康、財富或關係結果的科學方法。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程介紹基本術語、主要方法的差別，以及風水在歷史社會中的實踐語境，並以批判態度討論當代應用。涉及房產、財務或其他重大決定時，學員仍應根據事實判斷，並諮詢具備資質的相關專業人士。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Ffeng-shui-learning",[937,938,939,940],"wudang\u002Fevents\u002FYpvXV9T4BG3YVD0NQ150.webp","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FfhZyCVAEQXsL76XmGdVp.webp","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FAt5a8W2EGZ9IhDUbI4f3.avif","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FBKPjfYeMNJ617LWJ7tgv.avif",[942,943,944,945],"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FYpvXV9T4BG3YVD0NQ150.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FfhZyCVAEQXsL76XmGdVp.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FAt5a8W2EGZ9IhDUbI4f3.avif","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FBKPjfYeMNJ617LWJ7tgv.avif",{"en":947,"zh":948},"Feng Shui Classes and Courses","風水課程：方位、形勢與空間觀念入門",{"en":931,"zh":950},"從歷史、環境與文化語境學習風水，理解方位、形勢與空間觀念，同時明確傳統解釋與科學證據的界限。",0,true,"active","2026-07-13T05:17:57.000000Z","2026-09-25T03:51:12.000000Z",{"id":60,"uuid":957,"slug":958,"available_locales":959,"name":960,"description":963,"body":966,"path":969,"images":970,"image_urls":971,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":972,"seo_description":975,"sort_order":951,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":978,"updated_at":955},"c85bf6cc-b84e-4c36-bbd7-9e92b53bbe50","internal-arts-wellness",[924,925,926],{"en":961,"zh":962},"Internal Arts & Wellness","內家功法與養生",{"en":964,"zh":965},"Classes, workshops and retreats in Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong and traditional practices for movement, breathing and mindful cultivation.","彙集八段錦、太極拳、氣功及傳統身心修習的課程、工作坊與靜修活動。",{"en":967,"zh":968},"\u003Cp>Explore small-group classes, workshops and retreats introducing Wudang internal arts and traditional wellness practices. Programmes may include Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong, standing practice, breathing and their cultural foundations.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Each listing provides its teacher, schedule, experience level and registration arrangements.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>本類別彙集武當內家功法與傳統養生修習的小班課程、工作坊及靜修活動，內容可涵蓋八段錦、太極拳、氣功、站樁、呼吸練習及相關文化基礎。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>每項活動都會註明導師、日期、適合程度與報名方式，方便參加者選擇合適的學習體驗。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Finternal-arts-wellness",[],[],{"en":973,"zh":974},"Internal Arts & Wellness Events","內家功法與養生活動",{"en":976,"zh":977},"Explore Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong and traditional wellness classes, workshops and retreats listed by Wudang.Org.","探索八段錦、太極拳、氣功與傳統養生課程、工作坊及靜修活動。","2026-08-16T19:23:45.000000Z",{"id":980,"uuid":981,"slug":982,"available_locales":983,"name":984,"description":987,"body":988,"path":989,"images":990,"image_urls":991,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":992,"seo_description":994,"sort_order":951,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":997,"updated_at":955},10,"884ed965-8c72-49e2-acee-0fc2f7aec70a","face-reading-learning",[924,925,926],{"en":985,"zh":986},"Face Reading Learning","面相課程",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fface-reading-learning",[],[],{"en":993},"Chinese Face Reading Classes and Workshops",{"en":995,"zh":996},"Learn Chinese face reading (面相) as a cultural tradition: its classical framework, history and uses, taught with clear limits on predictive claims.","把面相作為中國傳統文化來學習：認識其經典框架、歷史與用法，並清楚說明傳統詮釋的邊界。","2026-08-30T17:01:43.000000Z",{"id":999,"uuid":1000,"slug":1001,"available_locales":1002,"name":1003,"description":1006,"body":1008,"path":1011,"images":1012,"image_urls":1013,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1014,"seo_description":1017,"sort_order":38,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":954,"updated_at":955},2,"8792a80b-d0c8-4ef9-9634-5cb91827932b","zi-wei-dou-shu-learning",[924,925,926],{"en":1004,"zh":1005},"Zi Wei Dou Shu Learning","紫微斗數課程",{"en":1007,"zh":3},"Explore Purple Star Astrology as a traditional Chinese interpretive system, approached as cultural knowledge rather than scientific prediction.",{"en":1009,"zh":1010},"\u003Cp>Zi Wei Dou Shu 紫微鬥數 organises birth information through palaces, stars and patterned relationships. The system has a substantial technical vocabulary and several interpretive traditions, but its predictive claims are not established by modern scientific evidence.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Courses explain how charts are structured, how symbols are read and how historical and contemporary practitioners differ. The aim is cultural literacy and disciplined reflection—not certainty about the future. Readings do not replace medical, legal, financial, employment or psychological expertise.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>紫微斗數依據出生資訊，以宮位、星曜和彼此關係組織命盤。它具有複雜的術語與多種解釋傳統，但其預測主張並未得到現代科學證據的確立。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程說明命盤結構、符號閱讀方法，以及歷史與當代實踐者之間的差異。