[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"site-nav-reference-en":3,"site-nav-zh":4,"site-nav-zh-all-dao":289,"event-categories-zh":1088,"site-settings":1331,"node-zh-dao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Forigins-authorship":1373,"live-course-events":1400},null,{"data":5},{"header":6,"footer":264},[7,51,82,123,161,187,229,260],{"to":8,"label":9,"label_zh":10,"children":11},"\u002Fdao","TAO","道",[12,17,22,26,30,34,39,43,47],{"to":13,"label":14,"label_zh":15,"n":16},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction","Begin with the Tao","道學入門",9,{"to":18,"label":19,"label_zh":20,"n":21},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing","I Ching","易經",7,{"to":23,"label":24,"label_zh":25,"n":16},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing","Tao Te Ching","道德經",{"to":27,"label":28,"label_zh":29,"n":21},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji","Taiji","太極",{"to":31,"label":32,"label_zh":33,"n":21},"\u002Fdao\u002Fzhuang-zi","Zhuangzi","莊子",{"to":35,"label":36,"label_zh":37,"n":38},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics","Classical Library","道家經典文庫",1,{"to":40,"label":41,"label_zh":42},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdaoist-philosophy","Taoist Philosophy","道家哲學",{"to":44,"label":45,"label_zh":46},"\u002Fdao\u002Fwu-wei-natural-living","Wu Wei & Natural Living","無為與自然生活",{"to":48,"label":49,"label_zh":50},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdaoist-view-of-life","A Taoist View of Life","道家人生觀",{"to":52,"label":53,"label_zh":54,"children":55},"\u002Fmartial-arts","Martial Arts","武當武術",[56,61,65,70,74,78],{"to":57,"label":58,"label_zh":59,"n":60},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ffoundations-internal-arts","Foundations of Internal Martial Arts","內家拳基礎",6,{"to":62,"label":63,"label_zh":64,"n":21},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftaijiquan","Taijiquan (Tai Chi)","太極拳",{"to":66,"label":67,"label_zh":68,"n":69},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fbaguazhang","Baguazhang: Circle Walking, Palm Changes and Movement","八卦掌：走圈、換掌與身法變化",5,{"to":71,"label":72,"label_zh":73,"n":69},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fxingyiquan","Xingyiquan: Structure, Intention and Direct Training","形意拳：結構、意念與直接訓練",{"to":75,"label":76,"label_zh":77,"n":21},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Fweapons","Wudang Sword and Weapons: History, Practice and Context","武當劍與兵器：歷史、練習與文化語境",{"to":79,"label":80,"label_zh":81,"n":21},"\u002Fmartial-arts\u002Ftraining-practice","Training and Practice: Building a Sustainable Wudang Routine","訓練與習練：建立可持續的武當練習",{"to":83,"label":84,"label_zh":85,"children":86},"\u002Fwellness","Wellness","養生",[87,91,95,99,103,107,111,115,119],{"to":88,"label":89,"label_zh":90,"n":21},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fqigong","Qigong","氣功",{"to":92,"label":93,"label_zh":94,"n":60},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fherbal-healing","Chinese Herbal Medicine","中藥與本草",{"to":96,"label":97,"label_zh":98,"n":60},"\u002Fwellness\u002Ftaoist-medicine","Taoist Medicine","道家醫學",{"to":100,"label":101,"label_zh":102,"n":60},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fenergy-sound-healing","Sound & Energy Practices","聲音與能量練習",{"to":104,"label":105,"label_zh":106},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fstanding-practice","Standing Practice","站樁",{"to":108,"label":109,"label_zh":110},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fwudang-internal-cultivation","Wudang Internal Cultivation","武當內修",{"to":112,"label":113,"label_zh":114},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fmoxibustion","Moxibustion","艾灸",{"to":116,"label":117,"label_zh":118},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fbigu","Bigu","辟穀",{"to":120,"label":121,"label_zh":122,"n":38},"\u002Fwellness\u002Fbaduanjin","Baduanjin (Eight Brocades)","八段錦",{"to":124,"label":125,"label_zh":126,"children":127},"\u002Farts","Literati Arts","文人雅藝",[128,133,138,143,148,153,157],{"to":129,"label":130,"label_zh":131,"n":132},"\u002Farts\u002Fchinese-poetry-literature","Chinese Poetry and Literature: Forms, Contexts and Reading Paths","中國詩詞與文學：體式、語境與閱讀路徑",48,{"to":134,"label":135,"label_zh":136,"n":137},"\u002Farts\u002Fcalligraphy","Chinese Calligraphy: Scripts, Materials and Ways of Looking","中國書法：書體、材料與觀賞入門",17,{"to":139,"label":140,"label_zh":141,"n":142},"\u002Farts\u002Ftea-ceremony","Chinese Tea Culture","中國茶文化",39,{"to":144,"label":145,"label_zh":146,"n":147},"\u002Farts\u002Fguqin","Guqin: Sound, History and Ways to Listen","古琴：認識聲音、歷史與聆聽方法",12,{"to":149,"label":150,"label_zh":151,"n":152},"\u002Farts\u002Fpainting","Chinese Painting: Materials, Formats and Ways of Looking","中國繪畫：材料、形制與觀看方法",15,{"to":154,"label":155,"label_zh":156,"n":16},"\u002Farts\u002Fincense","Chinese Incense Culture","中國香文化",{"to":158,"label":159,"label_zh":160,"n":21},"\u002Farts\u002Fflower-arrangement","Chinese Flower Arrangement: History, Materials and Ways of Looking","中國插花：歷史、花材與觀看方法",{"to":162,"label":163,"label_zh":164,"children":165},"\u002Fdaoism","Taoist Culture","道教文化",[166,170,174,178,183],{"to":167,"label":168,"label_zh":169,"n":16},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-deities-pantheon","Taoist Deities and the Chinese Pantheon: A Structural Guide","道教神仙與神明體系：結構與層級指南",{"to":171,"label":172,"label_zh":173,"n":21},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-temples-sacred-mountains","Taoist Temples and Sacred Mountains: A Guide to Places and Architecture","道教名山與宮觀：聖地、建築與制度指南",{"to":175,"label":176,"label_zh":177,"n":21},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-schools-lineages","Taoist Schools and Lineages: Zhengyi, Quanzhen and Historical Traditions","道教流派與傳承：正一、全真及歷史道派",{"to":179,"label":180,"label_zh":181,"n":182},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Ftaoist-festivals-rituals","Taoist Festivals and Rituals: Calendars, Offerings and Community Rites","道教節日與科儀：神誕、齋醮與歲時儀式",19,{"to":184,"label":185,"label_zh":186,"n":60},"\u002Fdaoism\u002Feight-immortals","The Eight Immortals: Origins, Symbols and Taoist Legends","八仙：人物、象徵與道教傳說",{"to":188,"label":189,"label_zh":190,"children":191},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics","Chinese Metaphysics","易學與傳統術數",[192,196,200,204,208,213,217,221,225],{"to":193,"label":194,"label_zh":195,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fyin-yang-five-elements","Yin-Yang and the Five Phases in Chinese Thought","陰陽五行：理解關係與變化",{"to":197,"label":198,"label_zh":199,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fganzhi-stems-branches","Chinese Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches (Ganzhi)","天干地支（干支）：中國曆法與術數的六十迴圈",{"to":201,"label":202,"label_zh":203,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Ffeng-shui","Chinese Feng Shui: Landscape, Compass Methods and Responsible Practice","中國風水：形勢、羅盤方法與負責任實踐",{"to":205,"label":206,"label_zh":207,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fbazi-four-pillars","BaZi (Four Pillars of Destiny): How the Eight Characters Work","八字四柱命理：八個字如何構成命盤",{"to":209,"label":210,"label_zh":211,"n":212},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu","Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology): How the Twelve-Palace Chart Works","紫微斗數：十二宮命盤如何運作",8,{"to":214,"label":215,"label_zh":216,"n":212},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdate-selection","Chinese Date Selection: How Auspicious Days Are Chosen","中國擇吉：傳統吉日如何選擇",{"to":218,"label":219,"label_zh":220,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fphysiognomy","Chinese Physiognomy: Face Reading, Palm Reading and Their Limits","中國相術：面相、手相及其侷限",{"to":222,"label":223,"label_zh":224,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fdivination-arts","Chinese Divination Arts: Methods, History and Responsible Use","中國占卜術：方法、歷史與負責任使用",{"to":226,"label":227,"label_zh":228,"n":21},"\u002Fchinese-metaphysics\u002Fluoshu-hetu","The Hetu, Luoshu and Nine Palaces in Chinese Cosmology","河圖、洛書與九宮：中國傳統圖式的歷史與用途",{"to":230,"label":231,"label_zh":232,"children":233},"\u002Fwudang-mountain","Experience Wudang","武當之旅",[234,238,243,248,252,256],{"to":235,"label":236,"label_zh":237,"n":21},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fintroduction","Introduction to Wudang Mountain","初識武當山",{"to":239,"label":240,"label_zh":241,"n":242},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemples-and-sites","Wudang Mountain Temples and Sacred Sites","武當山宮觀與勝蹟",3,{"to":244,"label":245,"label_zh":246,"n":247},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fplanning-a-visit","Planning a Visit to Wudang Mountain","武當山行前規劃指南",4,{"to":249,"label":250,"label_zh":251,"n":242},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fstudying-at-wudang","Studying Martial Arts at Wudang Mountain","在武當山學習武術",{"to":253,"label":254,"label_zh":255,"n":242},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Ftemple-etiquette","Wudang Temple Etiquette: A Visitor’s Guide","武當宮觀參訪禮儀",{"to":257,"label":258,"label_zh":259,"n":69},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Fpractical-reference","Wudang Mountain Practical Reference","武當山實用參考資料",{"to":261,"label":262,"label_zh":263},"\u002Fwudang-mountain\u002Feveryday-wudang","Everyday Wudang","武當日常",[265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,277,281,285],{"to":8,"label":9,"label_zh":10},{"to":52,"label":53,"label_zh":54},{"to":83,"label":84,"label_zh":85},{"to":124,"label":125,"label_zh":126},{"to":162,"label":163,"label_zh":164},{"to":188,"label":189,"label_zh":190},{"to":230,"label":231,"label_zh":232},{"to":261,"label":262,"label_zh":263},{"to":274,"label":275,"label_zh":276},"\u002Fabout","About Wudang.Org","關於 Wudang.Org",{"to":278,"label":279,"label_zh":280},"\u002Fstart-here","Start Here","從這裡開始",{"to":282,"label":283,"label_zh":284},"\u002Ffind-a-practice","Find a Practice","找到適合你的修習",{"to":286,"label":287,"label_zh":288},"\u002Fteachers","Our Teachers","授課老師",{"data":290},{"all":291,"header":1086,"footer":1087},[292],{"to":8,"label":9,"label_zh":10,"children":293},[294,332,619,981,1011,1040,1079,1080,1081,1082],{"to":13,"label":14,"label_zh":15,"children":295},[296,300,304,308,312,316,320,324,328],{"to":297,"label":298,"label_zh":299},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction\u002Fwhat-is-taoism","What Is Taoism? A Map of Texts, Traditions and Practice","什麼是道家與道教？