學習目的在於文化理解與有紀律的自我反思，而不是獲得關於未來的確定答案。相關解讀不能代替醫療、法律、財務、就業或心理專業意見。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu-learning",[],[],{"en":1015,"zh":1016},"Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology) Classes","紫微斗數課程：命盤、宮位與星曜入門",{"en":1007,"zh":1018},"把紫微斗數作為中國傳統詮釋體系來學習，認識命盤、宮位與星曜，不把它包裝成科學預測。",{"id":247,"uuid":1020,"slug":1021,"available_locales":1022,"name":1023,"description":1026,"body":1027,"path":1028,"images":1029,"image_urls":1030,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1031,"seo_description":1034,"sort_order":38,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":1037,"updated_at":955},"09958025-4f1d-40e6-ae1c-8b1517ac824e","tea-arts",[924,925,926],{"en":1024,"zh":1025},"Tea Arts","茶藝",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Ftea-arts",[],[],{"en":1032,"zh":1033},"Chinese Tea Art Classes and Workshops","茶藝課程與工作坊",{"en":1035,"zh":1036},"Chinese tea art (茶藝) classes and workshops: tea types, brewing methods, tea-table etiquette and the quiet attention of sharing tea.","茶藝課程與工作坊：認識茶類、泡茶方法與茶席禮儀，在一席茶中體會從容與專注。","2026-08-16T17:13:57.000000Z",{"id":242,"uuid":1039,"slug":1040,"available_locales":1041,"name":1042,"description":1045,"body":1047,"path":1050,"images":1051,"image_urls":1052,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1053,"seo_description":1056,"sort_order":999,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":954,"updated_at":955},"e52a261e-348a-4b8a-bd51-43f4e6b1d861","ba-zi-learning",[924,925,926],{"en":1043,"zh":1044},"Ba Zi Learning","八字課程",{"en":1046,"zh":3},"Study the Four Pillars as a traditional system of stems, branches and five-phase correspondence, with history and limitations made explicit.",{"en":1048,"zh":1049},"\u003Cp>Ba Zi 八字 interprets year, month, day and hour through the heavenly stems, earthly branches, yin-yang and five-phase relationships. It is an influential part of Chinese metaphysical culture, not an observational science in the modern empirical sense.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Classes introduce chart structure, terminology and common interpretive methods while distinguishing tradition from evidence. Students are encouraged to treat readings as prompts for reflection and never as guarantees, diagnoses or substitutes for professional advice.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>八字以年、月、日、時四柱為框架，通過天干、地支、陰陽與五行關係進行解釋。它是中國術數文化中影響深遠的傳統體系，並非現代經驗科學。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程介紹命盤結構、基本術語和常見詮釋方法，同時說明傳統觀點與科學證據的差別。學員可把解讀作為反思的線索，但不應把它當作保證、診斷，或任何專業意見的替代品。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fba-zi-learning",[],[],{"en":1054,"zh":1055},"BaZi (Four Pillars) Classes and Courses","八字課程：四柱、天干地支與五行入門",{"en":1046,"zh":1057},"學習四柱中的天干、地支與五行關係，理解其歷史與方法，也清楚區分傳統詮釋和現代實證知識。",{"id":69,"uuid":1059,"slug":1060,"available_locales":1061,"name":1062,"description":1065,"body":1066,"path":1067,"images":1068,"image_urls":1069,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1070,"seo_description":1073,"sort_order":999,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":1037,"updated_at":955},"76718b8e-3137-42fc-a257-c9e318b3e364","incense-culture",[924,925,926],{"en":1063,"zh":1064},"Incense Culture","香文化",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fincense-culture",[],[],{"en":1071,"zh":1072},"Chinese Incense Culture Workshops","香文化活動與工作坊",{"en":1074,"zh":1075},"Workshops on Chinese incense culture (香文化): aromatic materials, traditional ways of preparing and appreciating incense, and incense as calm attention.","香文化活動與工作坊：認識香材、傳統制香與品香方式，在一爐香中練習安靜與專注。",{"id":1077,"uuid":1078,"slug":1079,"available_locales":1080,"name":1081,"description":1084,"body":1087,"path":1090,"images":1091,"image_urls":1092,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1093,"seo_description":1095,"sort_order":999,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":1096,"updated_at":955},11,"c39cc557-40eb-4266-9736-7fb84891d407","i-ching-learning",[924,925,926],{"en":1082,"zh":1083},"I Ching Learning","易經課程",{"en":1085,"zh":1086},"Explore the I Ching through its hexagrams, traditional interpretive methods and historical context, with scope and limitations made explicit.","通過卦象、傳統解讀方法與歷史語境認識《易經》，並清楚說明其適用範圍與侷限。",{"en":1088,"zh":1089},"\u003Cp>The I Ching 易經 is a classical Chinese text centred on sixty-four hexagrams and a long history of commentary and divination. It has shaped Chinese philosophy, cosmology and metaphysical practice, but its divinatory claims are not established as modern empirical science.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Classes introduce structures, terminology and traditional methods such as Liu Yao while distinguishing cultural study from evidence. Readings should be treated as prompts for reflection, not guarantees, diagnoses or substitutes for professional advice.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>《易經》是一部以六十四卦為核心的中國經典，形成了悠久的註疏與占筮傳統，並深刻影響中國哲學、宇宙觀與術數文化；其占筮主張並非現代經驗科學所證實。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程介紹基本結構、術語和六爻等傳統方法，同時區分文化學習與科學證據。解讀宜作為反思線索，不應視為保證、診斷或任何專業意見的替代品。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fi-ching-learning",[],[],{"en":1094,"zh":1083},"I Ching Classes and Courses",{"en":1085,"zh":1086},"2026-09-08T00:15:35.000000Z",{"id":21,"uuid":1098,"slug":1099,"available_locales":1100,"name":1101,"description":1104,"body":1107,"path":1110,"images":1111,"image_urls":1112,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1113,"seo_description":1116,"sort_order":242,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":1119,"updated_at":955},"ee2330c6-5a3e-4ac2-a2d1-1a0dc110c58c","traditional-arts-crafts",[924,925,926],{"en":1102,"zh":1103},"Traditional Arts & Crafts","傳統藝術與手作",{"en":1105,"zh":1106},"Hands-on workshops exploring Chinese handicrafts and decorative arts through guided making and cultural appreciation.","通過親手製作與文化欣賞，體驗中國傳統手作及裝飾藝術。",{"en":1108,"zh":1109},"\u003Cp>Discover practical workshops in Chinese decorative arts and handcraft traditions. Activities may include gold-leaf painting, cloisonné enamel, mother-of-pearl work, Song brocade and other guided projects.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>These welcoming sessions introduce materials, techniques and cultural context while allowing participants to complete a piece of their own.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>本類別彙集中國傳統裝飾藝術與手作體驗，內容可涵蓋金箔畫、掐絲琺琅、螺鈿工藝、宋錦及其他創作專案。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程以輕鬆易懂的方式介紹材料、技法與文化背景，讓參加者在導師帶領下完成屬於自己的作品。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Ftraditional-arts-crafts",[],[],{"en":1114,"zh":1115},"Traditional Arts & Crafts Events","傳統藝術與手作活動",{"en":1117,"zh":1118},"Explore Chinese handicraft and decorative arts workshops, including gold-leaf, cloisonné, mother-of-pearl and brocade.","探索金箔畫、掐絲琺琅、螺鈿、宋錦等中國傳統手作及裝飾藝術體驗。","2026-08-16T19:24:04.000000Z",{"id":212,"uuid":1121,"slug":1122,"available_locales":1123,"name":1124,"description":1127,"body":1130,"path":1133,"images":1134,"image_urls":1135,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1136,"seo_description":1138,"sort_order":247,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":1141,"updated_at":955},"824f78c1-1181-4983-bae5-77e7cdbbbc1d","wudang-community",[924,925,926],{"en":1125,"zh":1126},"Wudang Community","武當社群活動",{"en":1128,"zh":1129},"Talks, broadcasts and community gatherings connecting people with Wudang culture, learning and living practice.","通過講座、直播與社群聚會，連線武當文化、學習與日常實踐。",{"en":1131,"zh":1132},"\u003Cp>Wudang Community brings together public talks, livestreams, gatherings and shared cultural activities connected with Wudang.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>These programmes create welcoming ways to meet practitioners, explore ideas and participate in a growing community of learning and practice.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>武當社群活動彙集與武當文化相關的公開講座、直播、聚會及共享文化體驗。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>這些活動以友善開放的方式連線練習者與學習者，讓大家交流心得、認識傳統，並共同參與持續發展的文化社群。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-community",[],[],{"en":1137,"zh":1126},"Wudang Community Events",{"en":1139,"zh":1140},"Discover Wudang community talks, broadcasts and gatherings connecting people with culture, learning and living practice.","探索連線武當文化、學習與日常實踐的講座、直播及社群聚會。","2026-08-16T19:24:18.000000Z",{"id":16,"uuid":1143,"slug":1144,"available_locales":1145,"name":1146,"description":1149,"body":1150,"path":1151,"images":1152,"image_urls":1153,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1154,"seo_description":1157,"sort_order":69,"is_active":952,"status":953,"created_at":1160,"updated_at":955},"25641c0b-8e5a-46d7-9b18-95c344015f97","wudang-journeys-retreats",[924,925,926],{"en":1147,"zh":1148},"Wudang Journeys & Retreats","武當旅修與行程",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-journeys-retreats",[],[],{"en":1155,"zh":1156},"Wudang Mountain Retreats and Guided Journeys","武當山旅修與靜修行程",{"en":1158,"zh":1159},"Guided journeys and retreats to Wudang Mountain that combine practice, temple visits and cultural learning, with itineraries and expectations set out clearly.","前往武當山的旅修與靜修：結合修習、宮觀參訪與文化學習，提前說明行程安排與參加須知。","2026-08-18T11:09:38.000000Z",{"data":1162},{"hero_type":1163,"hero_image":1164,"hero_image_alt":1165,"hero_youtube_id":1166,"hero_content_on":952,"hero_heading":1167,"hero_subheading":1168,"hero_text":1169,"hero_subheading_zh":1170,"hero_text_zh":1171,"hero_buttons":1172,"home_seo":1178,"page_layout":1184,"shop_enabled":1185,"contact":1186,"journey":1202},"image","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fsite\u002Fwudanghomepagehero.webp","Wudang mountain temple in mist","VgirFbjpiy4","武當文化，道在日常\nWudang Culture, Practised with Purpose","A place for learning. A home for living culture.","Explore Taoist thought, internal arts, literati traditions and Wudang Mountain through grounded learning in Singapore and beyond.","這裡既是學習之地，也是讓文化融入日常的所在。","從道家思想、內家武術、文人雅藝與武當山出發，以清晰、踏實的方式，在新加坡及世界各地認識和體驗武當文化。",[1173,1175],{"label":1174,"link":278},"Start Your Wudang Journey",{"label":1176,"link":1177},"View Events & Courses","\u002Fevents",{"title":1179,"description":1181},{"en":1180,"zh":3},"Wudang Mountain: Tai Chi, Qigong & Taoist Culture",{"en":1182,"zh":1183},"Explore Wudang Mountain through Tai Chi, Qigong, Daoist philosophy, martial arts, traditional arts, wellness, culture and everyday life in Wudang.","從太極、氣功、道家思想、武術、傳統雅藝與養生文化認識武當山，探索武當文化及武當山的日常生活。","sidebar",false,{"methods":1187,"has_any":952,"text":1195},{"email":1188,"whatsapp":1189,"wechat_id":1190,"wechat_qr_url":1191,"instagram":1192,"instagram_handle":1193,"facebook":1194,"facebook_handle":1193},"hello@wudang.org","+6588169599","Cldjcll0305","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fcontact\u002Fkcs9Z5IEY7CugW2mEYA8.