經典、傳統與實踐地圖",{"to":301,"label":302,"label_zh":303},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction\u002Fthe-dao-explained","Tao: The Source of All Things","道生萬物",{"to":305,"label":306,"label_zh":307},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction\u002Fcore-ideas","Core Ideas: Wu Wei, Yin-Yang & Ziran","核心概念：無為、陰陽與自然",{"to":309,"label":310,"label_zh":311},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction\u002Fphilosophical-vs-religious","Philosophical and Religious Taoism: Distinct Paths, Shared Traditions","道家與道教：不同路徑，共同傳統",{"to":313,"label":314,"label_zh":315},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction\u002Fa-short-history","A Short History of Taoism","道家與道教簡史",{"to":317,"label":318,"label_zh":319},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction\u002Fkey-texts","Key Texts at a Glance","主要經典一覽",{"to":321,"label":322,"label_zh":323},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction\u002Feveryday-life","Taoism in Everyday Life","道家思想與日常生活",{"to":325,"label":326,"label_zh":327},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction\u002Funderstanding-taoism-in-context","Understanding Taoism in Context","認識道家與道教的文化脈絡",{"to":329,"label":330,"label_zh":331},"\u002Fdao\u002Fintroduction\u002Fwhere-to-go-next","Where to Go Next","接下來讀什麼",{"to":18,"label":19,"label_zh":20,"children":333},[334,338,342,603,607,611,615],{"to":335,"label":336,"label_zh":337},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Forigins-history","Origins & History of the I Ching","《易經》是怎麼來的",{"to":339,"label":340,"label_zh":341},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Feight-trigrams","The Eight Trigrams (Bagua)","八卦：八個符號各是什麼",{"to":343,"label":344,"label_zh":345,"children":346},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams","The 64 Hexagrams","周易六十四卦總覽：卦象、六爻與現代應用",[347,351,355,359,363,367,371,375,379,383,387,391,395,399,403,407,411,415,419,423,427,431,435,439,443,447,451,455,459,463,467,471,475,479,483,487,491,495,499,503,507,511,515,519,523,527,531,535,539,543,547,551,555,559,563,567,571,575,579,583,587,591,595,599],{"to":348,"label":349,"label_zh":350},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-01-qian","1 · Qian 乾 ䷀","第一卦 乾 ䷀",{"to":352,"label":353,"label_zh":354},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-02-kun","2 · Kun 坤 ䷁","第二卦 坤 ䷁",{"to":356,"label":357,"label_zh":358},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-03-zhun","3 · Zhun 屯 ䷂","第三卦 屯 ䷂",{"to":360,"label":361,"label_zh":362},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-04-meng","4 · Meng 蒙 ䷃","第四卦 蒙 ䷃",{"to":364,"label":365,"label_zh":366},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-05-xu","5 · Xu 需 ䷄","第五卦 需 ䷄",{"to":368,"label":369,"label_zh":370},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-06-song","6 · Song 訟 ䷅","第六卦 訟 ䷅",{"to":372,"label":373,"label_zh":374},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-07-shi","7 · Shi 師 ䷆","第七卦 師 ䷆",{"to":376,"label":377,"label_zh":378},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-08-bi","8 · Bi 比 ䷇","第八卦 比 ䷇",{"to":380,"label":381,"label_zh":382},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-09-xiao-xu","9 · Xiao Xu 小畜 ䷈","第九卦 小畜 ䷈",{"to":384,"label":385,"label_zh":386},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-10-lu","10 · Lü 履 ䷉","第十卦 履 ䷉",{"to":388,"label":389,"label_zh":390},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-11-tai","11 · Tai 泰 ䷊","第十一卦 泰 ䷊",{"to":392,"label":393,"label_zh":394},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-12-pi","12 · Pi 否 ䷋","第十二卦 否 ䷋",{"to":396,"label":397,"label_zh":398},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-13-tong-ren","13 · Tong Ren 同人 ䷌","第十三卦 同人 ䷌",{"to":400,"label":401,"label_zh":402},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-14-da-you","14 · Da You 大有 ䷍","第十四卦 大有 ䷍",{"to":404,"label":405,"label_zh":406},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-15-qian-modesty","15 · Qian 謙 ䷎","第十五卦 謙 ䷎",{"to":408,"label":409,"label_zh":410},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-16-yu","16 · Yu 豫 ䷏","第十六卦 豫 ䷏",{"to":412,"label":413,"label_zh":414},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-17-sui","17 · Sui 隨 ䷐","第十七卦 隨 ䷐",{"to":416,"label":417,"label_zh":418},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-18-gu","18 · Gu 蠱 ䷑","第十八卦 蠱 ䷑",{"to":420,"label":421,"label_zh":422},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-19-lin","19 · Lin 臨 ䷒","第十九卦 臨 ䷒",{"to":424,"label":425,"label_zh":426},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-20-guan","20 · Guan 觀 ䷓","第二十卦 觀 ䷓",{"to":428,"label":429,"label_zh":430},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-21-shi-he","21 · Shi He 噬嗑 ䷔","第二十一卦 噬嗑 ䷔",{"to":432,"label":433,"label_zh":434},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-22-bi","22 · Bi 賁 ䷕","第二十二卦 賁 ䷕",{"to":436,"label":437,"label_zh":438},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-23-bo","23 · Bo 剝 ䷖","第二十三卦 剝 ䷖",{"to":440,"label":441,"label_zh":442},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-24-fu","24 · Fu 復 ䷗","第二十四卦 復 ䷗",{"to":444,"label":445,"label_zh":446},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-25-wu-wang","25 · Wu Wang 無妄 ䷘","第二十五卦 無妄 ䷘",{"to":448,"label":449,"label_zh":450},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-26-da-xu","26 · Da Xu 大畜 ䷙","第二十六卦 大畜 ䷙",{"to":452,"label":453,"label_zh":454},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-27-yi","27 · Yi 頤 ䷚","第二十七卦 頤 ䷚",{"to":456,"label":457,"label_zh":458},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-28-da-guo","28 · Da Guo 大過 ䷛","第二十八卦 大過 ䷛",{"to":460,"label":461,"label_zh":462},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-29-kan","29 · Kan 坎 ䷜","第二十九卦 坎 ䷜",{"to":464,"label":465,"label_zh":466},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-30-li","30 · Li 離 ䷝","第三十卦 離 ䷝",{"to":468,"label":469,"label_zh":470},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-31-xian","31 · Xian 咸 ䷞","第三十一卦 咸 ䷞",{"to":472,"label":473,"label_zh":474},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-32-heng","32 · Heng 恆 ䷟","第三十二卦 恆 ䷟",{"to":476,"label":477,"label_zh":478},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-33-dun","33 · Dun 遁 ䷠","第三十三卦 遁 ䷠",{"to":480,"label":481,"label_zh":482},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-34-da-zhuang","34 · Da Zhuang 大壯 ䷡","第三十四卦 大壯 ䷡",{"to":484,"label":485,"label_zh":486},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-35-jin","35 · Jin 晉 ䷢","第三十五卦 晉 ䷢",{"to":488,"label":489,"label_zh":490},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-36-ming-yi","36 · Ming Yi 明夷 ䷣","第三十六卦 明夷 ䷣",{"to":492,"label":493,"label_zh":494},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-37-jia-ren","37 · Jia Ren 家人 ䷤","第三十七卦 家人 ䷤",{"to":496,"label":497,"label_zh":498},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-38-kui","38 · Kui 睽 ䷥","第三十八卦 睽 ䷥",{"to":500,"label":501,"label_zh":502},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-39-jian","39 · Jian 蹇 ䷦","第三十九卦 蹇 ䷦",{"to":504,"label":505,"label_zh":506},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-40-jie","40 · Jie 解 ䷧","第四十卦 解 ䷧",{"to":508,"label":509,"label_zh":510},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-41-sun","41 · Sun 損 ䷨","第四十一卦 損 ䷨",{"to":512,"label":513,"label_zh":514},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-42-yi","42 · Yi 益 ䷩","第四十二卦 益 ䷩",{"to":516,"label":517,"label_zh":518},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-43-guai","43 · Guai 夬 ䷪","第四十三卦 夬 ䷪",{"to":520,"label":521,"label_zh":522},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-44-gou","44 · Gou 姤 ䷫","第四十四卦 姤 ䷫",{"to":524,"label":525,"label_zh":526},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-45-cui","45 · Cui 萃 ䷬","第四十五卦 萃 ䷬",{"to":528,"label":529,"label_zh":530},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-46-sheng","46 · Sheng 升 ䷭","第四十六卦 升 ䷭",{"to":532,"label":533,"label_zh":534},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-47-kun","47 · Kun 困 ䷮","第四十七卦 困 ䷮",{"to":536,"label":537,"label_zh":538},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-48-jing","48 · Jing 井 ䷯","第四十八卦 井 ䷯",{"to":540,"label":541,"label_zh":542},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-49-ge","49 · Ge 革 ䷰","第四十九卦 革 ䷰",{"to":544,"label":545,"label_zh":546},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-50-ding","50 · Ding 鼎 ䷱","第五十卦 鼎 ䷱",{"to":548,"label":549,"label_zh":550},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-51-zhen","51 · Zhen 震 ䷲","第五十一卦 震 ䷲",{"to":552,"label":553,"label_zh":554},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-52-gen","52 · Gen 艮 ䷳","第五十二卦 艮 ䷳",{"to":556,"label":557,"label_zh":558},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-53-jian","53 · Jian 漸 ䷴","第五十三卦 漸 ䷴",{"to":560,"label":561,"label_zh":562},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-54-gui-mei","54 · Gui Mei 歸妹 ䷵","第五十四卦 歸妹 ䷵",{"to":564,"label":565,"label_zh":566},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-55-feng","55 · Feng 豐 ䷶","第五十五卦 豐 ䷶",{"to":568,"label":569,"label_zh":570},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-56-lu","56 · Lü 旅 ䷷","第五十六卦 旅 ䷷",{"to":572,"label":573,"label_zh":574},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-57-xun","57 · Xun 巽 ䷸","第五十七卦 巽 ䷸",{"to":576,"label":577,"label_zh":578},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-58-dui","58 · Dui 兌 ䷹","第五十八卦 兌 ䷹",{"to":580,"label":581,"label_zh":582},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-59-huan","59 · Huan 渙 ䷺","第五十九卦 渙 ䷺",{"to":584,"label":585,"label_zh":586},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-60-jie","60 · Jie 節 ䷻","第六十卦 節 ䷻",{"to":588,"label":589,"label_zh":590},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-61-zhong-fu","61 · Zhong Fu 中孚 ䷼","第六十一卦 中孚 ䷼",{"to":592,"label":593,"label_zh":594},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-62-xiao-guo","62 · Xiao Guo 小過 ䷽","第六十二卦 小過 ䷽",{"to":596,"label":597,"label_zh":598},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-63-ji-ji","63 · Ji Ji 既濟 ䷾","第六十三卦 既濟 ䷾",{"to":600,"label":601,"label_zh":602},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fthe-64-hexagrams\u002Fhexagram-64-wei-ji","64 · Wei Ji 未濟 ䷿","第六十四卦 未濟 ䷿",{"to":604,"label":605,"label_zh":606},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fyin-yang-philosophy","Yin, Yang & the Philosophy of Change","陰陽：變化與相互關係的哲學",{"to":608,"label":609,"label_zh":610},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fdivination-method-practice","Divination Method & Practice","怎麼起卦，歷代又怎麼看這件事",{"to":612,"label":613,"label_zh":614},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Ftaoism-connection","The I Ching in Taoist Practice","《易經》與道家修行",{"to":616,"label":617,"label_zh":618},"\u002Fdao\u002Fyi-jing\u002Fkey-translations-further-reading","Key Translations & Further Reading","讀《易》該用什麼本子，按什麼順序讀",{"to":23,"label":24,"label_zh":25,"children":620},[621,625,629,633,637,641,645,648,977],{"to":622,"label":623,"label_zh":624},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Forigins-authorship","Origins & Authorship of the Tao Te Ching","《老子》是誰寫的，什麼時候成書",{"to":626,"label":627,"label_zh":628},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Fstructure-of-the-text","Structure of the Text","八十一章是怎麼分的，這本書為什麼難讀",{"to":630,"label":631,"label_zh":632},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Fcore-themes","Core Themes: Tao, Wu Wei & Naturalness","道、無為、自然：三個被用濫的詞",{"to":634,"label":635,"label_zh":636},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Fsimplicity-humility-the-uncarved-block","Simplicity, Humility & the Uncarved Block","樸、素、水：為什麼推崇未加工的狀態",{"to":638,"label":639,"label_zh":640},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Fgovernance-the-sage-ruler","Governance & the Sage Ruler","治國：無為落到政治上是什麼樣，又怎麼被用歪",{"to":642,"label":643,"label_zh":644},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ftaoism-connection","The Tao Te Ching in Taoist Practice","一本哲學書怎麼變成了道教經典",{"to":646,"label":617,"label_zh":647},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Fkey-translations-further-reading","讀《老子》該用什麼本子，按什麼順序讀",{"to":649,"label":650,"label_zh":651,"children":652},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text","Complete Tao Te Ching","《道德經》全文",[653,657,661,665,669,673,677,681,685,689,693,697,701,705,709,713,717,721,725,729,733,737,741,745,749,753,757,761,765,769,773,777,781,785,789,793,797,801,805,809,813,817,821,825,829,833,837,841,845,849,853,857,861,865,869,873,877,881,885,889,893,897,901,905,909,913,917,921,925,929,933,937,941,945,949,953,957,961,965,969,973],{"to":654,"label":655,"label_zh":656},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-01","Chapter 1 — The Tao Beyond Names","第一章　道可道，非常道",{"to":658,"label":659,"label_zh":660},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-02","Chapter 2 — Opposites Arise Together","第二章　有無相生",{"to":662,"label":663,"label_zh":664},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-03","Chapter 3 — Quieting Rivalry","第三章　為無為，則無不治",{"to":666,"label":667,"label_zh":668},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-04","Chapter 4 — The Empty Source","第四章　道沖而用之",{"to":670,"label":671,"label_zh":672},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-05","Chapter 5 — The Bellows of Heaven and Earth","第五章　天地之間",{"to":674,"label":675,"label_zh":676},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-06","Chapter 6 — The Valley Spirit","第六章　谷神不死",{"to":678,"label":679,"label_zh":680},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-07","Chapter 7 — Lasting Beyond the Self","第七章　天長地久",{"to":682,"label":683,"label_zh":684},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-08","Chapter 8 — The Goodness of Water","第八章　上善若水",{"to":686,"label":687,"label_zh":688},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-09","Chapter 9 — Knowing When to Stop","第九章　功成身退",{"to":690,"label":691,"label_zh":692},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-10","Chapter 10 — Holding the One","第十章　抱一與玄德",{"to":694,"label":695,"label_zh":696},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-11","Chapter 11 — The Usefulness of Empty Space","第十一章　無之以為用",{"to":698,"label":699,"label_zh":700},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-12","Chapter 12 — Guarding the Senses","第十二章　為腹不為目",{"to":702,"label":703,"label_zh":704},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-13","Chapter 13 — Honour, Disgrace, and the Self","第十三章　寵辱若驚",{"to":706,"label":707,"label_zh":708},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-14","Chapter 14 — The Formless Form","第十四章　無狀之狀",{"to":710,"label":711,"label_zh":712},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-15","Chapter 15 — The Ancient Masters","第十五章　古之善為士者",{"to":714,"label":715,"label_zh":716},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-16","Chapter 16 — Returning to the Root","第十六章　歸根曰靜",{"to":718,"label":719,"label_zh":720},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-17","Chapter 17 — Leadership That Leaves No Burden","第十七章　百姓皆謂我自然",{"to":722,"label":723,"label_zh":724},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-18","Chapter 18 — When the Great Tao Is Lost","第十八章　大道廢，有仁義",{"to":726,"label":727,"label_zh":728},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-19","Chapter 19 — Returning to Simplicity","第十九章　見素抱樸",{"to":730,"label":731,"label_zh":732},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-20","Chapter 20 — Different from the Crowd","第二十章　我獨異於人",{"to":734,"label":735,"label_zh":736},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-21","Chapter 21 — Following the Tao","第二十一章　孔德之容",{"to":738,"label":739,"label_zh":740},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-22","Chapter 22 — Bending Without Breaking","第二十二章　曲則全",{"to":742,"label":743,"label_zh":744},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-23","Chapter 23 — Few Words, Natural Action","第二十三章　希言自然",{"to":746,"label":747,"label_zh":748},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-24","Chapter 24 — Standing Without Straining","第二十四章　企者不立",{"to":750,"label":751,"label_zh":752},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-25","Chapter 25 — The Way of Nature","第二十五章　道法自然",{"to":754,"label":755,"label_zh":756},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-26","Chapter 26 — Rooted in Stillness","第二十六章　重為輕根",{"to":758,"label":759,"label_zh":760},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-27","Chapter 27 — Leaving No One Behind","第二十七章　無棄人，無棄物",{"to":762,"label":763,"label_zh":764},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-28","Chapter 28 — Returning to the Uncarved Block","第二十八章　復歸於樸",{"to":766,"label":767,"label_zh":768},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-29","Chapter 29 — The World Is Not an Object","第二十九章　天下神器不可為",{"to":770,"label":771,"label_zh":772},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-30","Chapter 30 — Power Without Domination","第三十章　果而勿強",{"to":774,"label":775,"label_zh":776},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-31","Chapter 31 — Victory Without Celebration","第三十一章　勝而不美",{"to":778,"label":779,"label_zh":780},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-32","Chapter 32 — The Nameless Simplicity","第三十二章　知止不殆",{"to":782,"label":783,"label_zh":784},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-33","Chapter 33 — Knowing Yourself","第三十三章　自知者明",{"to":786,"label":787,"label_zh":788},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-34","Chapter 34 — Great Without Possessing","第三十四章　終不自為大",{"to":790,"label":791,"label_zh":792},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-35","Chapter 35 — The Great Image","第三十五章　執大象",{"to":794,"label":795,"label_zh":796},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-36","Chapter 36 — Subtle Understanding","第三十六章　柔弱勝剛強",{"to":798,"label":799,"label_zh":800},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-37","Chapter 37 — Acting Without Forcing","第三十七章　無為而無不為",{"to":802,"label":803,"label_zh":804},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-38","Chapter 38 — The Descent from Tao to Ritual","第三十八章　上德不德",{"to":806,"label":807,"label_zh":808},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-39","Chapter 39 — Rooted in the One","第三十九章　得一",{"to":810,"label":811,"label_zh":812},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-40","Chapter 40 — Returning and Yielding","第四十章　反者道之動",{"to":814,"label":815,"label_zh":816},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-41","Chapter 41 — The Tao That Appears Contrary","第四十一章　