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fleewudang.sg","@leewudang.sg","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fleewudang.sg\u002F",{"china_heading_en":1196,"china_heading_zh":1197,"china_company_en":1198,"china_company_zh":1199,"china_address_en":1200,"china_address_zh":1201},"China Operations","中國運營","Xunwei Wudang Co., Ltd.","尋味武當有限公司","No. 72 Jianhe 2nd Road, Wangjiayuan, Wudang Mountain, Shiyan, Hubei, China","湖北省十堰市武當山王家園劍河二路72號",{"title_en":3,"title_zh":3,"intro_en":3,"intro_zh":3,"enabled":952},{"data":1204},{"to":721,"type":1205,"available_locales":1206,"is_content_page":952,"title":1207,"subtitle":1208,"body":1211,"hero_image_url":1214,"hero_width":1215,"hero_height":1216,"hero_image_alt":1217,"hero_image_decorative":1185,"hero_credit":1220,"hero_alt":1225,"hero_style":1226,"card_layout":1227,"link_type":3,"link_ref":3,"seo_title":1228,"seo_description":1231,"children":1234},"page",[924,925,926],{"en":722,"zh":723},{"en":1209,"zh":1210},"How Tang, Song and Yuan taxes, monopolies and certificates organized tea—and why official numbers never describe the whole market or everyday cup.","唐、宋、元的茶稅、專賣與茶引如何組織流通，以及官方數字為何從來不能代表完整市場與日常飲茶生活。",{"en":1212,"zh":1213},"\u003Ch2>A fiscal record is an instrument, not a mirror\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Tea appears because a government wanted something counted\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Tax registers, statutes, memorials and dynastic treatises usually record tea when an administration sought revenue, supply, control or punishment. They are excellent evidence for official categories and institutional ambitions, but they do not automatically describe how every household bought, brewed or valued tea. Begin by asking why the record was made. Our guides to the \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Forigins-history-of-tea-culture\">history of Chinese tea culture\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Freading-chinese-tea-classics-authorship-editions-recipe-limits\">reading tea classics\u003C\u002Fa> provide the broader chronology and the same source-critical discipline.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>“Tax,” “monopoly” and “license” are not interchangeable\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>A levy may take a share of value or goods; a monopoly may reserve purchase, transport or sale to the state; a license or certificate may authorize movement through a regulated circuit. More than one mechanism can operate at once, and rules could differ by region and period. Translate the institution only after identifying the office, commodity, route, payer and transaction that the source names.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>The Tang record marks a fiscal turning point\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>A tenth in 793 is a documented policy, not tea’s birthday\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>The \u003Cem>Old Book of Tang\u003C\u002Fem> records that in 793 tea was taxed at one-tenth at producing prefectures, tea mountains and merchants’ routes. The entry is powerful evidence for a regular state levy and for officials’ awareness of a wide trade. It does not mean tea was previously unknown, uniformly consumed or suddenly commercialized in one year. A fiscal beginning and a cultural beginning are different questions.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Repeated tolls and illicit trade belong to the same story\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>The \u003Cem>New Book of Tang\u003C\u002Fem> describes merchants facing multiple exactions and goods exposed while offices collected charges; it also connects severe controls with expanding illicit traffic. Such passages show friction among central rules, local collection and mobile commerce. They should not be reduced to a simple contest between a coherent state and a single underground market.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>The Song made tea part of a larger fiscal network\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Offices, producing zones and certificates connected distant places\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Song arrangements joined tea gardens, official purchasing, monopoly offices, merchants, transport routes and the capital. Christian Lamouroux’s study of the Southern Huai zone shows that administration had a geography: reorganizing tea helped channel resources toward Kaifeng and integrate territory after political fragmentation. Read this beside \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-landscapes-china-gardens-forests-terraces-living-knowledge\">tea landscapes\u003C\u002Fa>; the same leaf entered both an ecological place and an administrative map.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>A certificate could link tea to frontier supply\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Merchants delivering grain or fodder to northern frontiers could receive claims redeemable through tea or other values. The \u003Cem>Songshi jishi benmo\u003C\u002Fem> preserves debates over certificates, prices and the difference between nominal and realizable value. Tea therefore functioned not only as a drink or bulk commodity but also inside a financial chain. This complements, without duplicating, the history of \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-horse-trade-networks-routes-markets-cultural-exchange\">tea–horse trade networks\u003C\u002Fa>.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>Changing laws reveal competing purposes\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Monopoly and taxed commerce were policy choices\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Song officials repeatedly argued over official purchase, merchant access, garden-household burdens, border provisioning, revenue and enforcement. Periods of stricter monopoly and periods of more open commerce with taxation were not a straight march toward either state control or a free market. Wang Gungwu Liu’s account of the Song fiscal state places tea among broader taxes on commerce and consumption; tea policy changed as military and financial pressures changed.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Revenue figures may record an administrative claim\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>A quota, assessed amount, gross receipt, net return and cash actually available are different numbers. Storage losses, transport, salaries, purchase advances, unsold tea and discounted certificates could stand between them. A large figure can prove that administrators valued an account; it cannot by itself prove state profit, producer prosperity or the quantity people drank.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>People appear unevenly behind the categories\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>“Garden households” were not a single experience\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Fiscal texts may group growers as households owing tea, rent or cash, but soil, garden size, access to buyers and vulnerability to officials varied. Rules about advances or compulsory purchase affected labour and timing without recording every picker, sorter or carrier. Continue with \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fpicking-tea-china-seasons-bud-leaf-standards-skilled-labour\">skilled tea picking\u003C\u002Fa> and the guides to \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwithering-tea-leaves-water-loss-time-first-transformation\">withering\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffixing-tea-leaves-shaqing-heat-enzymes-turning-point\">fixing\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdrying-tea-leaves-moisture-heat-stability-finished-tea\">drying\u003C\u002Fa> to recover work that a revenue column compresses.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Merchants could carry both goods and paper claims\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Merchant participation ranged from buying and transport to financing, certificate trading and negotiation with offices. Lamouroux’s analysis of certificate circulation points to organized merchant power within the monopoly, not merely obedience outside it. Yet “merchant” still hides differences of scale, capital, region and political access; one privileged guild cannot represent every peddler or porter.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FJnsUURgBIJ48ObJzOzeE.webp\" alt=\"Blank paper packets, unmarked tea parcel, loose tea, plain wooden tally and brass balance on a cool slate worktable\">\u003Cfigcaption>AI-generated conceptual still life of measurement, licensing and trade. Every object is fictional and documents no real tax office, account, tea parcel or transaction.\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\u003Ch2>Prohibition creates an archive of what escaped control\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Penalties reveal anxiety more readily than prevalence\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Tang and Song sources describe illicit sale, transport and concealment, sometimes with severe punishments. These provisions show what authorities wanted to deter and which boundaries they tried to police. A harsh statute does not tell us how often it was applied, how much tea evaded collection or how communities judged the offence. Law, reported case and everyday practice must remain separate.