道隱無名",{"to":818,"label":819,"label_zh":820},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-42","Chapter 42 — Yin, Yang, and Harmony","第四十二章　負陰抱陽",{"to":822,"label":823,"label_zh":824},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-43","Chapter 43 — The Softest Overcomes the Hardest","第四十三章　至柔馳騁至堅",{"to":826,"label":827,"label_zh":828},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-44","Chapter 44 — Life Before Reputation","第四十四章　知足不辱",{"to":830,"label":831,"label_zh":832},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-45","Chapter 45 — Great Completion Seems Incomplete","第四十五章　清靜為天下正",{"to":834,"label":835,"label_zh":836},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-46","Chapter 46 — The Sufficiency of Contentment","第四十六章　知足之足",{"to":838,"label":839,"label_zh":840},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-47","Chapter 47 — Knowing Without Travelling Far","第四十七章　不出戶知天下",{"to":842,"label":843,"label_zh":844},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-48","Chapter 48 — Learning by Letting Go","第四十八章　為道日損",{"to":846,"label":847,"label_zh":848},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-49","Chapter 49 — A Heart Open to the People","第四十九章　以百姓心為心",{"to":850,"label":851,"label_zh":852},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-50","Chapter 50 — Living Without Clinging to Life","第五十章　善攝生者",{"to":854,"label":855,"label_zh":856},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-51","Chapter 51 — Profound Virtue Nourishes","第五十一章　道生德畜",{"to":858,"label":859,"label_zh":860},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-52","Chapter 52 — Returning to the Mother","第五十二章　見小曰明",{"to":862,"label":863,"label_zh":864},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-53","Chapter 53 — The Great Way and the Side Paths","第五十三章　大道甚夷",{"to":866,"label":867,"label_zh":868},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-54","Chapter 54 — Cultivation from Self to World","第五十四章　修之於身",{"to":870,"label":871,"label_zh":872},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-55","Chapter 55 — The Vitality of the Infant","第五十五章　含德之厚",{"to":874,"label":875,"label_zh":876},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-56","Chapter 56 — Mysterious Unity","第五十六章　玄同",{"to":878,"label":879,"label_zh":880},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-57","Chapter 57 — Governing with Fewer Interferences","第五十七章　我無為而民自化",{"to":882,"label":883,"label_zh":884},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-58","Chapter 58 — Fortune Rests on Misfortune","第五十八章　禍福相倚",{"to":886,"label":887,"label_zh":888},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-59","Chapter 59 — Deep Roots and Conservation","第五十九章　深根固柢",{"to":890,"label":891,"label_zh":892},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-60","Chapter 60 — Governing Like Cooking a Small Fish","第六十章　治大國若烹小鮮",{"to":894,"label":895,"label_zh":896},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-61","Chapter 61 — The Great State Takes the Lower Place","第六十一章　大者宜為下",{"to":898,"label":899,"label_zh":900},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-62","Chapter 62 — The Refuge of All Things","第六十二章　道者萬物之奧",{"to":902,"label":903,"label_zh":904},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-63","Chapter 63 — Begin with What Is Small","第六十三章　天下大事作於細",{"to":906,"label":907,"label_zh":908},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-64","Chapter 64 — Careful at the End as at the Beginning","第六十四章　慎終如始",{"to":910,"label":911,"label_zh":912},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-65","Chapter 65 — Beyond Manipulative Cleverness","第六十五章　玄德深遠",{"to":914,"label":915,"label_zh":916},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-66","Chapter 66 — Leading from Below","第六十六章　善下為王",{"to":918,"label":919,"label_zh":920},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-67","Chapter 67 — The Three Treasures","第六十七章　三寶",{"to":922,"label":923,"label_zh":924},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-68","Chapter 68 — The Virtue of Non-Contention","第六十八章　不爭之德",{"to":926,"label":927,"label_zh":928},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-69","Chapter 69 — Never Take the Enemy Lightly","第六十九章　哀者勝矣",{"to":930,"label":931,"label_zh":932},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-70","Chapter 70 — Plain Clothes, Jade Within","第七十章　被褐懷玉",{"to":934,"label":935,"label_zh":936},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-71","Chapter 71 — Knowing That You Do Not Know","第七十一章　知不知上",{"to":938,"label":939,"label_zh":940},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-72","Chapter 72 — Authority Without Oppression","第七十二章　自知不自見",{"to":942,"label":943,"label_zh":944},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-73","Chapter 73 — The Courage Not to Force","第七十三章　天網恢恢",{"to":946,"label":947,"label_zh":948},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-74","Chapter 74 — Do Not Take the Executioner’s Place","第七十四章　代大匠斲",{"to":950,"label":951,"label_zh":952},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-75","Chapter 75 — When Rulers Consume Too Much","第七十五章　民之飢",{"to":954,"label":955,"label_zh":956},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-76","Chapter 76 — The Living Are Soft","第七十六章　柔弱處上",{"to":958,"label":959,"label_zh":960},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-77","Chapter 77 — The Way of Heaven Is Like a Bow","第七十七章　損有餘補不足",{"to":962,"label":963,"label_zh":964},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-78","Chapter 78 — Nothing Is Softer Than Water","第七十八章　柔之勝剛",{"to":966,"label":967,"label_zh":968},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-79","Chapter 79 — After a Great Resentment","第七十九章　和大怨",{"to":970,"label":971,"label_zh":972},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-80","Chapter 80 — A Small and Contented Community","第八十章　小國寡民",{"to":974,"label":975,"label_zh":976},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Ffull-text\u002Fchapter-81","Chapter 81 — The Way That Benefits Without Harm","第八十一章　為而不爭",{"to":978,"label":979,"label_zh":980},"\u002Fdao\u002Fdao-de-jing\u002Fdao-de-jing-commentaries-heshang-gong-wang-bi-xianger","How Commentaries Change the Dao De Jing: Heshang Gong, Wang Bi and Xiang’er","注本如何改變《道德經》的讀法：河上公、王弼與《想爾注》",{"to":27,"label":28,"label_zh":29,"children":982},[983,987,991,995,999,1003,1007],{"to":984,"label":985,"label_zh":986},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji\u002Forigins-meaning","Origins & Meaning of Taiji","“太極”這個詞從哪來，本來什麼意思",{"to":988,"label":989,"label_zh":990},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji\u002Ftaijitu-diagram","The Taiji Diagram (Taijitu)","太極圖：陰陽互動與變化的象徵",{"to":992,"label":993,"label_zh":994},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji\u002Ftaiji-wuji-cosmology","Taiji, Wuji & Cosmology","從無極到萬物：這套生成圖式是怎麼拼起來的",{"to":996,"label":997,"label_zh":998},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji\u002Fyin-and-yang-within-taiji","Yin and Yang within Taiji","怎麼判斷一樣東西是陰還是陽",{"to":1000,"label":1001,"label_zh":1002},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji\u002Ftaiji-in-neo-confucian-taoist-thought","Taiji in Neo-Confucian & Taoist Thought","同一個“太極”，理學與道教各取所需",{"to":1004,"label":1005,"label_zh":1006},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji\u002Finternal-martial-practice","Taiji and Internal Martial Practice","太極拳為什麼叫太極：從哲理到動作",{"to":1008,"label":1009,"label_zh":1010},"\u002Fdao\u002Ftaiji\u002Fkey-sources-further-reading","Key Sources & Further Reading","想深入的話，讀什麼",{"to":31,"label":32,"label_zh":33,"children":1012},[1013,1017,1021,1025,1029,1033,1037],{"to":1014,"label":1015,"label_zh":1016},"\u002Fdao\u002Fzhuang-zi\u002Flife-historical-context","Life & Historical Context of Zhuangzi","莊子這個人：一個漆園小吏和他的時代",{"to":1018,"label":1019,"label_zh":1020},"\u002Fdao\u002Fzhuang-zi\u002Fstructure-authorship","Structure & Authorship of the Text","三十三篇，至少三批人寫的",{"to":1022,"label":1023,"label_zh":1024},"\u002Fdao\u002Fzhuang-zi\u002Fcore-themes","Core Themes: Wandering, Wu Wei & Spontaneity","逍遙、無待、技進乎道",{"to":1026,"label":1027,"label_zh":1028},"\u002Fdao\u002Fzhuang-zi\u002Fequality-of-things","The Equality of Things & the Relativity of 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黃帝","第二篇：黃帝",{"to":1056,"label":1057,"label_zh":1058},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics\u002Fliezi\u002Fchapter-03-zhou-mu-wang","Chapter Three: Zhou Mu Wang 周穆王","第三篇：周穆王",{"to":1060,"label":1061,"label_zh":1062},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics\u002Fliezi\u002Fchapter-04-zhong-ni","Chapter Four: Zhong Ni 仲尼","第四篇：仲尼",{"to":1064,"label":1065,"label_zh":1066},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics\u002Fliezi\u002Fchapter-05-tang-wen","Chapter Five: Tang Wen 湯問","第五篇：湯問",{"to":1068,"label":1069,"label_zh":1070},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics\u002Fliezi\u002Fchapter-06-li-ming","Chapter Six: Li Ming 力命","第六篇：力命",{"to":1072,"label":1073,"label_zh":1074},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics\u002Fliezi\u002Fchapter-07-yang-zhu","Chapter Seven: Yang Zhu 楊朱","第七篇：楊朱",{"to":1076,"label":1077,"label_zh":1078},"\u002Fdao\u002Fclassics\u002Fliezi\u002Fchapter-08-shuo-fu","Chapter Eight: Shuo Fu 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It brings together observations of landform, orientation, water, buildings and correlative cosmology. It should not be reduced to decorative rules, nor presented as a scientifically proven way to guarantee health, wealth or relationships.