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Official paperwork privileges the official field of vision\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Accounts preserve taxable flows better than gifts, home production, informal credit or unpaid household work. Even confiscation records begin where enforcement noticed something. Compare this selective archive with tea in \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-letters-gifts-visits-friendship-private-writing\">letters and gifts\u003C\u002Fa>, \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teahouses-commerce-conversation-performance-urban-publics\">teahouses\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-travel-writing-roads-hospitality-regional-evidence\">travel writing\u003C\u002Fa>; each genre makes different people and actions visible.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>Yuan continuity did not produce an unchanging system\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Licenses and tea offices were adapted to new circumstances\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>The economic treatise in the \u003Cem>History of Yuan\u003C\u002Fem> describes tea certificates, tea offices and measures against unlicensed tea, while also preserving complaints about burdens imposed on people. Its retrospective statement that developed monopoly rules began after the Tang is a later historical interpretation, not a neutral eyewitness summary. Use it to study Yuan administration and memory together.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>Comparison requires dates, regions and units\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Do not place a Tang percentage, a Song cash quota and a Yuan license count in one table as if they measured the same thing. First identify whether a number concerns assessed tax, commodity weight, certificate face value, sale proceeds or penalties; then check the calendar, currency, jurisdiction and manuscript or edition. Apparent precision can conceal incompatible categories.\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>A seven-question method for reading tea finance\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>Move from the column to the system around it\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>Begin with the record or a reliable edition, then ask seven questions:\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>Who created the record, for which office and decision?\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Is the figure a quota, assessment, gross receipt, net return, price or certificate value?\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Which region, date, tea form and stage of trade does it cover?\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Who was required to grow, sell, carry, buy, redeem or report?\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>What costs, losses, exemptions or local surcharges sit outside the total?\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>What enforcement problem does the rule name, and do cases show it in action?\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>Which domestic exchanges, labourers and illicit flows remain invisible?\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Ch2>Primary records, scholarship and further reading\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>Read the tea-tax entries in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fctext.org\u002Fwiki.pl?chapter=44945&if=gb\">\u003Cem>Old Book of Tang\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fctext.org\u002Fwiki.pl?chapter=691717&if=en\">\u003Cem>New Book of Tang\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fa>; follow Song policy debates in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fctext.org\u002Fwiki.pl?chapter=123483&if=gb\">\u003Cem>Songshi jishi benmo\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fa> and later licensed trade in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fctext.org\u002Fwiki.pl?chapter=1972134&if=gb\">\u003Cem>History of Yuan\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fa>. For modern analysis, use Christian Lamouroux’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fbooks\u002Fabs\u002Fcambridge-companion-to-song-china\u002Ftaxation-in-song-china\u002FE7C3E1C5260A684F36D6B82DE6F902DC\">“Taxation in Song China”\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fannales-histoire-sciences-sociales\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Forganisation-territoriale-et-monopole-du-the-dans-la-chine-des-song-9601059\u002F0E08468ED0EF0C14AA627A59B0C8D012\">study of territory and monopoly\u003C\u002Fa>, together with Wang Gungwu Liu’s \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fehr.12057\">study of the Song fiscal state\u003C\u002Fa>. Continue with \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fbeiyuan-tribute-tea-song-court-labour-imperial-label\">Beiyuan tribute tea\u003C\u002Fa> and \u003Ca href=\"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fcompressed-tea-cakes-bricks-trade-storage-object-reading\">compressed tea as a traded object\u003C\u002Fa>.