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>\u003Cem>Classes introduce core vocabulary, the distinction between major approaches and the cultural contexts in which feng shui has been practised. Contemporary applications are discussed critically. Students remain responsible for property, financial and personal decisions and should seek qualified professional advice where those decisions carry material consequences.\u003C\u002Fem>\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>風水形成於不同的流派、典籍與專業傳統，綜合觀察地形、方位、水勢、建築以及陰陽五行等關聯性宇宙觀。它不應被簡化為裝飾規則，也不能被宣傳為保證健康、財富或關係結果的科學方法。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程介紹基本術語、主要方法的差別，以及風水在歷史社會中的實踐語境，並以批判態度討論當代應用。涉及房產、財務或其他重大決定時，學員仍應根據事實判斷，並諮詢具備資質的相關專業人士。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Ffeng-shui-learning",[1107,1108,1109,1110],"wudang\u002Fevents\u002FYpvXV9T4BG3YVD0NQ150.webp","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FfhZyCVAEQXsL76XmGdVp.webp","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FAt5a8W2EGZ9IhDUbI4f3.avif","wudang\u002Fevents\u002FBKPjfYeMNJ617LWJ7tgv.avif",[1112,1113,1114,1115],"https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FYpvXV9T4BG3YVD0NQ150.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FfhZyCVAEQXsL76XmGdVp.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FAt5a8W2EGZ9IhDUbI4f3.avif","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fevents\u002FBKPjfYeMNJ617LWJ7tgv.avif",{"en":1117,"zh":1118},"Feng Shui Classes and Courses","風水課程：方位、形勢與空間觀念入門",{"en":1101,"zh":1120},"從歷史、環境與文化語境學習風水，理解方位、形勢與空間觀念，同時明確傳統解釋與科學證據的界限。",0,true,"active","2026-07-13T05:17:57.000000Z","2026-09-25T03:51:12.000000Z",{"id":60,"uuid":1127,"slug":1128,"available_locales":1129,"name":1130,"description":1133,"body":1136,"path":1139,"images":1140,"image_urls":1141,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1142,"seo_description":1145,"sort_order":1121,"is_active":1122,"status":1123,"created_at":1148,"updated_at":1125},"c85bf6cc-b84e-4c36-bbd7-9e92b53bbe50","internal-arts-wellness",[1094,1095,1096],{"en":1131,"zh":1132},"Internal Arts & Wellness","內家功法與養生",{"en":1134,"zh":1135},"Classes, workshops and retreats in Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong and traditional practices for movement, breathing and mindful cultivation.","彙集八段錦、太極拳、氣功及傳統身心修習的課程、工作坊與靜修活動。",{"en":1137,"zh":1138},"\u003Cp>Explore small-group classes, workshops and retreats introducing Wudang internal arts and traditional wellness practices. Programmes may include Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong, standing practice, breathing and their cultural foundations.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Each listing provides its teacher, schedule, experience level and registration arrangements.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>本類別彙集武當內家功法與傳統養生修習的小班課程、工作坊及靜修活動，內容可涵蓋八段錦、太極拳、氣功、站樁、呼吸練習及相關文化基礎。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>每項活動都會註明導師、日期、適合程度與報名方式，方便參加者選擇合適的學習體驗。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Finternal-arts-wellness",[],[],{"en":1143,"zh":1144},"Internal Arts & Wellness Events","內家功法與養生活動",{"en":1146,"zh":1147},"Explore Baduanjin, Taijiquan, qigong and traditional wellness classes, workshops and retreats listed by Wudang.Org.","探索八段錦、太極拳、氣功與傳統養生課程、工作坊及靜修活動。","2026-08-16T19:23:45.000000Z",{"id":1150,"uuid":1151,"slug":1152,"available_locales":1153,"name":1154,"description":1157,"body":1158,"path":1159,"images":1160,"image_urls":1161,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1162,"seo_description":1164,"sort_order":1121,"is_active":1122,"status":1123,"created_at":1167,"updated_at":1125},10,"884ed965-8c72-49e2-acee-0fc2f7aec70a","face-reading-learning",[1094,1095,1096],{"en":1155,"zh":1156},"Face Reading Learning","面相課程",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fface-reading-learning",[],[],{"en":1163},"Chinese Face Reading Classes and Workshops",{"en":1165,"zh":1166},"Learn Chinese face reading (面相) as a cultural tradition: its classical framework, history and uses, taught with clear limits on predictive claims.","把面相作為中國傳統文化來學習：認識其經典框架、歷史與用法，並清楚說明傳統詮釋的邊界。","2026-08-30T17:01:43.000000Z",{"id":1169,"uuid":1170,"slug":1171,"available_locales":1172,"name":1173,"description":1176,"body":1178,"path":1181,"images":1182,"image_urls":1183,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1184,"seo_description":1187,"sort_order":38,"is_active":1122,"status":1123,"created_at":1124,"updated_at":1125},2,"8792a80b-d0c8-4ef9-9634-5cb91827932b","zi-wei-dou-shu-learning",[1094,1095,1096],{"en":1174,"zh":1175},"Zi Wei Dou Shu Learning","紫微斗數課程",{"en":1177,"zh":3},"Explore Purple Star Astrology as a traditional Chinese interpretive system, approached as cultural knowledge rather than scientific prediction.",{"en":1179,"zh":1180},"\u003Cp>Zi Wei Dou Shu 紫微鬥數 organises birth information through palaces, stars and patterned relationships. The system has a substantial technical vocabulary and several interpretive traditions, but its predictive claims are not established by modern scientific evidence.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Courses explain how charts are structured, how symbols are read and how historical and contemporary practitioners differ. The aim is cultural literacy and disciplined reflection—not certainty about the future. Readings do not replace medical, legal, financial, employment or psychological expertise.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>紫微斗數依據出生資訊，以宮位、星曜和彼此關係組織命盤。它具有複雜的術語與多種解釋傳統，但其預測主張並未得到現代科學證據的確立。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程說明命盤結構、符號閱讀方法，以及歷史與當代實踐者之間的差異。學習目的在於文化理解與有紀律的自我反思，而不是獲得關於未來的確定答案。相關解讀不能代替醫療、法律、財務、就業或心理專業意見。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fzi-wei-dou-shu-learning",[],[],{"en":1185,"zh":1186},"Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology) Classes","紫微斗數課程：命盤、宮位與星曜入門",{"en":1177,"zh":1188},"把紫微斗數作為中國傳統詮釋體系來學習，認識命盤、宮位與星曜，不把它包裝成科學預測。",{"id":247,"uuid":1190,"slug":1191,"available_locales":1192,"name":1193,"description":1196,"body":1197,"path":1198,"images":1199,"image_urls":1200,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1201,"seo_description":1204,"sort_order":38,"is_active":1122,"status":1123,"created_at":1207,"updated_at":1125},"09958025-4f1d-40e6-ae1c-8b1517ac824e","tea-arts",[1094,1095,1096],{"en":1194,"zh":1195},"Tea Arts","茶藝",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Ftea-arts",[],[],{"en":1202,"zh":1203},"Chinese Tea Art Classes and Workshops","茶藝課程與工作坊",{"en":1205,"zh":1206},"Chinese tea art (茶藝) classes and workshops: tea types, brewing methods, tea-table etiquette and the quiet attention of sharing tea.","茶藝課程與工作坊：認識茶類、泡茶方法與茶席禮儀，在一席茶中體會從容與專注。","2026-08-16T17:13:57.000000Z",{"id":242,"uuid":1209,"slug":1210,"available_locales":1211,"name":1212,"description":1215,"body":1217,"path":1220,"images":1221,"image_urls":1222,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1223,"seo_description":1226,"sort_order":1169,"is_active":1122,"status":1123,"created_at":1124,"updated_at":1125},"e52a261e-348a-4b8a-bd51-43f4e6b1d861","ba-zi-learning",[1094,1095,1096],{"en":1213,"zh":1214},"Ba Zi Learning","八字課程",{"en":1216,"zh":3},"Study the Four Pillars as a traditional system of stems, branches and five-phase correspondence, with history and limitations made explicit.",{"en":1218,"zh":1219},"\u003Cp>Ba Zi 八字 interprets year, month, day and hour through the heavenly stems, earthly branches, yin-yang and five-phase relationships. It is an influential part of Chinese metaphysical culture, not an observational science in the modern empirical sense.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Classes introduce chart structure, terminology and common interpretive methods while distinguishing tradition from evidence. Students are encouraged to treat readings as prompts for reflection and never as guarantees, diagnoses or substitutes for professional advice.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>八字以年、月、日、時四柱為框架，通過天干、地支、陰陽與五行關係進行解釋。它是中國術數文化中影響深遠的傳統體系，並非現代經驗科學。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程介紹命盤結構、基本術語和常見詮釋方法，同時說明傳統觀點與科學證據的差別。學員可把解讀作為反思的線索，但不應把它當作保證、診斷，或任何專業意見的替代品。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fba-zi-learning",[],[],{"en":1224,"zh":1225},"BaZi (Four Pillars) Classes and Courses","八字課程：四柱、天干地支與五行入門",{"en":1216,"zh":1227},"學習四柱中的天干、地支與五行關係，理解其歷史與方法，也清楚區分傳統詮釋和現代實證知識。",{"id":69,"uuid":1229,"slug":1230,"available_locales":1231,"name":1232,"description":1235,"body":1236,"path":1237,"images":1238,"image_urls":1239,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1240,"seo_description":1243,"sort_order":1169,"is_active":1122,"status":1123,"created_at":1207,"updated_at":1125},"76718b8e-3137-42fc-a257-c9e318b3e364","incense-culture",[1094,1095,1096],{"en":1233,"zh":1234},"Incense Culture","香文化",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fincense-culture",[],[],{"en":1241,"zh":1242},"Chinese Incense Culture Workshops","香文化活動與工作坊",{"en":1244,"zh":1245},"Workshops on Chinese incense culture (香文化): aromatic materials, traditional ways of preparing and appreciating incense, and incense as calm attention.","香文化活動與工作坊：認識香材、傳統制香與品香方式，在一爐香中練習安靜與專注。",{"id":1247,"uuid":1248,"slug":1249,"available_locales":1250,"name":1251,"description":1254,"body":1257,"path":1260,"images":1261,"image_urls":1262,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1263,"seo_description":1265,"sort_order":1169,"is_active":1122,"status":1123,"created_at":1266,"updated_at":1125},11,"c39cc557-40eb-4266-9736-7fb84891d407","i-ching-learning",[1094,1095,1096],{"en":1252,"zh":1253},"I Ching Learning","易經課程",{"en":1255,"zh":1256},"Explore the I Ching through its hexagrams, traditional interpretive methods and historical context, with scope and limitations made explicit.","通過卦象、傳統解讀方法與歷史語境認識《易經》，並清楚說明其適用範圍與侷限。",{"en":1258,"zh":1259},"\u003Cp>The I Ching 易經 is a classical Chinese text centred on sixty-four hexagrams and a long history of commentary and divination. It has shaped Chinese philosophy, cosmology and metaphysical practice, but its divinatory claims are not established as modern empirical science.