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Ch2>財政記錄是治理工具，不是日常生活的鏡子\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>茶之所以被寫入，是因為官府要對某件事計數\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>稅冊、法令、奏議和正史食貨志，通常在官府需要徵收收入、調動物資、控制流通或懲處違法時寫到茶。它們非常適合研究官方分類與制度目標，卻不能自動說明每個家庭如何買茶、泡茶或理解茶。第一步應問：這份記錄為何產生？可先結合本站的\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Forigins-history-of-tea-culture\">中國茶文化史\u003C\u002Fa>與\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Freading-chinese-tea-classics-authorship-editions-recipe-limits\">茶書閱讀方法\u003C\u002Fa>，建立時間背景與同樣的史料意識。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>“稅”“專賣”與“茶引”不能互換\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>稅可以按貨值或實物抽取一定比例；專賣可能把收購、運輸或銷售的一環保留給官府；憑引則可能准許茶在特定管制網路中流通。數種機制常會並行，而且不同地區、不同時段的規定未必相同。解釋名詞之前，先確認史料所說的是哪個機構、哪類茶、哪條路線、誰繳納以及哪一次交易。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>唐代記錄標出一個財政轉折點\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>貞元九年的“十稅一”不是茶的誕生日期\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>《舊唐書》記載，793年在產茶州縣、茶山以及商人通行要道按時價“每十稅一”。這條材料有力證明國家建立了經常性茶稅，也說明官員意識到茶葉貿易範圍廣泛；但它不等於茶此前無人飲用、各地消費一致，或商業化在一年之內突然完成。財政起點與文化起點是兩個問題。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>重複徵收與私販屬於同一段歷史\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>《新唐書》寫到茶商沿途遭遇重稅，貨物因徵收而露積受損，也把嚴厲管制與私販增加聯絡起來。這類記載揭示中央法令、地方徵收與流動貿易之間的摩擦，卻不宜簡化為一個內部一致的“國家”對抗一個同質的“黑市”。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>宋代把茶嵌入更大的財政網路\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>官署、產區與憑引把遠方連在一起\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>宋代制度把茶園、官府收購、榷貨機構、商人、運輸路線和京城連線起來。Christian Lamouroux對淮南榷茶區的研究表明，行政有明確的地理維度：茶政重組既把資源導向開封，也服務於分裂之後的領土整合。可與\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-landscapes-china-gardens-forests-terraces-living-knowledge\">中國茶園與茶山景觀\u003C\u002Fa>對讀；同一片葉子同時進入生態空間與行政地圖。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>一張交引能夠把茶與邊疆軍需相連\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>商人向北方邊地輸送糧草後，可能取得以茶或其他財貨兌現的憑券。《宋史紀事本末》儲存了有關交引、價格以及票面價值與實際可兌價值之差的爭論。於是，茶不只是飲品和大宗商品，也進入一條金融鏈。這與\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-horse-trade-networks-routes-markets-cultural-exchange\">茶馬貿易網路\u003C\u002Fa>互相補充，而不是重複同一主題。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>法令反覆改變，顯出多重政策目標\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>官榷與通商徵稅都是制度選擇\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>宋代官員不斷爭論官府收購、商人准入、園戶負擔、邊儲、歲入與禁私。加強專賣與放寬通商徵稅並非一條通向“國家控制”或“自由市場”的直線。Wang Gungwu Liu對宋代財政國家的研究把茶放進更廣泛的商業稅與消費稅中；軍事和財政壓力改變時，茶法也隨之調整。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>收入數字可能只是行政口徑\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>定額、應徵數、毛收入、淨收益與真正可支用的現錢不是同一個數字。倉儲損耗、運輸、官吏俸給、預付本錢、滯銷官茶和折價交引，都可能夾在其間。大數字能夠證明官府重視一套賬目，卻不能單獨證明國家獲利、茶戶富裕或民間實際飲茶量。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>制度分類背後的人出現得很不均衡\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>“園戶”並非一種完全相同的生活\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>財政文書可能把種茶者統稱為繳茶、繳租或輸錢的園戶，但土壤、園地規模、接近市場的程度和遭受胥吏侵擾的風險各有差異。有關本錢、和買或官收的規定會改變勞動與時令，卻未必記錄每一位採茶者、揀茶者或腳伕。可繼續閱讀\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fpicking-tea-china-seasons-bud-leaf-standards-skilled-labour\">採茶技藝\u003C\u002Fa>及\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fwithering-tea-leaves-water-loss-time-first-transformation\">萎凋\u003C\u002Fa>、\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ffixing-tea-leaves-shaqing-heat-enzymes-turning-point\">殺青\u003C\u002Fa>、\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fdrying-tea-leaves-moisture-heat-stability-finished-tea\">乾燥\u003C\u002Fa>，把財政欄目壓縮掉的工作重新放回視野。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>商人既運貨，也可能經營紙面權利\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>商人的角色可以包括收購、運輸、墊資、交引買賣以及與官署議價。Lamouroux對憑券流通的分析說明，商人組織在專賣體制內部也能形成力量，而不是隻在體制外被動服從。不過，“商人”仍掩蓋資本規模、地域、經營層級和政治關係的差異；有特權的商幫不能代表所有小販與腳伕。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Cfigure>\u003Cimg src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FJnsUURgBIJ48ObJzOzeE.webp\" alt=\"冷色石板工作臺上的空白紙包、無標記茶包、散茶、素木籌片與黃銅天平\">\u003Cfigcaption>AI 生成的計量、憑引與貿易概念靜物；所有物件均為虛構，不記錄真實稅務機構、賬冊、茶包或交易。\u003C\u002Ffigcaption>\u003C\u002Ffigure>\n\u003Ch2>禁令會留下“逃出管制”的檔案\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>嚴刑更能證明焦慮，未必能證明普遍程度\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>唐宋史料寫到私賣、私運與藏匿，有時還規定嚴厲刑罰。這些條文顯示官府想阻止什麼、試圖守住哪些邊界；它們卻不能說明法律實際執行了多少次、多少茶逃過徵收，或地方社會如何看待這類行為。法條、上報案件與日常實踐必須分開。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>官文書優先儲存官府看得見的部分\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>賬目更容易儲存應稅流通，而不是贈禮、家庭生產、非正式賒欠或無償家務勞動。即使沒收記錄，也從執法者注意到某件事的那一刻開始。可與\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-letters-gifts-visits-friendship-private-writing\">書信與茶禮\u003C\u002Fa>、\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fchinese-teahouses-commerce-conversation-performance-urban-publics\">中國茶館\u003C\u002Fa>和\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Ftea-in-chinese-travel-writing-roads-hospitality-regional-evidence\">遊記中的茶\u003C\u002Fa>對讀；每一種文類讓不同的人和行動變得可見。