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Classes introduce structures, terminology and traditional methods such as Liu Yao while distinguishing cultural study from evidence. Readings should be treated as prompts for reflection, not guarantees, diagnoses or substitutes for professional advice.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>《易經》是一部以六十四卦為核心的中國經典，形成了悠久的註疏與占筮傳統，並深刻影響中國哲學、宇宙觀與術數文化；其占筮主張並非現代經驗科學所證實。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程介紹基本結構、術語和六爻等傳統方法，同時區分文化學習與科學證據。解讀宜作為反思線索，不應視為保證、診斷或任何專業意見的替代品。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fi-ching-learning",[],[],{"en":1264,"zh":1253},"I Ching Classes and Courses",{"en":1255,"zh":1256},"2026-09-08T00:15:35.000000Z",{"id":21,"uuid":1268,"slug":1269,"available_locales":1270,"name":1271,"description":1274,"body":1277,"path":1280,"images":1281,"image_urls":1282,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1283,"seo_description":1286,"sort_order":242,"is_active":1122,"status":1123,"created_at":1289,"updated_at":1125},"ee2330c6-5a3e-4ac2-a2d1-1a0dc110c58c","traditional-arts-crafts",[1094,1095,1096],{"en":1272,"zh":1273},"Traditional Arts & Crafts","傳統藝術與手作",{"en":1275,"zh":1276},"Hands-on workshops exploring Chinese handicrafts and decorative arts through guided making and cultural appreciation.","通過親手製作與文化欣賞，體驗中國傳統手作及裝飾藝術。",{"en":1278,"zh":1279},"\u003Cp>Discover practical workshops in Chinese decorative arts and handcraft traditions. Activities may include gold-leaf painting, cloisonné enamel, mother-of-pearl work, Song brocade and other guided projects.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>These welcoming sessions introduce materials, techniques and cultural context while allowing participants to complete a piece of their own.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>本類別彙集中國傳統裝飾藝術與手作體驗，內容可涵蓋金箔畫、掐絲琺琅、螺鈿工藝、宋錦及其他創作專案。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>課程以輕鬆易懂的方式介紹材料、技法與文化背景，讓參加者在導師帶領下完成屬於自己的作品。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Ftraditional-arts-crafts",[],[],{"en":1284,"zh":1285},"Traditional Arts & Crafts Events","傳統藝術與手作活動",{"en":1287,"zh":1288},"Explore Chinese handicraft and decorative arts workshops, including gold-leaf, cloisonné, mother-of-pearl and brocade.","探索金箔畫、掐絲琺琅、螺鈿、宋錦等中國傳統手作及裝飾藝術體驗。","2026-08-16T19:24:04.000000Z",{"id":212,"uuid":1291,"slug":1292,"available_locales":1293,"name":1294,"description":1297,"body":1300,"path":1303,"images":1304,"image_urls":1305,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1306,"seo_description":1308,"sort_order":247,"is_active":1122,"status":1123,"created_at":1311,"updated_at":1125},"824f78c1-1181-4983-bae5-77e7cdbbbc1d","wudang-community",[1094,1095,1096],{"en":1295,"zh":1296},"Wudang Community","武當社群活動",{"en":1298,"zh":1299},"Talks, broadcasts and community gatherings connecting people with Wudang culture, learning and living practice.","通過講座、直播與社群聚會，連線武當文化、學習與日常實踐。",{"en":1301,"zh":1302},"\u003Cp>Wudang Community brings together public talks, livestreams, gatherings and shared cultural activities connected with Wudang.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>These programmes create welcoming ways to meet practitioners, explore ideas and participate in a growing community of learning and practice.\u003C\u002Fp>","\u003Cp>武當社群活動彙集與武當文化相關的公開講座、直播、聚會及共享文化體驗。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>這些活動以友善開放的方式連線練習者與學習者，讓大家交流心得、認識傳統，並共同參與持續發展的文化社群。\u003C\u002Fp>","\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-community",[],[],{"en":1307,"zh":1296},"Wudang Community Events",{"en":1309,"zh":1310},"Discover Wudang community talks, broadcasts and gatherings connecting people with culture, learning and living practice.","探索連線武當文化、學習與日常實踐的講座、直播及社群聚會。","2026-08-16T19:24:18.000000Z",{"id":16,"uuid":1313,"slug":1314,"available_locales":1315,"name":1316,"description":1319,"body":1320,"path":1321,"images":1322,"image_urls":1323,"hero_image":3,"hero_image_url":3,"seo_title":1324,"seo_description":1327,"sort_order":69,"is_active":1122,"status":1123,"created_at":1330,"updated_at":1125},"25641c0b-8e5a-46d7-9b18-95c344015f97","wudang-journeys-retreats",[1094,1095,1096],{"en":1317,"zh":1318},"Wudang Journeys & Retreats","武當旅修與行程",[],[],"\u002Fevents\u002Fwudang-journeys-retreats",[],[],{"en":1325,"zh":1326},"Wudang Mountain Retreats and Guided Journeys","武當山旅修與靜修行程",{"en":1328,"zh":1329},"Guided journeys and retreats to Wudang Mountain that combine practice, temple visits and cultural learning, with itineraries and expectations set out clearly.","前往武當山的旅修與靜修：結合修習、宮觀參訪與文化學習，提前說明行程安排與參加須知。","2026-08-18T11:09:38.000000Z",{"data":1332},{"hero_type":1333,"hero_image":1334,"hero_image_alt":1335,"hero_youtube_id":1336,"hero_content_on":1122,"hero_heading":1337,"hero_subheading":1338,"hero_text":1339,"hero_subheading_zh":1340,"hero_text_zh":1341,"hero_buttons":1342,"home_seo":1348,"page_layout":1354,"shop_enabled":1355,"contact":1356,"journey":1372},"image","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fsite\u002Fwudanghomepagehero.webp","Wudang mountain temple in mist","VgirFbjpiy4","武當文化，道在日常\nWudang Culture, Practised with Purpose","A place for learning. A home for living culture.","Explore Taoist thought, internal arts, literati traditions and Wudang Mountain through grounded learning in Singapore and beyond.","這裡既是學習之地，也是讓文化融入日常的所在。","從道家思想、內家武術、文人雅藝與武當山出發，以清晰、踏實的方式，在新加坡及世界各地認識和體驗武當文化。",[1343,1345],{"label":1344,"link":278},"Start Your Wudang Journey",{"label":1346,"link":1347},"View Events & Courses","\u002Fevents",{"title":1349,"description":1351},{"en":1350,"zh":3},"Wudang Mountain: Tai Chi, Qigong & Taoist Culture",{"en":1352,"zh":1353},"Explore Wudang Mountain through Tai Chi, Qigong, Daoist philosophy, martial arts, traditional arts, wellness, culture and everyday life in Wudang.","從太極、氣功、道家思想、武術、傳統雅藝與養生文化認識武當山，探索武當文化及武當山的日常生活。","sidebar",false,{"methods":1357,"has_any":1122,"text":1365},{"email":1358,"whatsapp":1359,"wechat_id":1360,"wechat_qr_url":1361,"instagram":1362,"instagram_handle":1363,"facebook":1364,"facebook_handle":1363},"hello@wudang.org","+6588169599","Cldjcll0305","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fcontact\u002Fkcs9Z5IEY7CugW2mEYA8.webp","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fleewudang.sg","@leewudang.sg","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002Fleewudang.sg\u002F",{"china_heading_en":1366,"china_heading_zh":1367,"china_company_en":1368,"china_company_zh":1369,"china_address_en":1370,"china_address_zh":1371},"China Operations","中國運營","Xunwei Wudang Co., Ltd.","尋味武當有限公司","No. 72 Jianhe 2nd Road, Wangjiayuan, Wudang Mountain, Shiyan, Hubei, China","湖北省十堰市武當山王家園劍河二路72號",{"title_en":3,"title_zh":3,"intro_en":3,"intro_zh":3,"enabled":1122},{"data":1374},{"to":622,"type":1375,"available_locales":1376,"is_content_page":1122,"title":1377,"subtitle":1378,"body":1381,"hero_image_url":1384,"hero_width":1385,"hero_height":1386,"hero_image_alt":1387,"hero_image_decorative":1355,"hero_credit":3,"hero_alt":1390,"hero_style":1391,"card_layout":1392,"link_type":3,"link_ref":3,"seo_title":1393,"seo_description":1396,"children":1399},"page",[1094,1095,1096],{"en":623,"zh":624},{"en":1379,"zh":1380},"The elusive figure of Laozi and the making of a foundational classic","從司馬遷的猶疑，到郭店楚簡與馬王堆帛書",{"en":1382,"zh":1383},"\u003Cp>Almost everything commonly stated about the authorship of the Tao Te Ching is either unsupported or was already doubted by the earliest historian to write about it. That historian said so himself, in the text that is the source of all the later confident accounts. This page sets out what he actually wrote, what the stories about the author are for, what can be said about the date of the text, and what the manuscript discoveries of the last fifty years have established.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The conclusion is not that we know nothing. We know a good deal, and most of it is more interesting than the traditional biography. What we do not have is an author.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>For the wider picture—the traditional master, the text called the \u003Cem>Laozi\u003C\u002Fem> and the later divine Lord Lao—continue with \u003Ca href=\"\u002Fdao\u002Flaozi\">Who Was Laozi?\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>What the name means\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>Start with the name, because it does much of the work of creating a person. \u003Cem>Laozi\u003C\u002Fem> is not a personal name. It means the Old Master, or the Old One, and it is a form of respectful designation of the same kind as the titles by which several other early thinkers are known.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>A title of this sort can attach to an individual, and in some cases clearly does. It can also attach to a role, a lineage of teachers, or a body of transmitted sayings. Nothing in the name itself settles which. Modern Chinese scholarship generally refers to the text as the \u003Cem>Laozi\u003C\u002Fem> rather than as a work by Laozi, and that usage is a deliberate piece of caution rather than a stylistic preference.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The title \u003Cem>Daodejing\u003C\u002Fem>, the Classic of the Way and Its Power, came later. It combines the opening words of the text's two divisions with the word marking canonical status, and it is a statement about how the book was regarded rather than about what its author called it.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>The earliest biography, and its own doubts\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>The first substantial account appears in the great history compiled at the end of the second century BC, several centuries after the events it describes. It says that the man was a native of a southern state, gives a surname and a personal name, and reports that he served as an archivist at the Zhou court.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Then, remarkably, it offers alternatives. It mentions another figure, a contemporary of Confucius, who some said was the same man. It mentions a court historian of a much later period, who others said was the same man. It records a lifespan of well over a century as something people said. And it ends the discussion by observing that nobody knows whether any of it is so.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>That last remark deserves emphasis. The foundational biography of Laozi is an account by a careful historian who assembled the available traditions, noticed that they contradicted each other, and declined to decide. Every later account that presents a settled life story has removed the doubt that its own source expressed.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>The stories, and what they are for\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>Three episodes carry almost all the traditional material, and each is doing a job.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>In the first, Confucius visits Laozi to ask about ritual and is rebuked for pedantry and ambition, leaving impressed and shaken. This story appears in several early sources, including the Zhuangzi, where it occurs in multiple incompatible versions. It is best read as a partisan device: it subordinates the founder of one tradition to the founder of another, and it is exactly the sort of story that a competing school invents. Confucian sources unsurprisingly do not tell it that way.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>In the second, Laozi, disillusioned with the decline of the Zhou, travels west. At a frontier pass the officer in charge recognises him and asks him to leave a record of his teaching before disappearing, and he writes a work in two parts of about five thousand characters. This story explains the existence of the book, its length, its division and its abruptness, all at once. A story that neatly explains the physical features of a text is more likely to have been constructed from those features than to have produced them.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>In the third, he passes beyond the frontier and is never heard of again. Departure without a recorded death is a standard feature of biographies of transcendent figures, and it makes later claims about him difficult to falsify.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>None of this means the stories are worthless. They are excellent evidence about what later Taoists wanted the origin of their tradition to look like. They are poor evidence about the sixth century BC.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>When the text was compiled\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>The traditional date places Laozi in the sixth century BC, slightly older than Confucius. The scholarly consensus places the text considerably later, with most of it taking shape during the fourth and third centuries BC and reaching something close to its received form by around the end of the third century BC.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Several kinds of evidence point that way. The vocabulary and grammar fit the later period better than the earlier. The positions the text argues against are those of the Warring States debates: the Confucian programme of cultivation through ritual, the schools concerned with definition and distinction, the legalist emphasis on technique and law. A text is usually contemporary with its opponents.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The earliest external evidence is also informative. A late Warring States work includes two chapters that explain and illustrate passages from the Laozi, which shows that by then the text existed, circulated, and had enough authority to be worth commenting on.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>What the manuscripts show\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>Two discoveries changed the picture, and both are recent enough that older popular books do not reflect them.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Silk manuscripts recovered from a tomb sealed in the early second century BC contain two copies of the text. They are close to the received version in content, which is reassuring, but they place the two divisions in the opposite order, putting the section on power and virtue before the section on the Way. Some translations following these manuscripts therefore reverse the familiar arrangement.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Bamboo slips from a tomb of around the end of the fourth century BC are the more consequential find. They contain material corresponding to roughly two fifths of the received text, distributed across separate bundles, in an order unrelated to the received one, and without chapter divisions. Several passages differ in ways that matter: in one famous instance the text is markedly less hostile to Confucian virtues than the received version, which bears directly on how the book's polemical edge developed.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Two conclusions follow. First, the text is genuinely old — older than nineteenth-century sceptics allowed. Second, at the earliest point we can reach it was not a fixed book. It was a body of material circulating in partial collections, arranged differently by different copyists. The eighty-one-chapter book is the end of a process of consolidation, not its beginning.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Evidence inside the text\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>Even without manuscripts, the received text carries marks of composite origin that a reader can notice directly.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Phrases and whole lines recur in different chapters, sometimes with slight variation, in the manner of a collection drawing on a common stock of sayings. The voice shifts: some passages are compressed and rhymed, some are discursive prose, some read as proverbs, some as instructions to a ruler, some as descriptions of a cosmological principle. Chapters occasionally combine material that does not obviously belong together, and rhyme patterns sometimes break at exactly the point where a seam would be expected.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>None of this is a defect. It is what an anthology of transmitted wisdom looks like. But it is very hard to reconcile with a single author writing in one sitting at a frontier post.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>From book to scripture\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>The next stage is the more consequential one for Taoism as a religion, and it is a separate story from the text's authorship.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>By the Han period Laozi was receiving cult. An emperor of the second century AD offered sacrifice at a site associated with him. Around the same time, the founder of the first organised Taoist movement reported a revelation received from him, no longer as a philosopher but as a deity. A commentary produced within that movement reads the text as a scripture containing instructions for practice and community discipline, which is a very different kind of reading from any philosophical commentary.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>He was eventually installed as one of the highest figures of the Taoist pantheon, understood as an eternal principle that takes human form in successive ages to transmit teaching. On this understanding the man at the frontier pass was one appearance among many, which resolves the biographical problem by dissolving it.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>This is the point at which the two Taoisms described elsewhere on this site come apart. The philosophical tradition has a text of uncertain authorship. The religious tradition has a god. They are connected, and they are not the same claim.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>The westward journey and the polemic\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>The story of the departure west acquired an afterlife worth knowing about, because it shows how such material was used.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>During the centuries of competition between Taoism and Buddhism in China, Taoist writers developed the claim that Laozi had travelled west and taught the peoples there, and in the strongest version that he had appeared as the Buddha himself. The purpose is transparent: it makes Buddhism a derivative and simplified form of Taoism, suitable for foreigners. Texts were produced to support the claim, Buddhist writers attacked it vigorously, and at various points the state intervened, at least once ordering the offending scriptures destroyed.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The episode is a useful corrective to the idea that these traditions coexisted in tranquil mutual respect. It also illustrates a general point: origin stories in this literature are frequently arguments, and identifying what the argument is for tells you more than asking whether the story is true.