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>元代沿用舊制，不等於制度不變\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>茶引與茶司在新環境中繼續調整\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>《元史》食貨志寫到茶引、茶司以及對無引私茶的處置，也儲存了官員批評抑配於民的材料。書中把成熟榷茶制度追溯到唐代之後，這是一種後來的歷史判斷，而不是中性的同時代見證。閱讀時既要研究元代行政，也要研究元人如何記憶前代制度。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch3>跨朝比較必須先核對年代、地區與單位\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>不能把唐代稅率、宋代錢額和元代茶引數量直接放進同一張表，好像它們測量的是同一件事。先分清數字指應徵稅、實物重量、交引面值、銷售所得還是罰沒，再核查曆法、貨幣、管轄範圍以及所據版本。看似精確的數字，可能隱藏著互不相容的口徑。\u003C\u002Fp>\n\u003Ch2>閱讀茶財政記錄的七問法\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Ch3>從一欄數字走向它周圍的制度\u003C\u002Fh3>\u003Cp>先找到原始記錄或可靠版本，再問七個問題：\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>誰製作了這份記錄，供哪個機構和哪項決策使用？\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>數字是定額、應徵數、毛收入、淨收益、價格，還是交引面值？\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>它涉及哪個地區、年代、茶形和貿易環節？\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>誰必須種、賣、運、買、兌領或上報？\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>哪些成本、損耗、蠲免與地方加派沒有計入總數？\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>法令點名了什麼執法難題，案件是否顯示它確實發生？\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>哪些家庭交換、勞動者與私下流通仍然不可見？\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\n\u003Ch2>原始記錄、現代研究與延伸閱讀\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>可先讀《\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fctext.org\u002Fwiki.pl?chapter=44945&if=gb\">舊唐書·食貨志\u003C\u002Fa>》和《\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fctext.org\u002Fwiki.pl?chapter=691717&if=gb\">新唐書·食貨志\u003C\u002Fa>》中的茶稅條目，再讀《\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fctext.org\u002Fwiki.pl?chapter=123483&if=gb\">宋史紀事本末·茶鹽榷罷\u003C\u002Fa>》的政策爭論與《\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fctext.org\u002Fwiki.pl?chapter=1972134&if=gb\">元史·食貨志\u003C\u002Fa>》的茶引制度。現代研究可參考Christian Lamouroux的\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fbooks\u002Fabs\u002Fcambridge-companion-to-song-china\u002Ftaxation-in-song-china\u002FE7C3E1C5260A684F36D6B82DE6F902DC\">宋代稅收研究\u003C\u002Fa>與\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fannales-histoire-sciences-sociales\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Forganisation-territoriale-et-monopole-du-the-dans-la-chine-des-song-9601059\u002F0E08468ED0EF0C14AA627A59B0C8D012\">宋代地域組織和茶葉專賣研究\u003C\u002Fa>，以及Wang Gungwu Liu的\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fehr.12057\">宋代財政國家研究\u003C\u002Fa>。站內還可繼續閱讀\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fbeiyuan-tribute-tea-song-court-labour-imperial-label\">北苑貢茶\u003C\u002Fa>與\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony\u002Fcompressed-tea-cakes-bricks-trade-storage-object-reading\">團茶、餅茶和磚茶\u003C\u002Fa>。\u003C\u002Fp>","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FcG4QJr7KUe6CdzFj9Otz.webp",1600,900,{"en":1218,"zh":1219},"Anonymous contemporary researcher examining blank folded papers beside loose tea in a warm fictional study room","虛構的暖色研讀室中，一位匿名當代研究者在散茶旁檢視空白摺紙",{"caption":1221,"creator":1222,"source_url":3,"license_label":1223,"license_url":3,"changes":1224},"AI 生成的財政記錄閱讀概念照片；不指向真實研究者、檔案、文書、機構或歷史交易。","OpenAI","AI-generated conceptual image","作為原創編輯插圖生成；畫面不指向任何真實研究者、稅務記錄、檔案、機構、茶包、財政制度或歷史交易。",{"en":1218,"zh":1219},"banner","list",{"en":1229,"zh":1230},"Tea Tax and Monopoly in Imperial China | Wudang","中國曆代茶稅與專賣：如何讀財政記錄 | 武當文化",{"en":1232,"zh":1233},"Read Tang, Song and Yuan tea taxes, monopolies, certificates and revenue figures without mistaking fiscal records for a complete history of daily tea life.","從唐、宋、元茶稅、專賣、茶引與收入數字理解茶政，同時避免把財政記錄誤當作完整的日常飲茶史。",[],{"data":1236},[1237,1313,1415,1506],{"id":1238,"slug":1239,"available_locales":1240,"path":1241,"title":1242,"venue":1245,"hero_image_url":3,"card_image_url":1248,"card_landscape_url":1249,"lifecycle":1250,"session_mode":1251,"sessions":1252,"next_session":1312},15601,"liu-yao-beginner-course",[924,925,926],"\u002Fevents\u002Fi-ching-learning\u002Fliu-yao-beginner-course",{"en":1243,"zh":1244},"Liu Yao Beginner Course","六爻初級課",{"en":1246,"zh":1247},"Singapore","新加坡","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FQzqp0uXPJyVi3CvdDM1S.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002Fvariants\u002FQzqp0uXPJyVi3CvdDM1S-16x9.webp","ongoing","choose_one",[1253,1272,1285,1298],{"status":1254,"date_slug":1255,"time_label":1256,"timezone_abbr":1257,"date_label":1258,"date_label_fr":1259,"date_short_fr":1260,"date_only_fr":1261,"date_range_label_fr":3,"time_label_fr":1262,"date_label_zh":1263,"date_short":1264,"date_short_zh":1265,"date_only":1266,"date_only_zh":1267,"is_multi_day":1185,"date_range_label":3,"date_range_label_zh":3,"day_of_month":38,"month_short":1268,"month_long":1269,"month_num":1077,"year":1270,"weekday_short":1271,"weekday_index":951},"scheduled","2026-11-01","9:00am–5:00pm","SGT","Sunday, 1 November 2026","dimanche 1 novembre 2026","dim. 1 nov.","1 nov. 2026","09:00–17:00","2026年11月1日 星期日","Sun 1 Nov","11月1日 週日","1 Nov 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