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Does authorship matter?\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>Practically, less than one might think, and it is worth being clear about why.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>The text does not depend on its author for authority. It contains no proper names, no historical references, no biography, and no claim to revelation. It never says who is speaking. In this it differs sharply from most scriptures, and the difference is one reason it travels so easily.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>Where authorship does matter is in reading the text as an argument. If it is a composite anthology assembled over generations, then internal tensions are to be expected and need not be harmonised. Readers who assume a single author spend a great deal of effort reconciling passages that were never meant to agree, and translators who assume a single author sometimes smooth the text to produce a consistency it does not have.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>Key points\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Laozi means the Old Master; it is a title, not a personal name, and it may designate a role or a lineage rather than an individual.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>The earliest biography offers several incompatible identifications and concludes that nobody knows which, if any, is correct.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>The famous stories — the meeting with Confucius, the frontier pass, the disappearance — each serve a recognisable purpose and are poor historical evidence.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>The text most likely took shape during the fourth and third centuries BC, contemporary with the positions it argues against.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>Excavated manuscripts show it is genuinely old but was not a fixed book: it circulated in partial collections with different arrangements.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>The deification of Laozi is a separate development from the text's composition, and conflating the two produces most of the confusion about him.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>","\u003Cp>關於《老子》作者的種種通行說法，幾乎每一條要麼沒有依據，要麼早就被最早寫它的那位史家懷疑過。那位史家自己把懷疑寫了出來，而他那篇文字正是後來一切自信滿滿的敘述的來源。這一頁要交代：他實際寫了什麼；關於作者的那些故事各自是為了什麼；關於成書年代能說什麼；以及近五十年的出土文獻確立了什麼。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>結論不是我們一無所知。我們知道的不少，而其中多數比傳統傳記有意思。我們沒有的，是一個作者。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>若想把傳統大師、題為《老子》的文本，以及後世的太上老君放在同一幅圖景中理解，可繼續閱讀\u003Ca href=\"\u002Fzh\u002Fdao\u002Flaozi\">老子是誰？\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>“老子”這個名號是什麼意思\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>先從名號說起，因為造出一個人來的活，大半是它乾的。“老子”不是人名。它的意思是年長的先生、那位老者，是一種敬稱，與另外幾位早期思想者被稱呼的方式屬於同一類。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>這一類稱號可以掛在一個個人身上，有些情形顯然如此。它也可以掛在一個職位上、一條師承上，或者一批傳下來的言辭上。名號本身不決定是哪一種。今天的中文學界一般把這部書稱作《老子》，而不說“老子所著”，這個用法是有意的謹慎，不是文體上的偏好。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>《道德經》這個題名是後起的。它把書中兩篇的起首之字與表示經典地位的那個字合起來，說的是這本書後來被如何看待，不是它的作者管它叫什麼。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>最早的傳記，以及它自己的懷疑\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>第一份有分量的記述出現在西元前二世紀末編成的那部大史裡，距它所記之事已隔數百年。它說此人是南方某國人，給出姓與名，並記他曾在周室任守藏史。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>接著，很值得注意的是，它提出了別的可能。它提到另一位與孔子同時的人物，說有人認為就是同一個人。它提到一位晚得多的太史，說另有人認為那才是同一個人。它記下一個遠超百年的壽數，註明是世人所傳。最後它以一句話結束討論：沒有人知道究竟是不是那樣。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>最後這句該加重。老子那份奠基性的傳記，出自一位審慎的史家：他把手上能收集的傳聞匯齊，發現它們彼此矛盾，然後拒絕裁斷。此後每一份呈現出一套定稿生平的記述，都把它自己的來源所表達的懷疑抹掉了。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>那些故事各自為了什麼\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>傳統材料幾乎全靠三段情節支撐，而每一段都在幹一件活。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>第一段：孔子往見老子問禮，被責其拘執與好名，離開時既佩服又不安。這個故事見於若干早期文獻，包括《莊子》——而在《莊子》裡它有好幾個彼此不相容的版本。最好把它讀作一件立場之器：它把一個傳統的開創者置於另一個傳統的開創者之下，而這恰恰是競爭的學派會編出來的那類故事。儒家一方的文獻自然不這麼講。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>第二段：老子見周室衰而心灰，西行。到了關口，守關的官員認出他，請他在隱去之前留下所學，於是他寫成上下兩篇約五千字。這個故事一口氣解釋了這本書為什麼存在、為什麼這麼長、為什麼分兩篇、為什麼起訖都突然。一個能把一部文本的物理特徵解釋得如此妥帖的故事，更可能是從那些特徵反推出來的，而不是產生了那些特徵。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>第三段：他出關而去，此後無人再聞其訊息。去而無死，是記述超越性人物的傳記裡的標準配置，它也使後世關於他的種種說法難以被否證。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>這不等於說這些故事沒有價值。作為“後世道教希望自己傳統的起源看起來是什麼樣”的證據，它們極好。作為關於西元前六世紀的證據，它們很差。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>成書大約在什麼時候\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>傳統把老子放在西元前六世紀，比孔子略長。學界通行的看法把這部書放得晚得多：其主體大致在西元前四、三世紀成形，到西元前三世紀末前後已接近今天所見的樣子。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>有幾類證據指向這個方向。語彙與語法更合於較晚的時期，而不是較早的。書中所駁的立場，正是戰國論辯中的那些：儒家以禮成人的方案，講定義與分辨的一路，法家重術與法的一路。一部書通常與它的對手同時。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>最早的外部證據也有資訊。一部戰國晚期的著作裡有兩篇專門解說並舉例闡釋《老子》的文字，這說明當時這部書已經存在、流通，而且有足夠的權威值得為它作注。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>出土文獻顯示了什麼\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>有兩次發現改變了整幅圖景，而兩次都新到較早的普及讀物尚未反映。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>一座西元前二世紀初封閉的墓中出土的帛書，抄有兩個本子。內容與通行本相近，這一點令人放心；但它把兩篇的次序顛倒過來，德篇在前，道篇在後。因此有些依這批帛書而作的譯本，把熟悉的次序反了過來。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>西元前四世紀末前後墓中的一批竹簡，是更有後果的一次發現。它所含的材料約相當於通行本的五分之二，分散在幾束之中，次序與通行本毫無關係，而且沒有分章。有幾處文字的差異是有分量的：其中一處著名的段落，對儒家德目的敵意明顯比通行本輕，而這直接關係到這本書的論戰鋒芒是怎麼形成的。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>由此得出兩條結論。第一，這部書確實古老——比十九世紀疑古者所允許的更古。第二，在我們能觸及的最早一點上，它還不是一部定型的書。它是以若干區域性集子在流通的一批材料，不同抄者編排不同。八十一章的那本書是一個整合過程的終點，不是它的起點。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>順帶說一句注本的歷史，因為它影響到今天讀到的字句。通行本主要經由兩個系統流傳：一個偏於修養與養生的舊注，一個偏於義理的三世紀注。兩者所據的字句本來就有差異，後世刊本又反覆參校，於是“通行本”其實是一個長期校勘的結果，而不是某一個抄本。凡是看到有人徑稱“《老子》原文如此”，都可以問一句：依的是哪個系統的本子。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>出土材料還改變了我們對篇章次序的認識。今本《老子》分為上篇《道經》、下篇《德經》，共八十一章。馬王堆帛書甲乙本卻是《德經》在前、《道經》在後，與今本相反；郭店竹簡本則只有約兩千字，相當於今本的三分之一，且分成三組，並不構成完整的八十一章體系。這說明在戰國後期到漢初，這部書還處在流動狀態，章序未定，篇幅也未定，今天看到的整齊結構是後來編定的結果。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>文本內部的證據\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>即便不看出土文獻，通行本身上也帶著複合來源的痕跡，讀者可以直接察覺。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>有些語句乃至整行在不同章裡重複出現，偶有小異，正是一部取材於共同言辭庫的集子的樣子。聲口在變：有些段落壓縮而押韻，有些是鋪陳的散文，有些讀來像諺語，有些像對君主的進言，有些像對一項宇宙原理的描述。個別章裡湊合著顯然不屬於一處的材料，而韻腳有時恰好在該有接縫的地方斷掉。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>這些都不是缺陷，一部傳下來的智慧彙編本來就是這個樣子。但它與“一個人在關口一次寫成”這個說法極難相合。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>從一部書到一部經\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>下一個階段對作為宗教的道教來說後果更大，而它與這部書的作者問題是兩回事。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>到了漢代，老子已經在受祭。西元二世紀有一位皇帝在與他相關的地方舉行過祭祀。大約同時，第一個有組織的道教運動的創立者報稱從他那裡得到啟示——此時他已不是一位哲人，而是一位神。那個運動內部產生的一部注，把這部書讀成一部載有修行與教團戒律指示的經典，而這與任何哲學註疏都是很不一樣的讀法。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>他最終被安置為道教神譜中位次最高的形象之一，被理解為一個永恆的原理，在歷代化為人形以傳教法。照這個理解，關口上的那個人只是眾多顯現之一——這就把傳記問題解決了，辦法是把它化掉。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>正是在這裡，本站別處說的“兩種道”分了開來。哲學的一路有一部作者不明的書。宗教的一路有一位神。兩者相連，而它們不是同一項主張。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>西行與由此而起的論戰\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>西行出關這個故事有一段後世的餘波，值得知道，因為它顯示了這類材料是怎麼被使用的。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>在道教與佛教在中國長期競爭的那幾個世紀裡，道教作者發展出一項主張：老子西行，教化了那邊的人；而在最強的版本里，他就化身為佛。用意很明顯：這使佛教成了道教的派生與簡化形態，適合外邦人。為支援這項主張有專門的經被造出來，佛教作者猛力反駁，朝廷也幾度介入，至少有一次下令銷燬那些經。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>這段插曲，對於“這些傳統一向和睦相敬”的想法是一劑有用的糾正。它也說明一個一般的道理：這類文獻裡的起源故事往往是論證；弄清它在為什麼而論證，比追問它是否真實告訴你的更多。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>還有一條常被忽略的線索是稱謂。書中反覆出現“聖人”“侯王”“萬乘之主”這類詞，說話的物件顯然是統治者，而不是一般讀者。全書討論的是怎麼治理、怎麼用兵、怎麼處理民與上的關係，這類內容在春秋戰國的語境裡屬於政論。把它單純讀成個人修養的書，會漏掉相當一部分原意。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>作者的身份要緊嗎\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cp>就實際而言，沒有想像的那麼要緊，而理由值得說清。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>這部書的權威不依賴它的作者。它沒有專名，沒有史事，沒有傳記，也不聲稱受了啟示。它從不說是誰在說話。在這一點上它與多數經典差別極大，而這個差別也是它為什麼走得這麼遠的原因之一。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp>作者身份真正要緊的地方，在於把這部書當作一個論證來讀的時候。如果它是幾代人彙集起來的複合選集，那麼內部的張力是應當預期的，不必去彌合。假定只有一個作者的讀者，會花大量力氣去調和本來就沒打算一致的段落；而假定只有一個作者的譯者，有時會把文本抹平，做出一種它並不具有的一貫。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Ch2>要點\u003C\u002Fh2>\u003Cul>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>“老子”意為年長的先生，是敬稱而非人名，可能指一個職位或一條師承，而不是一個個人。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>最早的傳記給出幾種互不相容的身份認定，並以“無人知其然否”作結。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>那幾個著名故事——見孔子、關口、隱去——各有可辨的用途，作為史料很差。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>這部書最可能在西元前四、三世紀成形，與它所駁的那些立場同時。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>出土文獻顯示它確實古老，但當時並非定本：它以區域性集子流通，編排各異。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli>\u003Cp>老子被神化是與成書分開的一個發展，把兩者混起來，就產生了關於他的大部分混亂。\u003C\u002Fp>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>","https:\u002F\u002Fimg.wudang.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fwudang\u002Fpages\u002FJWpqMX5CXpsESCYiBO4R.webp",1922,818,{"en":1388,"zh":1389},"Illustrated banner with the characters 道德經 and the caption “Dao De Jing · Origins & Authorship”, showing an aged Laozi with a long white beard seated before misty mountains, surrounded by medallions and text.","資訊圖橫幅：標題為「道德經」與「起源與作者」，白鬚老子坐在雲霧群山前，周圍有圓章和說明文字，右側引文「人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然」。",{"en":1388,"zh":1389},"banner","list",{"en":1394,"zh":1395},"Origins and Authorship of the Tao Te Ching","《道德經》作者與成書年代：老子是誰",{"en":1397,"zh":1398},"What the earliest historian really wrote about Laozi, when the Tao Te Ching took shape, and what excavated manuscripts reveal about a classic with no 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